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- From: mikem@ll.mit.edu
- Subject: Re: Are you sure? <SPOILER>
- Message-ID: <1993Jan26.194418.8388@ll.mit.edu>
- Sender: mikem@ll.mit.edu
- Organization: MIT Lincoln Laboratory
- References: <1993Jan25.145759.2592@cs.cornell.edu> <1993Jan26.115545.11556@eng.cam.ac.uk> <1k3f3hINN29k@gap.caltech.edu>
- Date: Tue, 26 Jan 93 19:44:18 GMT
- Lines: 55
-
- In article <1k3f3hINN29k@gap.caltech.edu> carl@SOL1.GPS.CALTECH.EDU writes:
- >
- >OK, maybe if we do this by enumeration, it'll convince people.
- >
- ... explanation deleted for brevity ...
- >
- >Thus there's a 50% chance that the sibling is female. This is *NOT* the same
- >as the "I've got two children and at least one of them is a girl" question.
-
- Excellent explanation. Ennumerating the possibilities is the clearest way to
- analyze this problem.
-
- But, I bet a lot of people are still asking, "*WHY* isn't it the same as the 'I
- have two children and at least one of them is a girl' question?" I think this
- confusion is the fundamental problem, and the reason that people still cling to
- the 1/3 : 2/3 answer.
-
- So in the original problem ("You see one of two children - the one you see is
- a girl. What's the other one?"), let's create an analog by flipping coins.
- The problem becomes: you see one tail; what's the other coin?
-
- We flip two coins, and pick one at random. If it's a head, we throw out that
- flip, and try again. If it's a tail, we show it to you. Over all possible
- flips, here are the coins you will see (in caps): hT, Th, Tt, tT.
-
- The ones that get thrown out are Hh, hH, Ht, and tH.
-
- So, of the four times you *see* a Tail, the unseen coin is a head twice, and
- twice it's a tail. Thus, the unseen coin is 50% likely to be a Head or Tail.
-
- --
-
- The other problem ("at least one of my children is a girl") is analogous to the
- following coin-flip scenario: We flip two coins, and if one of them is a tail,
- we tell you "there's at least one tail." We have now treated the Tt and tT
- outcomes as a single event before you even hear about the throw.
-
- If we flip HH, HT, TH, TT, then we will throw out the HH flip, and report success
- on the HT, TH and TT. In this new 'universe' of three possible outcomes, two of
- them have a 'H' as the unreported coin, and only one has a 'T'. Hence, the unseen
- coin is 2/3 likely to be a 'H', and only 1/3 likely to be a 'T'.
-
- --
-
- To sum up, when you see one child, you may assume that child is selected at
- random, and therefore the gender of the other child may be considered an
- independent variable. But when your friend tells you 'at least one child is
- a girl', then the selection was *not* done at random; the gender of both
- children was considered before telling you anything, so you may not treat the
- gender of the other child as independent.
-
- Hope that's clear.
-
- -- Mike Maciolek It is NOT an optical illusion.
- mikem@ll.mit.edu It just looks like one.
-