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- Newsgroups: alt.test
- Path: sparky!uunet!mcsun!fuug!anon
- From: an7447@anon.penet.fi (Voltaire)
- Subject: No Subject
- Message-ID: <1993Jan23.064922.18723@fuug.fi>
- Sender: anon@fuug.fi (The Anon Administrator)
- Organization: Anonymous contact service
- X-Anonymously-To: alt.test
- Date: Thu, 21 Jan 1993 20:43:28 GMT
- Lines: 202
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- ls(1)
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- Name
- ls - list and generate statistics for files
-
- Syntax
- ls [ _o_p_t_i_o_n_s ] _n_a_m_e ...
-
- Description
- For each directory argument, _l_s lists the contents of the directory.
- For each file argument, _l_s repeats the file name and gives any other
- information you request with the options available. By default, the
- list is sorted alphabetically. When no argument is given, the current
- directory is listed. When several arguments are given, files are listed
- first, followed by directories and the files within each directory.
- Options are listed below.
-
- Options
-
- -1 Displays one entry per line. This is the default when output is
- not to a terminal.
-
- -a Displays all entries including those beginning with a period (.).
-
- -C Forces multicolumn output for pipe or filter. This is the default
- when the output is to a terminal.
-
- -c Uses time of last file status change (ctime), reflecting file crea-
- tion, mode, etc., for sorting (with the -t option) or printing
- (with the -l option) rather than the time of file modification or
- access. See also the -t and -u options.
-
- -d Displays names of directories only, not contents. Use this option
- with -l to get the status of a directory.
-
- -F Marks directories with trailing slash (/), sockets with a trailing
- equal sign (=), symbolic links with a trailing at sign (@), and
- executable files with a trailing asterisk (*).
-
- -f Displays names in the order they exist in directory. For further
- information, see _d_i_r(5). Entries beginning with a period (.) are
- also listed. This option overrides the -l, -t, -s, and -r options.
-
- -g Displays assigned group ID (used with -l only). Default is
- assigned owner ID.
-
- -i Displays the i-number for each file in the first column of the
- report.
-
- -L Lists the information, if the file is a symbolic link, for the file
- or directory the link references rather than that for the link
- itself.
-
- -l Lists the mode, number of links, owner, size in bytes, and time of
- last modification (mtime) for each file. If the file is a special
-
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- 1
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- ls(1)
-
-
- file, the size field contains the major and minor device numbers
- instead of the size. If the file is a symbolic link, the pathname
- of the linked-to file is printed, preceded by ``->''.
-
- The mode field consists of 11 characters. The first character
- indicates the type of entry:
-
- d if the entry is a directory
- b if the entry is a block-type special file
- c if the entry is a character-type special file
- l if the entry is a symbolic link
- s if the entry is a socket
- - if the entry is a plain file
-
- The next 9 characters are interpreted as three sets of three char-
- acters each. The first set of three characters refers to file-
- access permissions for the user; the next set, for the user-group;
- and the last set, for all others. The permissions are indicated as
- follows:
-
- r if the file is readable
- w if the file is writable
- x if the file is executable
- - if the indicated permission is not granted.
-
- The group-execute permission character is given as s if the file
- has the set-group-id bit set; likewise, the user-execute permission
- character is given as s if the file has the set-user-id bit set.
-
- The last character of the mode (normally `x' or `-') is t if the
- 1000 bit of the mode is on. See _c_h_m_o_d(2) for the meaning of this
- mode. The indications of set-ID and the 01000 bit of the mode are
- capitalized (S and T, respectively) if the corresponding execute
- permission is not set.
-
- -q Forces the printing of nongraphic characters in file names as the
- question mark character (?). This is the default when output is to
- a terminal.
-
- -R Recursively lists all subdirectories.
-
- -r Sorts entries in reverse alphabetic or time order.
-
- -s Displays the size in kilobytes of each file. This is the first
- item listed in each entry.
-
- -t Sorts by time modified (most recently modified first) instead of by
- name. See also the -c and -u options.
-
- -u Uses the time of last access (atime) instead of last modification
- for sorting (with the -t option) or printing (with the -l option).
-
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- ls(1)
-
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- Restrictions
- The output device is assumed to be 80 columns wide.
-
- New line and tab are considered printing characters in file names.
-
- The option setting based on whether the output is a teletype is undesir-
- able as "ls -s" is much different than "ls -s |lpr". On the other hand,
- not doing this setting would make old shell scripts which used ls almost
- certain to fail.
-
- Files
-
- /_e_t_c/_p_a_s_s_w_d Used to obtain user id's for ls -l
-
- /_e_t_c/_g_r_o_u_p Used to obtain group id's for ls -g
-
- See Also
- stat(2)
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