home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- Newsgroups: sci.space.news
- Path: sparky!uunet!cs.utexas.edu!sun-barr!ames!dont-send-mail-to-path-lines
- From: parish@cactus.org (Tom Parish)
- Subject: SKYWATCH Dec 27-Jan 2 "New Year, Same Days"
- Message-ID: <1992Dec26.011425.17480@news.arc.nasa.gov>
- Followup-To: poster
- Sender: digester@news.arc.nasa.gov
- Organization: Capital Area Central Texas UNIX Society, Austin, Tx
- Date: Sat, 26 Dec 1992 00:49:02 GMT
- Approved: sci-space-news@ames.arc.nasa.gov
- Lines: 141
-
- SKYWATCH Turning Point
- ___________________________________________________________
-
- This Week December 27-January 2 "New Year, Same Days"
- ___________________________________________________________
-
- Events * Mercury is too near the sun to be seen. It reappears in
- the southeastern evening sky in early February.
-
- * Venus is the bright "evening star" low in the southwest
- after sunset.
-
- * Mars rises just after sunset in the constellation Gemini.
-
- * Jupiter rises late in the evening in Virgo.
-
- * Saturn is very low in the southwest at sunset in
- Capricornus.
- ___________________________________________________________
-
- December 27 Saturn is south of the crescent moon in the
- southwest after sunset.
-
- 28 Venus is south of the crescent moon in the
- southwest after sunset.
-
- 29 The moon is at apogee, 404,070 km (251,076 mi).
-
- 31 First quarter moon.
- ___________________________________________________________
-
- "Calendar You may not realize it but the calendar you're about to
- Days" switch out is one of the oldest and most reliable
- time-keeping devices of our civilization. In fact, it dates
- back over 400 years, to 1582, when Pope Gregory XIII set
- out to reform the Julian calendar, which had been the
- calendar of choice since its establishment in 45 BC by
- Julius Caesar. The Julian calendar was based on the number
- of days between successive risings of the bright star
- Sirius just before sunrise (known as a "helical rising").
- This period amounted to 365.25 days. To keep synchronized
- with the seasons, the Romans addd a leap year ofn 366 days
- once every four years when the year was divisible by four.
-
- The problem with the Julian calendar was that it was 11
- minutes longer than the then-adopted length of the tropical
- year (the period from equinox to equinox) of 365.2421 days.
- While 11 minutes a year doesn't sound like much, the
- discrepancy worked out to a gain of more than 10 days in
- 1,600 years. In 1582, for example, the first day of spring
- occurred on March 11.
-
- Pope Gregory's reform recalibrated the calendar by omitting
- 10 days in October. Thus, Thursday, October 4, 1582, was
- followed by Friday, October 15. Pope Gregory's modification
- brought everything back in step with the seasons, and also
- shifted the Vernal Equinox back to its rightful date of
- March 21.
-
- Additionally, a new, slightly longer length for the tropical
- year was adopted: 365.2422 days. This was just 0.0078 days
- shorter than the Julian year and amounted to a discrepancy
- of 3.14 days every 400 years. Pope Gregory therefore
- decreed that a century year could only be a leap year when
- it is exactly divisible by 400. This meant that 3 out of 4
- century years would not be leap years. Such a system
- ensures that the calendar only moves out of step with the
- equinoxes by one day every 3,000 years.
-
- Subdividing the months are the weeks. But unlike the
- tropical year, the seven-day week is largely an arbitrary
- unit of time. The Egyptians had a 10-day week; ancient Rome
- a 9-day week. The 7-day week we observe today may have been
- derived from the interval of days between the four main
- phases of the moon, which is approximately 7 days.
-
- Unfortunately, the time it takes for Earth to complete one
- orbit around the sun is an odd number of days. This,
- combined with the necessity of adding in an extra day for
- leap years, constantly shifts the dates over the calendar
- grid. Eventually, though, the years cycle around and the
- days and dates match up again with previous years. A
- calendar from 1981 would have sufficed for 1992. If you
- hang on to your 1992 calendar, you'll find it useful again
- in 1998 and 2009. Just scratch off the year, that's the only
- thing that won't repeat itself.
- ___________________________________________________________
-
- Author Jeff Kanipe. Jeff is also editor of Star Date Magazine.
- ___________________________________________________________
-
- Publisher McDonald Observatory at the University of Texas at Austin.
- ___________________________________________________________
-
- For More Write to Star Date at 2601 University, Room 102, the
- Information University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
- ___________________________________________________________
-
- Contacts sandi@astro.as.utexas.edu Star Date Radio Station Contact
- kanipe@astro.as.utexas.edu Editor Star Date Magazine
- damond@astro.as.utexas.edu Star Date scripts contact
- ___________________________________________________________
-
- Legal Copyright 1992 The University of Texas McDonald Observatory.
- Material is intended for personal education and should not
- be rebroadcast in any written or verbal form without
- prior permission from the University of Texas.
- ___________________________________________________________
-
- Provided by T H E T U R N I N G P O I N T
- *** Home of Star Date ***
-
- HST/DS 512-219-7828
- HST/DS 512-219-7848
-
- parish@cactus.org
- ___________________________________________________________
-
- FINAL ISSUE!!! Termination of SKYWATCH is expected soon. I have recently
- been informed by Jeff Kanipe that due to low readership
- of this weekly publication he has decided to discontinue
- writing SKYWATCH. However, his rational is based on
- low readership in conventional magazines and newspapers.
-
- Jeff is not aware of the the readership that follows
- SKYWATCH on USENET, FIDONET, and locally in Austin on
- the Turning Point BBS. My opinion is that readership
- for Jeff's SKYWATCH publication on the networks is huge.
- ___________________________________________________________
-
- So Vote ! So VOTE now. Send Jeff Kanipe a note to tell him you
- want to continue seeing his weekly column on the net.
-
- Send Email to: kanipe@astro.as.utexas.edu
-
- Let's keep this column alive. It's a labor of love for
- Jeff. I format and upload SKYWATCH for the same reasons.
- ___________________________________________________________
-
-
-
-