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- Path: sparky!uunet!gatech!paladin.american.edu!howland.reston.ans.net!zaphod.mps.ohio-state.edu!saimiri.primate.wisc.edu!ames!pacbell.com!tandem!zorch!fusion
- From: Frank Close <FEC@v2.rl.ac.uk>
- Subject: helium noise
- Message-ID: <199212221358.AA11996@ames.arc.nasa.gov>
- Sender: scott@zorch.SF-Bay.ORG (Scott Hazen Mueller)
- Reply-To: Frank Close <FEC@v2.rl.ac.uk>
- Organization: Sci.physics.fusion/Mail Gateway
- Date: Tue, 22 Dec 1992 15:21:37 GMT
- Lines: 76
-
- Mitchell Swartz has questioned some of my remarks about helium and Jim Carr
- has partly come to my rescue. Thanks to you both.
-
- First MS is right about the S/N with argon;I meant to write neon(about 3 times
- more abundant than 4He in air). One inert element is much like another to
- an inert physicist:-)
-
- Now to numbers; the 100W for 10minutes produces some 10**16 not 10**14 helium
- atoms when you put in the proper numbers for the energy release per reaction.
- So this should be measurable above background unless one is rather careless.
- (It may amuse readers to look at Huizenga's account of the original Pons and
- Hawkins claims to have found helium, as reported by Simons and Walling in
- April/May 89. The actual amounts *exceeded* by far the numbers expected for
- fusion! The reason was that helium in the air - not even traces absorbed in
- the rods - was being measured.)
-
- Jim Carr commented on this problem for open cells. Jim implicitly higlights
- here a recurring problem that plagues this field: if you want to measure subtle
- effects, take care to eliminate sources of error. Someone recently commented
- on systematic errors; it is the awareness of these that is part of the standard
- particle/nuclear physics experimentalist training but seems to be poorly
- understood by some on this net who advertise multi-sigma heat uncritically.
-
- 10**5 is "easy" (relatively speaking as Jim notes) *if* you have eliminated
- background. If you havent, then you may easily "detect" 10**14 (say)
- from the air. Mitchell has done an interesting service here; he has
- advertised *numbers*, which too often are missing from this supposedly
- scientific discussion net, and shown how dangerous helium measurements
- can be if not done carefully. Look at the claims to have found helium
- in the literature. Recall Bush et al; their *best* measurement saw helium
- at about 1 part in 100 of that needed to explain their claimed heat.
- This magnitude is quite consistent with the sort of numbers that Mitchell
- is warning about from air.
-
- In measurements of helium in the FP rods, conducted by various labs in
- a double blind test (see Huizenga), limits of less than 10**14 were
- clearly established. So the bottom line is that properly controlled
- expts can limit 4He at levels far below that required by FP claims that
- dd fusion is producing helium.
-
- Also note that I am urging measurement of helium *in the rods* not
- simply the gas phase.
-
- The 10**5 number I wouldnt defend particularly except in the case of 3He
- (whose presence in air is nugatory, though the source of even this
- trifling amount is tantalising - see my book's account of Steve Jones group's
- interest in terrestrial fusion that was motivated in part by this).
- Limits of 3He at this level were established in some expts reported to
- the ERAB panel in 1989. Note that tritium beta decays into 3He and so
- measurements of 3He also imply stringent limits on tritium. Jed Rothwell
- keeps insisting that tritium has been measured but *what* is actually
- measured? Not trititum; one *infers* tritium from a chain of arguments
- that may or may not be right. An example from 1989; FPH claimed to find
- tritium from an electron spectrum of supposed beta decays. (Actually it
- wasnt FPH who did the measurements but some unacknowledged colleagues
- from the UU campus). But what was there to show whether these electrons
- were from tritium decay as against e.g. radioactive potassium (of which there
- is plenty around?). The care needed in some tritium expts was widely advertised
- at the APS meeting in Baltimore, May 1989; not everyone seems to have been
- listening.
-
- Chuck Sites is making isotope and other measurements on some of Tom's used
- rods. Has Tom produced some heat or are these control measurements?
- In particular, it will be interesting if you can measure the ratio of
- Pd isotopes in these "non-nuked" samples. One of the orignial claims that
- some heat producing rods had anomalous Pd isotopes arose because of
- misidentification of ZrO (my notes are not handy;maybe someone can remember
- details). So, what is the ratio of masses in the 104 to 108 range?
- A deviation from the expected Pd in the control samples may be due to
- compounds. A deviation *after* a heat production may be due to anomalous
- isotopic abundances, and evidence of a nuclear process, or it may be
- compounds!) First establish whether you can resolve these slight differences
- in mass.
-
-
-
-