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- Newsgroups: sci.physics
- Path: sparky!uunet!stanford.edu!CSD-NewsHost.Stanford.EDU!Sunburn.Stanford.EDU!pratt
- From: pratt@Sunburn.Stanford.EDU (Vaughan R. Pratt)
- Subject: Re: bubble in container
- Message-ID: <1992Dec28.214917.27561@CSD-NewsHost.Stanford.EDU>
- Sender: news@CSD-NewsHost.Stanford.EDU
- Organization: Computer Science Department, Stanford University.
- References: <Bzs9I4.IqG@utdallas.edu> <1992Dec26.173915.16068@sfu.ca>
- Date: Mon, 28 Dec 1992 21:49:17 GMT
- Lines: 84
-
- In article <1992Dec26.173915.16068@sfu.ca> Leigh Palmer <palmer@sfu.ca> writes:
- >
- >Second, note that the bubble now establishes a pressure in the fluid in
- >the horizontal plane of its location, since it is in hydrostatic
- ^^^^^^^^^^^
- >equilibrium with the fluid. Only the position of the bubble is necessary
- ^^^^^^^^^^^
- >to specify the elevation of this horizontal isobar.
-
- How do you justify hydrostatic reasoning in a hydrodynamics problem?
- If the bubble is on its way up the system is not in equilibrium.
-
- >The pressure increases everywhere in the container by an amount
- > delta P = rho g h,
- >where
- > rho = density of water
- > g = acceleration of gravity
- > h = the vertical distance the bubble rises
-
- I'll buy this for the pressure change at the bottom, but the following
- hydrodynamic argument would appear to invalidate your "everywhere."
- Consider a *large* bubble starting at the bottom and rising to the top:
-
- ------- -------
- |~~~~~~~| | |
- |~~H20~~| | AIR |
- |~~~~~~~| | |
- |~~~~~~~| ---> | |
- | | |~~~~~~~|
- | AIR | |~~~~~~~|
- | | |~~H20~~|
- | | |~~~~~~~|
- ------- -------
-
- Now neglect all forces attributable to viscosity, surface tension, and
- turbulence, and imagine that a small tube of air penetrates the water
- from bottom to top (whether by external intervention, spontaneous
- symmetry breaking, or whatever, is immaterial). The water is now free
- to fall, with the air blasting freely up the tube. While the water is
- in free fall the pressure *throughout the container* equals that of the
- air, which in the absence of any countervailing forces is uniformly
- distributed. When the water reaches and settles down at the bottom,
- the pressure remains unchanged throughout the air-filled region, but
- increases linearly with depth in the water-filled region. The pressure
- at the bottom is now that of the air plus rho g h where h is the
- height of the water. This is your delta P, valid at the bottom but
- nowhere else.
-
- This argument is valid for any ratio of water to air volume, whence it
- remains valid for small air bubbles.
-
- Now take viscosity etc. into account. The water is indeed no longer in
- free fall. However the same factor slowing down the progress of the air
- bubble also slows down the propagation of the pressure differential
- between the bubble and the side of the tube.
-
- The above argument shows that your formula is not valid (except at the
- bottom) for sufficiently low surface tension, viscosity etc. Can you
- give limiting conditions under which your formula *is* valid? E.g. an
- arbitrarily small air bubble, arbitrarily narrow container, arbitrarily
- high viscosity,...
-
- Viscosity: The problem with increasing the viscosity would seem to be
- that it retards transmission of the pressure defect to the side of the
- container. It is not at all clear to me whether more or less viscosity
- is better for your formula.
-
- Width: If the water is much wider than it is deep then the time of
- transit of the bubble would be short compared to the time for its
- pressure differential to move out to the side, and conversely for a
- narrow container. Thus a narrow container would seem to help your
- formula.
-
- Surface Tension: Enough surface tension will hold the bubble together
- and prevent the "tube of air," presumably helping your formula.
-
- The combination of high surface tension, low to medium viscosity, and a
- narrow container would seem like the optimal combination for which your
- formula would be a good approximation. There should be a single
- formula combining these factors to give a measure of goodness of your
- approximation. Finding a reasonable such formula seems like an
- extremely hard hydrodynamics problem.
- --
- Vaughan Pratt There's safety in certain numbers.
-