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- Newsgroups: sci.engr.civil
- Path: sparky!uunet!zaphod.mps.ohio-state.edu!usc!rpi!batcomputer!munnari.oz.au!newsroom.utas.edu.au!sprent@sol.surv.utas.edu.au
- From: sprent@sol.surv.utas.edu.au (Tony Sprent)
- Subject: Re: GPS, LORAN and inertial surveying
- Message-ID: <1992Dec21.043149.20951@newsroom.utas.edu.au>
- Sender: news@newsroom.utas.edu.au
- Organization: University of Tasmania
- References: <1992Dec14.201702.8041@tc.fluke.COM>
- Date: Mon, 21 Dec 1992 04:31:49 GMT
- Lines: 70
-
- In article <1992Dec14.201702.8041@tc.fluke.COM>, swifty@tc.fluke.COM (Steve Swift) writes:
- >
- >
- > My father, who has been in the surveying business since 1951, keeps
- > asking about the use of GPS, LORAN-C and inertial navigation in
- > surveying. Apparently the county he lives in (Thurston, Washington
- > state) has used GPS and inertial navigation contrained to a precise
- > control grid (using least-squares fits) to place a sub-grid of 270
- > points. These 270 points cover about 1000 square miles. Using
- > traditional methods (electronic transit) he has measured many of the
- > points to be only about 0.01 feet off, or better, in a mile. He
- > wonders how they can be so close when GPS, LORAN-C and inertial are not
- > specified that closely. Anyone know? How good are these navigation
- > methods?
- > --
-
-
- In a nutshell, GPS relies on knowing the positions of a minimum of four
- satellites and being able to measure the distance to each one. The positions of the
- satellites are given in terms of where they will be in geocentric coordinates
- as a function of time. This information is transmitted by each satellite.
-
- The distances are measured in more or less the same way that
- Electromagnetic Distance Measuring Equipment (EDM) works except that it is a one way
- measurement. Thus time as well as distance are required to be determined.
- Hence the need for a minimum of four rather than three satellites. Three for position
- (XYZ) and one for time, though in practice more are used.
-
- The main sources of error are in the uncertainties in the ephemeris, the resolution of
- the distance measurement due to the wavelength of the modulation of the carrier frequency
- transmitted by each satellite, the effects due to the fact that the signals pass through
- the atmosphere and other unknowns introduced by the US military who are
- responsible for the GPS system.
-
- With a single receiver of the type used for navigation, the accuracy of position will
- vary between about 20 to 200 metres. If two receivers are used, one at a fixed known
- position and the other at a point whos position is required, then the relative position of the
- unknown point with respect to the fixed position can be determined to about 2 to 5 metres.
- With special receivers commonly referred to as "geodetic receivers", the accuracy of
- position fix can be further refined by analysing the difference in phase between the two
- receivers of the carrier signals of the satellites. By doing this it is possible to obtain
- position with a precision of the order of parts per million. Thus for example it is
- possible to determine position to a few millimetres in tens or hundreds of kilometres.
-
- These techniques are being used throughout the world now for surveying and I think you
- will find that most courses in surveying will be leaning pretty strongly in the direction
- of GPS technology. In Australia most of the Universities that run courses in surveying
- have special extension courses in GPS for practising surveyors. I would imagine that a
- similar situation would exist in the States.
-
- For information on GPS technology in general, I would suggest that you refer to the
- journal "GPS World" which is published in the States.
-
- For some time now I have been campaigning for a news group covering GPS. Other than
- sci.engr.civil which sometimes has a posting, the only other that I am aware of is
- comp.infosystems.gis which has a few more postings. There is a need for such a news group.
-
- ________________________________________________________
- | Tony Sprent |
- | Department of Surveying and Spatial Information Science |
- | University of Tasmania |
- | GPO Box 252C Hobart _--_|\ |
- | Tasmania* / \ |
- | Australia 7001 \_.--._/ ) |
- | * / |
- | Phone 61-02-202110 Fax 61-02-240282 International |
- | 002-202110 002-240282 Australia |
- | email sprent@surv.utas.edu.au |
- |_________________________________________________________|
-
-