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- Path: sparky!uunet!think.com!ames!sgi!cdp!ei
- From: Essential Information <ei@igc.apc.org>
- Newsgroups: sci.energy
- Date: 31 Dec 92 13:54 PST
- Subject: Re: Energy Ideas - HVAC-2
- Sender: Notesfile to Usenet Gateway <notes@igc.apc.org>
- Message-ID: <1466300143@igc.apc.org>
- References: <1466300134@igc.apc.org>
- Nf-ID: #R:cdp:1466300134:cdp:1466300143:000:4568
- Nf-From: cdp.UUCP!ei Dec 31 13:54:00 1992
- Lines: 93
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- ON THE HORIZON: FUEL CELLS
-
- Fuel cells provide both heat and electric power without burning
- fuel. Since they operate at relatively low temperatures and use
- clean fuels, these cogenerators emit far less pollution than
- conventional fossil fuel electricity sources. In addition, fuel
- cells attain higher efficiencies than typical cogeneration
- facilities (over 80 percent).
-
- Power from Electrochemical Reactions
-
- Though a fuel cell does not burn fossil fuels, it consumes the
- fuel in an electrochemical reaction which produces electricity
- directly. A fuel cell consists of three parts: the fuel
- processor, the power section and the power conditioner (see
- diagram below). In a natural gas fuel cell, the fuel (methane) is
- mixed with steam in the fuel processor. The chemical reaction
- between the two gases yields a gas consisting of hydrogen, carbon
- dioxide and trace amounts of nitrogen oxides. This gas is moved
- to the power section, where an electrochemical reaction takes
- place between the hydrogen and oxygen in air. This reaction
- produces direct current (dc) electricity, steam and heat. The
- steam is returned to the fuel processor to continue the cycle.
- The power conditioner transforms the current into alternating
- current (ac) which can be used on-site.
-
- Types of Fuel Cells
-
- Fuel cells are classified by the electrolyte they use. An
- electrolyte is a non-metallic substance which can conduct
- electricity. In the power section, the electrochemical reaction
- occurs in the presence of an electrolyte, which conducts the
- electrons yielded by the reaction toward the power conditioner.
- The five types of fuel cells are: alkaline, which use potassium
- hydroxide as the electrolyte; phosphoric acid; molten carbonate,
- which use a liquid alkali carbonate; solid oxide, which use rare
- metal oxides; and solid polymer, which use a polymer membrane as
- the electrolyte. Currently, only phosphoric acid fuel cells have
- been used commercially, because phosphoric acid is the only
- common stable acid which will not react with either hydrogen or
- oxygen.
-
- Advantages of Fuel Cells
-
- The main advantage of the fuel cell is the reduced emission of
- air pollutants. According to an article in the May 22, 1992 Los
- Angeles Times ("The Natural Gas-Powered Fuel Cell System," p.
- D1), a natural gas fuel cell emits only 1,130 pounds of carbon
- dioxide and 0.02 pounds of nitrogen oxide per megawatt-hour
- (MWh), while a conventional power plant (presumably coal-fired)
- emits 1,485 pounds of carbon dioxide and 5.74 pounds of nitrogen
- oxide. The reduction in carbon dioxide emissions may be
- attributed to both a slightly higher electricity generation
- efficiency (42 percent as opposed to 34 percent for combustion)
- and the use of natural gas instead of coal, which contains less
- carbon per unit of energy. The reduction in nitrogen oxide
- emissions may be attributed to the lower operating temperature of
- the fuel cell as compared to a conventional power plant. In
- addition, the use of natural gas eliminates emissions of volatile
- organic compounds (VOCs) and sulfur dioxide, which lead to acid
- rain.
-
- Other advantages make the fuel cell a promising energy source.
- According to the Southern California Gas Company, fuel cells
- provide a constant, uninterrupted energy flow, since the cell
- does not experience the power fluctuations typical of a utitlity
- grid. The fuel cell is easy to operate and maintain, since it has
- fewer moving parts, like turbine blades, than conventional power
- systems. In addition, the fuel cell is modular, and its size can
- be easily increased when growing demand requires more power.
-
- CASE STUDY:
-
- Fuel Cell Installation atop Office Building
- In 1992, a 200-kW fuel cell was installed at the South Coast Air
- Quality Management District (SCAQMD) headquarters in Diamond Bar,
- California. This fuel cell is the first of ten which will be
- installed, owned and operated by the Southern California Gas
- Company. In this agreement, SCAQMD has agreed to purchase the
- natural gas for the fuel cell; all of the electricity is used
- on-site, and SCAQMD receives a 10 percent discount on its
- electricity consumption. The fuel cell also provides all of the
- building~s heat. Ranji George of SCAQMD stated that the agency
- has a responsiblity to assist in the integration of technologies
- which will lead to reductions in air pollution, and thus agreed
- to test the fuel cell. He reported that the fuel cell has run
- continuously without any problems since installed.(Contact:
- Michelle Bagley, Southern California Gas Company, 555 W. Fifth
- Street, Los Angeles, CA 90013, (213) 244-2544.)
-
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