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- Path: sparky!uunet!think.com!ames!sgi!cdp!ei
- From: Essential Information <ei@igc.apc.org>
- Newsgroups: sci.energy
- Date: 31 Dec 92 13:54 PST
- Subject: Re: Energy Ideas - HVAC-2
- Sender: Notesfile to Usenet Gateway <notes@igc.apc.org>
- Message-ID: <1466300140@igc.apc.org>
- References: <1466300134@igc.apc.org>
- Nf-ID: #R:cdp:1466300134:cdp:1466300140:000:3582
- Nf-From: cdp.UUCP!ei Dec 31 13:54:00 1992
- Lines: 76
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- LIFE-CYCLE COST ANALYSIS
-
- While the calculation of the life-cycle cost of an electric
- vapor-compression or a natural gas absorption air conditioning
- system is highly site-specific, the following generalized
- calculation demonstrates the issues surrounding a selection. As
- shown below, economics weigh heavily against absorption systems.
- Even considering a very low purchase price for natural gas, the
- payback period for an absorption chiller is over 15 years.
- However, a Demand-Side Management rebate, such as the $70,000
- rebate given to the State University of New York at Buffalo for
- 300 tons of gas cooling (see p. 5), can drastically reduce this
- payback period; that rebate cuts the payback perit over
- one year.
-
- This calculation probably underestimates the cost of electricity
- for a chiller. Many electric utilities charge a high rate for
- electricity to facilities with a high demand, especially during
- the day when demand is highest.
-
- Life-cycle cost analysis should, where possible, include
- so-called "external"costs, including environmental and social
- costs. A few states have estimated the cost of reducing carbon
- dioxide and sulfur dioxide emissions and have used these figures
- as the costs of pollution in least-cost planning for utilities.
-
- In this calculation, the low coeffecient of performance (COP) of
- the absorption chiller as compared to the electric chiller
- minimizes the difference between burning natural gas and burning
- coal to generate electricity. Including the reduction of
- pollution does not enhance the economic attractiveness of an
- absorption cooler. Other factors which do not have estimated
- costs, such as the elimination of the use of CFCs and HCFCs,
- would give absorption cooling a stronger advantage.
-
- Electric Nat. Gas
- Size (tons) [1] 300 300
- Purchase Price [2] $75,000 $150,000
- Site COP [2]2 5 1
- Heat Removed Annually (therms) [3] 20,000 20,000
- Energy Consumed Annually 4,000 20,000
- (Heat Removed/COP (therms))
- Cost of Energy ($/therm) [4] 2.05 0.17
- Annual Energy Cost $8,200 $3,400
- (Consumption * Cost)
- 20-Yr. Economic LCC $239,000 $218,000
-
- Source Energy Consumption (therm) [5] 11,425 20,000
- Annual CO2 Emissions [6] 120 116
- Annual SO2 Emissions [7] 1,400 0
- Cost of CO2 ($/ton) [8] 23 23
- Cost of SO2 ($/ton) [9] 1,500 1,500
- Total Annual Pollution Cost $3,180 $2,668
-
- Total 20-Year LCC $315,200 $271,360
-
- 1 - Same size as gas-engine-driven chiller described on p. 5.
- 2 - Mike Byars, Trane Company
- 3 - Estimated from performance data for chiller described on p.5.
- 4 - Electric price = average listed in Energy User News
- Gas price = district purchase price as described on p. 6.
- 5 - Assuming 35 percent efficiency for electricity generation and
- transmission; site and source energy for natural gas are equal.
- 6 - According to U.S. EPA, coal combustion emits about 210 lbs.
- CO2 per MMBtu and natural gas combustion emits about 116 lbs. CO2
- per MMBtu.
- 7 - According to U.S. EPA, coal combustion emits about 1.2 lbs.
- SO2 per MMBtu and natural gas does not emit sulfur dioxide.
- 8 - Cost as determined for State of Massachusetts by Tellus
- Institute.
- 9 - Cost as determined for State of Massachusetts by Tellus
- Institute.
-
-
-