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- Newsgroups: sci.astro
- Path: sparky!uunet!gatech!destroyer!cs.ubc.ca!newsserver.sfu.ca!rs12-annex3.sfu.ca!palmer
- From: Leigh Palmer <palmer@sfu.ca>
- Subject: Re: Binoculars, exit pupil size, etc...
- Message-ID: <1992Dec30.210117.25390@sfu.ca>
- X-Xxmessage-Id: <A7674E673B011C19@rs12-annex3.sfu.ca>
- X-Xxdate: Wed, 30 Dec 92 21:02:31 GMT
- Sender: news@sfu.ca
- Organization: Simon Fraser University
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- References: <1992Dec29.214956.21771@macc.wisc.edu>
- Date: Wed, 30 Dec 1992 21:01:17 GMT
- Lines: 66
-
- In article <1992Dec30.090406.1@stsci.edu> , gawne@stsci.edu writes:
-
- >A question for Tom (or anyone else who cares to answer): Do binoculars
- >really form a virtual image? You seemed to say that in your reply but as
- >I understand virtual images they can't be imaged onto a sheet of paper
- >placed at the focus. I just checked Weidner's intro Physics text which
- >seems to agree with my recollection. I have often focused a binocular's
- >image onto a sheet of paper or cardboard to check eye relief so this
- doesn't
- >square with my understanding of virtual imagery.
-
- I'd like to answer the question of "virtual imagery". First I will make
- an observation about this matter. The attribute of reality or virtuality
- is not a physical property, it is a matter of convention alone. I will
- speculate later on the reason for its having risen to the exalted status
- it seems to hold in physics textbooks.
-
- The convention has it that an image formed behind the imaging system has
- a positive image distance and is thus characterized as a real image. It
- is not important that such an image can be cast on a screen, and that
- false idea has confused this matter for all my life. For example, the
- image of a distant object which is formed by the objective lens of a
- galilean telescope (or any other positive lens) is a real image. The
- presence of the eyepiece lens prevents that image being cast upon a
- screen but, by convention, does not change its character.
-
- The image which one sees in binoculars may be real, virtual, or neither.
- For the relaxed, "normal" eye (another convention) the focus on the fovea
- is sharpest for objects located at infinite distance. Binoculars are
- thought to be ideally adjusted when objects seen in them are focussed on
- the fovea with the eye relaxed, so the image formed by the binocular of
- an object at whatever distance is located at infinity. An image located
- at infinity is neither real nor virtual, since it is representable as
- either by merely changing the sign of the (infinite) image distance.
-
- For those of us who are not "normal" the situation is different. I am
- nearsighted, a myope. For me to view an object with binoculars and
- relaxed eyes its image must be at a negative image distance, about 60 cm
- in front of me. When I focus my binoculars they form a virtual image.
-
- A farsighted person using the same binoculars would adjust them to form
- an image at a positive image distance, perhaps a meter behind his head.
- In that case the binoculars would form a real image.
-
- The experiment to which Bill refers here is the location of the exit
- pupil of the binoculars. It is, indeed, a real image, but it is a real
- image of the binocular objective, not the object of interest in the field
- of view of the binoculars. For an ideal instrument all of the light which
- enters the objective (technically, the entrance pupil) is imaged in the
- exit pupil. The exit pupil of any good pair of binoculars is at a
- positive image distance behind the eyepiece. The exit pupil of a galilean
- telescope is at a negative image distance, making such a telescope
- inconvenient to use, since one would like to put one's eye at the
- position of the exit pupil.
-
- If this is all a matter of convention, why do we argue about it? The
- answer, in my view, is that a big fuss was made about it when we took our
- physics courses. It was possible to ask the question "Is the image real
- or virtual?" and mark the answer unambiguously as "correct" or
- "incorrect" without much thought or effort. We teachers like items like
- that! I can (and have) constructed several quite diverse examples of
- images which are neither real nor virtual by convention. I've never got
- around to publishing this work, but a couple of the examples are quite
- striking. I'll be glad to demonstrate them to anyone who visits me at SFU.
-
- Leigh
-