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- Newsgroups: sci.astro
- Path: sparky!uunet!gatech!destroyer!ncar!noao!stsci!stosc!gawne
- From: gawne@stsci.edu
- Subject: Binoculars, exit pupil size, etc...
- Message-ID: <1992Dec29.144420.1@stsci.edu>
- Lines: 57
- Sender: news@stsci.edu
- Organization: Space Telescope Science Institute
- Distribution: na
- Date: Tue, 29 Dec 1992 19:44:20 GMT
-
- Concerning the ongoing discussion of binoculars, image brightness, etc...
- I went to the library and looked at the recent issue of Astronomy which
- included the binocular buyer's guide. While the guide is overall well
- written it does seem to have suffered from not having been proofread by
- an optics expert.
-
- Specifically, the guide claims that larger exit pupils (up to 7 mm)
- produce brighter images. As someone else has recently pointed out this
- just is not the case. Image brightness depends only on:
-
- 1. The area of the objective lenses.
- 2. The quality of the anti-reflective coatings.
- 3. The effective focal ratio of the binoculars.
-
- The first gathers photons over a given area. The larger that area the more
- photons gathered. The second gets as many photons as possible from the
- front of the binoculars to your eyes. The third factor (focal length)
- governs how well you'll be able to see dim extended objects, with image
- brightness for extended objects dropping off as f squared.
-
- Now a short focal ratio binocular will USUALLY also have a larger exit pupil,
- so I can see how this misapplication of logic may have come about. But let's
- consider two cases:
-
- 1. Classic 11x80 fully coated astronomical binoculars. Here we have an
- 80 mm objective with 256 mm focal length (f/3.2), and a 23 mm focal length
- eyelens yeilding an actual magnification of 11.13x. This gives an exit pupil
- of 7.19 mm.
-
- 2. 10x70 fully coated binoculars. 70 mm objectives with 210 mm fl (f/3.0),
- and 21 mm fl eyelenses giving actual mag of 10x. Now the exit pupil is
- exactly 7 mm. That's almost 0.2 mm narrower than with the longer focal
- ratio 11x80's above.
-
- Of course if your eye can only dilate to 7 mm then the light outside that
- aperture would be lost anyway. But let's assume that your eye can dilate
- that far. Now the increased aperture of the 11x80's gives them a greater
- light grasp of (80/70)**2 = 1.306, but the higher focal ratio decreases
- their extend object brightness by (3.0/3.2)**2 = 0.8789. The net effect
- is a difference in brightness of 1.306x0.8789 = 1.148. So the larger
- binoculars do gain *slightly* if your eyes dilate to 7.2 mm. If they only
- dilate to, say, 6 mm then multiply by (6/7.2)**2 = 0.69444 for the 11x80's
- and by (6/7)**2 = 0.7345 for the 10x70's. This results in the 11x80's being
- only 1.085x brighter for the person with 6mm dark adapted pupils. (Or for
- that matter for ANY pupil size of 7 mm or less.)
-
- BUT if instead of 11x80's you were to use 20x80's with a 5mm exit pupil
- then the person with 6mm dark adapted pupils would see 1.56 times brighter
- images than with the 10x70's! A person with 5 mm dark adapted pupils would
- see images 2.25x brighter!
-
- So where is this all going, you ask? My point is that very few people
- using binoculars for astronomy have pupils that dilate to 7mm. You are
- much better off getting binoculars with a 5 or 5.5 mm exit pupil and
- getting ALL the light into your eyes.
-
- -Bill Gawne, Space Telescope Science Institute
-