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- From: trh@jack.sns.com (Al Trh)
- Newsgroups: rec.travel
- Subject: Hittites
- Message-ID: <1992Dec28.215631.19109@jack.sns.com>
- Date: 28 Dec 92 21:56:31 GMT
- Organization: Systems'n'Software
- Lines: 128
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-
- History
-
- THE GOLDEN AGE OF THE HITTITES
- Turkish Airlines
- Skylife Magazine
-
-
- The ancient Hittite civilization which once covered
- large areas of central and southern Turkey has a special
- place in the consciousness of the modern republic. Ataturk,
- founding father of the Turkish nation, urged artists and
- writers to look to the Hittites, as well as other early
- Anatolian civilizations, for inspiration. Today, a striking
- Hittite sun figure is the symbol of the Turkish Ministry of
- Tourism, and a huge reproduction of a bronze stag,
- popularized in Hittite arC, stands in the center of one of
- Ankara's busiest traffic inter-sections. Some archeologists
- have built their academic careers on uncovering Turkey's
- Hittite past; and each year the country's scattered Hittite
- sites continue to produce a regular crop of new finds.
- The Hittites were an Indo-European people who occupied a
- large area of Anatolia during the second millennium BC.
- Around I 650 BC they established their capital at Hattusas,
- now Bogazky, in central Turkey, gradually emerging as a
- great power in the Middle East,~ particularly after the
- capture of Babylon in I 595 BC. Little, however, was known
- about Hittite history until excavations began in Bogazky in
- I 906. These produced notable artworks, many of which are
- now on display in Ankara's Museum of Anatolian
- Civilizations. More important, though, for the
- reconstruction of Hittite history was the discovery of state
- archives inscribed in cuneiform --writing in wedge - shaped
- characters ---on thousands of clay tablets,ks Other early
- records are still being uncovered, cleaned and deciphered,
- shedding new light on the ancient Hittite kingdom.
- Sever-al years ago a German Hittitologist, Peter Neve, who
- has been excavating at Bogazky since the mid I 950s,
- unearthed important finds which relate to the Emperor
- Suppiluliumas the First who pursued an energetic
- expansionist policy in the region. One of the two tablets
- uncovered contains a Song epitaph; the other a relief of the
- emperor probably carved after the king's since he is
- portrayed as a deity. The reign of Suppiluliumas the First
- was a golden era for the Hittite empire. Bogazky was
- fortified and Hittite armies embarked on successful military
- campaigns, annexing northern Syria and capturing lands west
- of the Euphrates. Even Egypt nearly came under Hittite
- control with the planned marriage of Tutankhamun's widow to
- one of Suppiluliumas' sons. Unfortunately for the emperor,
- his son was murdered on the way to Egypt ending the proposed
- alliance. Suppilhliumas too, met an unglorious end. He died
- in 1346 BC of plague brought back from the campaign in Syria
- by some of his soldiers.
- Some sixty or so years after Suppiluliumas' death a
- Hittite- Egyptian wedding finally took place. This is
- recorded in the one of the most important Hittite finds yet
- discovered -- the Kadesh Treaty, probably the world's fist
- recorded peace agreement -- uncovered by Peter Neve and his
- colleagues The accord was signed by King Rameses and
- Hattusilis the Third and incorporates a marriage contract
- between Hattusilis's daughter and the Egyptian king.
- Today, summer digs occur on many Hittite sites but
- Bogazkoy continues to be the focus of attention. The site,
- located near Corum, dominates a low hill with extensive
- views over the barren steppeland of north central Anatolia.
- In Hittite times Hattusas citizens would have enjoyed a
- markedly different landscape. The Hittite homeland was a
- rich source of timber and much of today's undulating
- hillsides were thickly forested.
- While the ancient forests now have to be imagined,
- archaeologists are giving visitors a helping hand at
- mentally reconstructing the Hittite city by uncovering the
- city's foundations. Outlines of the once huge temples are
- slowly being revealed although the work is complicated by
- the remains of later constructions. During the last phase of
- the Hitt!te Empire, towards the end of the thirteenth
- century BC, most of the temples were replaced by ordinary
- houses and workshops~
- The essential structure of the capital is nevertheless
- clear. More than two dozen sanctuaries, a dominated citadel
- - the site of the royal palace - and several ancillary forts
- are all enclosed within a massive wall over five kilometers
- long. The city wall is punctured by nine gateways; of which
- the 'Lion Gate' and 'King's Gate' are the most impressive
- today. The curious 'Sphinx Gate' was reserved for
- pedestrians who entered the city through a remarkable well
- preserved tunnel, 83 meters long. Large figures, either ~
- human or animal, were carved on principal portals to keep
- evil influences at bay; rather like the blue glass beads
- which, some believe, protect against the Evil Eye.
- By far the largest temple, once fronted by a granite
- colonnade, lies in the lower city. Almost square, each side
- measured 275 metres, and within were shrines containing
- life-sized sculptures of Hittite gods adorned with semi-
- precious metals. The Hittites worshipped deities related to
- the power of nature. Of principal importance, the leading
- lady in the Hittite pantheon,was the 'Mother Goddess, a
- well-endowed mother figure often portrayed in a seated
- position. Other gods included Arinna, the 'Sun-Goddess, and
- Hatti, the 'Weather-God' who were worshipped through ritual
- washings, libations and sacrifces.
- While archaelogists continue to uncover new Hittite
- artifacts, the Turkish government has had considerable
- success in recovering Hittite antiquities from abroad.
- Several years ago 10,400 tablets, originally sent to Germany
- for cleaning in 1 9 1 7, were eventually returned. The
- tablets form part of the earliest lots to be found by German
- archaelogists at Bogazkoy between 1906 and 1912. They were
- subsequently sent to Germany with the permission of the
- Ottoman state for cleaning. when restoration was completed
- in 1924 some were returned. Others, however, caught up in
- the political turmoil of the time, remained in Germany
- ending up in the former East Berlin Museum after the Second
- World War. In 1980 Turkey asked for the tablets to be
- returned, initially to no avail. But with the support of
- UNESCO these unique archives were fnally returned to
- Anatolian soil.
- The upper half of another Hittite tablet, taken out of
- Turkey earlier this century, was also purchased at a London
- auction by the Turkish Ministry of Culture soon after the
- return of the Berlin consignment. The tablet, a letter from
- Naptera, wife of Rameses the Second, to the Hittite Queen
- Rudhapa, indicates the close relationship that existed
- between the Hittites and the ancient Egyptians. It is now
- reunited with its lower half, unearthed in 1956, in the
- Ankara Museum.
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