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- Path: sparky!uunet!gatech!gatech!wa4mei!ke4zv!gary
- From: gary@ke4zv.uucp (Gary Coffman)
- Newsgroups: rec.radio.cb
- Subject: Re: SWR Tuning and PLL
- Message-ID: <1993Jan1.162457.24424@ke4zv.uucp>
- Date: 1 Jan 93 16:24:57 GMT
- References: <1992Dec20.144424.1428@ke4zv.uucp> <92Dec23.221805.26134@acs.ucalgary.ca> <1992Dec28.153913.25266@ke4zv.uucp> <92Dec28.210622.19648@acs.ucalgary.ca>
- Reply-To: gary@ke4zv.UUCP (Gary Coffman)
- Organization: Destructive Testing Systems
- Lines: 70
-
- In article <92Dec28.210622.19648@acs.ucalgary.ca> ming@enel.ucalgary.ca (Yang Ming) writes:
- >In article <1992Dec28.153913.25266@ke4zv.uucp> gary@ke4zv.UUCP (Gary Coffman) writes:
- >
- >>mirror. The only effect of the reverse wave on the transmitter is to
- >>shift the operating point, which under certain conditions can reduce
- >>the *efficiency* with which the stage turns DC power to RF power.
- >>*That* can cause the output stage to get hot, but it has *absorbed*
- >>none of the reverse power. It is not a load.
- >>
- >
- >This explanation is questionable. As well understood, the operating point is
- >determined by the DC bias. Of course when working in nonlinear region, the
- >operating point also moves with the magnitude of the power, but a) this is
- >only secondary effect, and b) most amplifiers work in linear region.
- >
- >It's not true that output stage is not a load. There is a parameter called
- >*output impedance* for every circuit, which has both real and imaginary
- >parts. Physically speaking, the output stage is nothing elso but a piece
- >of semiconductor, which has bulk resistance. This absorbs power.
-
- I went over this already, but you deleted that part.
- Let's take it step by step again.
-
- The operating point, or load line, of an amplifier is the plot of
- dynamic plate voltage versus plate current, or collector voltage
- and current for solid state devices. This load line establishes
- the *output* impedance of the device for matching purposes. By
- Ohm's Law, the output impedance is the ratio of E/I where E is
- dynamic plate voltage and I is dynamic plate current. This is
- the *slope* of the load line. THIS IS NOT A DISSIPATIVE LOAD,
- it's a mathematical expression useful for matching to a real
- genuine honest to God load attached to the output impedance matching
- network. Note again that this is an *output* impedance, and is
- NOT an *input* impedance for a signal attempting to enter the
- *output* port. Operating amplifiers are *not* reciprocal devices.
- This load line *cannot* dissipate any power, it's a mathematical
- fiction and not a physical load.
-
- Where amplifier linearity enters this picture is in the *shape*
- of the load line. If the load line has a constant slope, the
- amplifier is linear. If the load line curves, the amplifier
- is non-linear in the curved region. Static bias is used to place
- the static, no signal, amplifier in the linear region of it's load
- line. Under drive, the amplification occurs around this static
- point, as the dynamic voltages chase up and down the load line.
-
- The reflected wave can combine vectorially with the dynamic voltage
- present at the output of the amplifier. This changes the *slope*
- of the load line which changes the *output* impedance of the
- amplifier since the output impedance *is* the slope of the load
- line. This changes the operating characteristic of the amplifier,
- usually shifting it off most efficient operation, *and* changes
- the *virtual* impedance seen looking into the output port through the
- matching network to a virtual short circuit. This is similar in
- principle to the "virtual" ground at the input of an opamp. This
- *conjugate mirror* causes the reverse wave to be re-reflected
- totally from the transmitter output because it appears as a
- completely unmatched termination to the line.
-
- See chapter four of Walt Maxwell's classic "Reflections" for
- a through mathematical treatment of this subject. Walt was
- chief designer for RCA for many years and is *the* recognized
- expert authority on this subject.
-
- Gary
- --
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