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- Newsgroups: comp.benchmarks
- Path: sparky!uunet!think.com!ames!data.nas.nasa.gov!amelia.nas.nasa.gov!eugene
- From: eugene@amelia.nas.nasa.gov (Eugene N. Miya)
- Subject: [l/m 3/17/92] RFC 1242 -- terminology (22/28) c.be FAQ
- Keywords: who, what, where, when, why, how
- Sender: news@nas.nasa.gov (News Administrator)
- Organization: NAS Program, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA
- Date: Tue, 22 Dec 92 12:25:16 GMT
- Message-ID: <1992Dec22.122516.23206@nas.nasa.gov>
- Reply-To: eugene@amelia.nas.nasa.gov (Eugene N. Miya)
- Lines: 714
-
- 22 RFC 1242 terminology (network benchmarking) <This panel>
- 23
- 24
- 25 Ridiculously short benchmarks
- 26 Other miscellaneous benchmarks
- 27
- 28 References
- 1 Introduction to the FAQ chain and netiquette
- 2
- 3 PERFECT
- 4
- 5 Performance Metrics
- 6 Temporary scaffold of New FAQ material
- 7 Music to benchmark by
- 8 Benchmark types
- 9 Linpack
- 10
- 11 NIST source and .orgs
- 12 Benchmark Environments
- 13 SLALOM
- 14
- 15 12 Ways to Fool the Masses with Benchmarks
- 16 SPEC
- 17 Benchmark invalidation methods
- 18
- 19 WPI Benchmark
- 20 Equivalence
- 21 TPC
-
-
- Network Working Group S. Bradner, Editor
- Request for Comments: 1242 Harvard University
- July 1991
-
-
- Benchmarking Terminology for Network Interconnection Devices
-
- Status of this Memo
-
- This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does
- not specify an Internet standard. Distribution of this memo is
- unlimited.
-
- Abstract
-
- This memo discusses and defines a number of terms that are used in
- describing performance benchmarking tests and the results of such
- tests. The terms defined in this memo will be used in additional
- memos to define specific benchmarking tests and the suggested format
- to be used in reporting the results of each of the tests. This memo
- is a product of the Benchmarking Methodology Working Group (BMWG) of
- the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).
-
- 1. Introduction
-
- Vendors often engage in "specsmanship" in an attempt to give their
- products a better position in the marketplace. This usually involves
- much "smoke & mirrors" used to confuse the user. This memo and
- follow-up memos attempt to define a specific set of terminology and
- tests that vendors can use to measure and report the performance
- characteristics of network devices. This will provide the user
- comparable data from different vendors with which to evaluate these
- devices.
-
- 2. Definition format
-
- Term to be defined. (e.g., Latency)
-
- Definition:
- The specific definition for the term.
-
- Discussion:
- A brief discussion about the term, it's application
- and any restrictions on measurement procedures.
-
- Measurement units:
- The units used to report measurements of this
- term, if applicable.
-
-
-
- Benchmarking Methodology Working Group [Page 1]
-
- RFC 1242 Benchmarking Terminology July 1991
-
-
- Issues:
- List of issues or conditions that effect this term.
-
- See Also:
- List of other terms that are relevant to the discussion
- of this term.
-
- 3. Term definitions
-
- 3.1 Back-to-back
-
- Definition:
- Fixed length frames presented at a rate such that there
- is the minimum legal separation for a given medium
- between frames over a short to medium period of time,
- starting from an idle state.
-
- Discussion:
- A growing number of devices on a network can produce
- bursts of back-to-back frames. Remote disk servers
- using protocols like NFS, remote disk backup systems
- like rdump, and remote tape access systems can be
- configured such that a single request can result in
- a block of data being returned of as much as 64K octets.
- Over networks like ethernet with a relatively small MTU
- this results in many fragments to be transmitted. Since
- fragment reassembly will only be attempted if all
- fragments have been received, the loss of even one
- fragment because of the failure of some intermediate
- network device to process enough continuous frames can
- cause an endless loop as the sender repetitively
- attempts to send its large data block.
-
- With the increasing size of the Internet, routing
- updates can span many frames, with modern routers able
- to transmit very quickly. Missing frames of routing
- information can produce false indications of
- unreachability. Tests of this parameter are intended
- to determine the extent of data buffering in the
- device.
-
- Measurement units:
- Number of N-octet frames in burst.
-
- Issues:
-
- See Also:
-
-
-
-
- Benchmarking Methodology Working Group [Page 2]
-
- RFC 1242 Benchmarking Terminology July 1991
-
-
- 3.2 Bridge
-
- Definition:
- A system which forwards data frames based on information
- in the data link layer.
-
- Discussion:
-
- Measurement units:
- n/a
-
- Issues:
-
- See Also:
- bridge/router (3.3)
- router (3.15)
-
- 3.3 bridge/router
-
- Definition:
- A bridge/router is a network device that can selectively
- function as a router and/or a bridge based on the
- protocol of a specific frame.
-
- Discussion:
-
- Measurement units:
- n/a
-
- Issues:
-
- See Also:
- bridge (3.2)
- router (3.15)
-
- 3.4 Constant Load
-
- Definition:
- Fixed length frames at a fixed interval time.
-
- Discussion:
- Although it is rare, to say the least, to encounter
- a steady state load on a network device in the real
- world, measurement of steady state performance may
- be useful in evaluating competing devices. The
- frame size is specified and constant. All device
- parameters are constant. When there is a checksum
- in the frame, it must be verified.
-
-
-
- Benchmarking Methodology Working Group [Page 3]
-
- RFC 1242 Benchmarking Terminology July 1991
-
-
- Measurement units:
- n/a
-
- Issues:
- unidirectional vs. bidirectional
-
- See Also:
-
- 3.5 Data link frame size
-
- Definition:
- The number of octets in the frame from the first octet
- following the preamble to the end of the FCS, if
- present, or to the last octet of the data if there
- is no FCS.
-
- Discussion:
- There is much confusion in reporting the frame
- sizes used in testing network devices or network
- measurement. Some authors include the checksum,
- some do not. This is a specific definition for use
- in this and subsequent memos.
-
- Measurement units:
- octets
-
- Issues:
-
- See Also:
-
- 3.6 Frame Loss Rate
-
- Definition:
- Percentage of frames that should have been forwarded
- by a network device under steady state (constant)
- load that were not forwarded due to lack of
- resources.
-
- Discussion:
- This measurement can be used in reporting the
- performance of a network device in an overloaded
- state. This can be a useful indication of how a
- device would perform under pathological network
- conditions such as broadcast storms.
-
- Measurement units:
- Percentage of N-octet offered frames that are dropped.
- To be reported as a graph of offered load vs frame loss.
-
-
-
- Benchmarking Methodology Working Group [Page 4]
-
- RFC 1242 Benchmarking Terminology July 1991
-
-
- Issues:
-
- See Also:
- overhead behavior (3.11)
- policy based filtering (3.13)
- MTU mismatch behavior (3.10)
-
- 3.7 Inter Frame Gap
-
- Definition:
- The delay from the end of a data link frame as defined
- in section 3.5, to the start of the preamble of the
- next data link frame.
-
- Discussion:
- There is much confusion in reporting the between
- frame time used in testing network devices. This
- is a specific definition for use in this and subsequent
- memos.
-
- Measurement units:
- Time with fine enough units to distinguish between
- 2 events.
-
- Issues:
- Link data rate.
-
- See Also:
-
- 3.8 Latency
-
- Definition:
- For store and forward devices:
- The time interval starting when the last bit of the
- input frame reaches the input port and ending when
- the first bit of the output frame is seen on the
- output port.
-
- For bit forwarding devices:
- The time interval starting when the end of the first
- bit of the input frame reaches the input port and
- ending when the start of the first bit of the output
- frame is seen on the output port.
-
- Discussion:
- Variability of latency can be a problem.
- Some protocols are timing dependent (e.g., LAT and IPX).
- Future applications are likely to be sensitive to
-
-
-
- Benchmarking Methodology Working Group [Page 5]
-
- RFC 1242 Benchmarking Terminology July 1991
-
-
- network latency. Increased device delay can reduce
- the useful diameter of net. It is desired to
- eliminate the effect of the data rate on the latency
- measurement. This measurement should only reflect the
- actual within device latency. Measurements should be
- taken for a spectrum of frame sizes without changing
- the device setup.
-
- Ideally, the measurements for all devices would be from
- the first actual bit of the frame after the preamble.
- Theoretically a vendor could design a device that
- normally would be considered a store and forward
- device, a bridge for example, that begins transmitting
- a frame before it is fully received. This type of
- device is known as a "cut through" device. The
- assumption is that the device would somehow invalidate
- the partially transmitted frame if in receiving the
- remainder of the input frame, something came up that
- the frame or this specific forwarding of it was in
- error. For example, a bad checksum. In this case,
- the device would still be considered a store and
- forward device and the latency would still be
- from last bit in to first bit out, even though the
- value would be negative. The intent is to treat
- the device as a unit without regard to the internal
- structure.
-
- Measurement units:
- Time with fine enough units to distinguish between
- 2 events.
-
- Issues:
-
- See Also:
- link speed mismatch (3.9)
- constant load (3.4)
- back-to-back (3.1)
- policy based filtering (3.13)
- single frame behavior (3.16)
-
- 3.9 Link Speed Mismatch
-
- Definition:
- Speed mismatch between input and output data rates.
-
- Discussion:
- This does not refer to frame rate per se, it refers to
- the actual data rate of the data path. For example,
-
-
-
- Benchmarking Methodology Working Group [Page 6]
-
- RFC 1242 Benchmarking Terminology July 1991
-
-
- an Ethernet on one side and a 56KB serial link on the
- other. This is has also been referred to as the "fire
- hose effect". Networks that make use of serial links
- between local high speed networks will usually have
- link speed mismatch at each end of the serial links.
-
- Measurement units:
- Ratio of input and output data rates.
-
- Issues:
-
- See Also:
- constant load (3.4)
- back-to-back (3.1)
-
- 3.10 MTU-mismatch behavior
-
- Definition:
- The network MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit) of the
- output network is smaller than the MTU of the input
- network, this results in fragmentation.
-
- Discussion:
- The performance of network devices can be significantly
- affected by having to fragment frames.
-
- Measurement units:
- Description of behavior.
-
- Issues:
-
- See Also:
-
- 3.11 Overhead behavior
-
- Definition:
- Processing done other than that for normal data frames.
-
- Discussion:
- Network devices perform many functions in addition
- to forwarding frames. These tasks range from internal
- hardware testing to the processing of routing
- information and responding to network management
- requests. It is useful to know what the effect of
- these sorts of tasks is on the device performance.
- An example would be if a router were to suspend
- forwarding or accepting frames during the processing
- of large routing update for a complex protocol like
-
-
-
- Benchmarking Methodology Working Group [Page 7]
-
- RFC 1242 Benchmarking Terminology July 1991
-
-
- OSPF. It would be good to know of this sort of
- behavior.
-
- Measurement units:
- Any quantitative understanding of this behavior is by
- the determination of its effect on other measurements.
-
- Issues:
- bridging and routing protocols
- control processing
- icmp
- ip options processing
- fragmentation
- error processing
- event logging/statistics collection
- arp
-
- See Also:
- policy based filtering (3.13)
-
- 3.12 Overloaded behavior
-
- Definition:
- When demand exceeds available system resources.
-
- Discussion:
- Devices in an overloaded state will lose frames. The
- device might lose frames that contain routing or
- configuration information. An overloaded state is
- assumed when there is any frame loss.
-
- Measurement units:
- Description of behavior of device in any overloaded
- states for both input and output overload conditions.
-
- Issues:
- How well does the device recover from overloaded state?
- How does source quench production effect device?
- What does device do when its resources are exhausted?
- What is response to system management in overloaded
- state?
-
- See Also:
-
- 3.13 Policy based filtering
-
- Definition:
- Filtering is the process of discarding received
-
-
-
- Benchmarking Methodology Working Group [Page 8]
-
- RFC 1242 Benchmarking Terminology July 1991
-
-
- frames by administrative decision where normal
- operation would be to forward them.
-
- Discussion:
- Many network devices have the ability to be
- configured to discard frames based on a number
- of criteria. These criteria can range from simple
- source or destination addresses to examining
- specific fields in the data frame itself.
- Configuring many network devices to perform
- filtering operations impacts the throughput
- of the device.
-
- Measurement units:
- n/a
-
- Issues:
- flexibility of filter options
- number of filter conditions
-
- See Also:
-
- 3.14 Restart behavior
-
- Definition:
- Reinitialization of system causing data loss.
-
- Discussion:
- During a period of time after a power up or
- reset, network devices do not accept and forward
- frames. The duration of this period of unavailability
- can be useful in evaluating devices. In addition,
- some network devices require some form of reset
- when specific setup variables are modified. If the
- reset period were long it might discourage network
- managers from modifying these variables on production
- networks.
-
- Measurement units:
- Description of device behavior under various restart
- conditions.
-
- Issues:
- Types:
- power on
- reload software image
- flush port, reset buffers
- restart current code image, without reconfuration
-
-
-
- Benchmarking Methodology Working Group [Page 9]
-
- RFC 1242 Benchmarking Terminology July 1991
-
-
- Under what conditions is a restart required?
- Does the device know when restart needed (i.e., hung
- state timeout)?
- Does the device recognize condition of too frequent
- auto-restart?
- Does the device run diagnostics on all or some resets?
- How may restart be initiated?
- physical intervention
- remote via terminal line or login over network
-
- See Also:
-
- 3.15 Router
-
- Definition:
- A system which forwards data frames based on
- information in the network layer.
-
- Discussion:
- This implies "running" the network level protocol
- routing algorithm and performing whatever actions
- that the protocol requires. For example, decrementing
- the TTL field in the TCP/IP header.
-
- Measurement units:
- n/a
-
- Issues:
-
- See Also:
- bridge (3.2)
- bridge/router (3.3)
-
- 3.16 Single frame behavior
-
- Definition:
- One frame received on the input to a device.
-
- Discussion:
- A data "stream" consisting of a single frame can
- require a network device to do a lot of processing.
- Figuring routes, performing ARPs, checking
- permissions etc., in general, setting up cache entries.
- Devices will often take much more time to process a
- single frame presented in isolation than it would if
- the same frame were part of a steady stream. There
- is a worry that some devices would even discard a single
- frame as part of the cache setup procedure under the
-
-
-
- Benchmarking Methodology Working Group [Page 10]
-
- RFC 1242 Benchmarking Terminology July 1991
-
-
- assumption that the frame is only the first of many.
-
- Measurement units:
- Description of the behavior of the device.
-
- Issues:
-
- See Also:
- policy based filtering (3.13)
-
- 3.17 Throughput
-
- Definition:
- The maximum rate at which none of the offered frames
- are dropped by the device.
-
- Discussion:
- The throughput figure allows vendors to report a
- single value which has proven to have use in the
- marketplace. Since even the loss of one frame in a
- data stream can cause significant delays while
- waiting for the higher level protocols to time out,
- it is useful to know the actual maximum data
- rate that the device can support. Measurements should
- be taken over a assortment of frame sizes. Separate
- measurements for routed and bridged data in those
- devices that can support both. If there is a checksum
- in the received frame, full checksum processing must
- be done.
-
- Measurement units:
- N-octet input frames per second
- input bits per second
-
- Issues:
- single path vs. aggregate
- load
- unidirectional vs bidirectional
- checksum processing required on some protocols
-
- See Also:
- frame loss rate (3.6)
- constant load (3.4)
- back-to-back (3.1)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Benchmarking Methodology Working Group [Page 11]
-
- RFC 1242 Benchmarking Terminology July 1991
-
-
- 4. Acknowledgements
-
- This memo is a product of the IETF BMWG working group:
-
- Chet Birger, Coral Networks
- Scott Bradner, Harvard University (chair)
- Steve Butterfield, independant consultant
- Frank Chui, TRW
- Phill Gross, CNRI
- Stev Knowles, FTP Software, Inc.
- Mat Lew, TRW
- Gary Malkin, FTP Software, Inc.
- K.K. Ramakrishnan, Digital Equipment Corp.
- Mick Scully, Ungerman Bass
- William M. Seifert, Wellfleet Communications Corp.
- John Shriver, Proteon, Inc.
- Dick Sterry, Microcom
- Geof Stone, Network Systems Corp.
- Geoff Thompson, SynOptics
- Mary Youssef, IBM
-
- Security Considerations
-
- Security issues are not discussed in this memo.
-
- Author's Address
-
- Scott Bradner
- Harvard University
- William James Hall 1232
- 33 Kirkland Street
- Cambridge, MA 02138
-
- Phone: (617) 495-3864
-
- EMail: SOB@HARVARD.HARVARD.EDU
- Or, send comments to: bmwg@harvisr.harvard.edu.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
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-
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- Benchmarking Methodology Working Group [Page 12]
-
-
- ^ A
- s / \ r
- m / \ c
- h / \ h
- t / \ i
- i / \ t
- r / \ e
- o / \ c
- g / \ t
- l / \ u
- A / \ r
- <_____________________> e
- Language
-
-