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- Path: sparky!uunet!paladin.american.edu!auvm!psuvm!uicvm.uic.edu!u61474
- Organization: University of Illinois at Chicago
- Date: Tuesday, 29 Dec 1992 09:13:53 CST
- From: MATT HUNSAKER <U61474@uicvm.uic.edu>
- Message-ID: <92364.091353U61474@uicvm.uic.edu>
- Newsgroups: bit.listserv.scuba-l
- Subject: "Liquid Oxygen" -long
- Lines: 120
-
- I posted this yesterday, but I got an error message on the post, so here it is
- again. If the other post made it to Brown, don't bother reading them both-
- they are identical.
- Date: Mon, 28 Dec 92 19:35:42 CST
- From: MATT HUNSAKER <U61474@UICVM>
- Subject: Re: Development on Liquid Oxygen
- To: Scuba diving discussion list <SCUBA-L@BROWNVM>
- In-Reply-To: Message of Mon, 28 Dec 1992 13:27:56 PST from
- <HCCHAN@PB1.PACBELL.COM>
- ========================================================================
- On Mon, 28 Dec 1992 13:27:56 PST Chan, Humphrey said:
- >To fellow divers:
- >
- > Anyone knows the latest on the development of liquid
- >oxygen ?? Is it still under experimentation ??
- >Will it ever be available commercially ??
-
- If you are talking about the respiration of Oxygenated Fluorocarbon Emulsion
- Respiration Technology, it is alive and well. The bulk of this technology is
- dedicated to the discovery of an adequate blood substitute, or at least this
- is where the technology came from. In 1966, Leland C.Clark of Children's
- Hospital of Cincinnati discovered the perfluorocarbon's application for
- "Liquid Breathing". Leland's original focus was to pioneer technology that
- would allow the Oxygen/Carbon Dioxide Exchange to occur in the lungs in the
- abscence of a surfactant. This would be useful in the treatment of patients
- with compromised lung tissue,(ie:Emphysema, Smoke inhalation, and most recently
- premature babies.)
-
-
- **************Warning Academic Chemistry to Follow*************************
-
- Some of you no doubt will be interested in the molecular structure of
- perfluorocarbon, so I will try and explain it in simple chemical/phsiological
- terms. For those who aren't interested in this, skip down to the end of this
- section.
-
- Perfluorocarbon's are extremely stable compuonds, that are generally non-toxic
- to humans. The name denotes an organic molecule structure in which every
- possible hydrogen atom has been replaced with a fluorine atom. The value of
- this compound is that it can carry more dissolved oxygen than air. The liquid
- can coat the alveoli and provide a surface for gas exchange, acting as an
- artificial surfactant of sorts. In the healthy lung, the moist inner membranes
- are coated with a natural detergent that lower's the surface tension of the
- water. This detergent is called a surfactant. This surfactant allows the
- lungs to inflate. If the surface tension of the membranes in the lung were
- equal to that of ordinary water, the tiny little alveoli would collapse.
-
- In premature babies this is what happens in births before about 35 weeks. The
- lung is not yet competent to make an adequate amount of surfactant to allow the
- baby to breathe. Babies have breating movements before birth in which
- amniotic fluid is aspirated. These prenatal movements are not continuous, but
- they do occur. Oxygen exchange, does not occur in a significant amount, but it
- does help strengthen the lung tissue. In premature babies, high pressure O2
- is required to keep many of these babies alive, BUT high-pressure O2 destroys
- lung tissue.
-
- The perfluorocarbon has a very low surface tension, which allows it to
- penetrate deep in to the smallest alveoli and keep them inflated at normal
- atmospheric pressures, thus providing adequate oxygen WITHOUT damaging the
- lung tissue. The trick in all this technology is to determine the ideal
- rate and the level of exchange at the alveoli. The bulk of experiments were
- done on premature sheep. Dr. Thomas Shaffer at the Children's Hospital in
- Philadelphia had demonstrated that a lamb of gestational age equivalent to
- a human baby's 20 weeks could survive on perfluorocarbon.(1989)
-
- *******************************************************************************
- End of Chemistry/physiology section
-
- The jump from animals to humans was made on May 10, 1989, under the direction
- of Thomas Shaffer at the Saint Christopher's Children's Hospital in
- Philadelphia, PA, USA. An infant of 28 weeks(premature), was not responding to
- treatment and was her condition was declining quickly. Her lungs were filled
- with oxygenated perfluorocarbon Emulsion and her condition improved. She
- survived for 19 hours after the use of this radical new treatment.
-
- Prior to this 1989, test involving a premature infant, a Houston Heart Surgeon
- named Arnold Lande, had invented equipment that would enter a diver's lungs
- through a tracheal catheter and would be moved in and out by a fluid respirator
- . The used Fluorocarbon would be shunted to a sea scooter that would scrub the
- Fluorocarbon Emulsion and reoxygenate it. His design also called for the
- placement of a groin catheter to carry blood to the scrubber to be
- reoxygenated. I've never heard any thing more about this device.
-
- The movie "THE ABYSS" extensively cited the design Shaffer created while
- working under Gordon Moskowitz at Drexel University in the early 1970's.
-
- Although the likelihood of actual "Liquid Breathing Systems" using Oxygenated
- Fluorocarbon Emulsion is VERY, VERY, probable, the exposure of these systems
- to a civilian market is probably unrealistic in the near future.
- *****************************************************************************
-
-
- Personal Note: If any of you are currently involved in such a project, I
- will be looking for a job in about two years. I will have
- an M.D. and B.S. Biology/Chemistry.( ie: Dear Santa, I would
- really like to work for the elves in the NAVY LAB, located in
- ************ assigned to this/similar project.
-
-
- -Matt
-
-
- MATT HUNSAKER ~~~~~~~~~¢___100 .. __ |__
- DIVING RESEARCH GROUP ¢___200 >->O . .__L L_|L L__
- HOME OF THE SPORTSMAN 300 MINISUB¢___300FT . .[+(____________)
- E-MAIL:U61474@UICVM (815)399-1615 ¢_________/
- STUDENT, U OF IL COLLEGE OF MEDICINE
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