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- Date: Mon, 21 Dec 1992 06:32:12 -0700
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- From: "William T. Powers" <POWERS_W%FLC@VAXF.COLORADO.EDU>
- Subject: More on perceiving invariants
- Lines: 124
-
- [From Bill Powers (921221.0630)]
-
- Morning thoughts on perceptual invariants.
-
- The following is a diagram of the relationships in my post of
- 921220.1745. At the bottom is the v1=v2 space with a circle of
- radius R plotted in it, and two sets of "lines of indifference"
- due to two perceptual functions, p1 = v1 + v2 and p2 = v1 - v2.
- Some added thoughts about this were in my head when I woke up.
-
-
- P3 = R^2
- |
- |
- =====================
- | (p1-a)^2 + (P1-b)^2 |
- ====================
- / \
- / \
- / \
- / \
- * * *
- * * * *
- * *
- * *
- * * * *
- sine * * cosine
- * *
- * * * *
- *< *
- P1 | P2 |
- | |
- --------- --------
- | v1 + v2 | | v1 - v2 |
- --------- --------
- \ /
- \ /
-
- | \ \ \
- | \ / \ / /
- | \ / / \ / \ /
- | \ / \ / / / \ /
- |\ /\ * \* * \ / /
- | \ */ / */ \ / \ /
- |/ \*/ \ / \ / * / / \
- V1 | / \ /\ .____R___* \ / \
- | / * / \/ \ * / \
- |/ */ \ / \ / *\ / \
- | / * / \ /\ * / \ \
- | / /* *\/* \/ \ \
- ------------------------------------
- V2
-
-
- If v1 increases while v2 decreases by the same amount (lines
- slanting down and to the right), P1 remains constant. If v1 increases while v2
- increases by the same amount (lines slanting
- up and to the right), P2 remains constant.
-
- A point moving around the circle plotted with *** will generate a
- phase-shifted sine wave in P1 and a phase-shifted cosine wave in
- P2. As long as a point remains somewhere on the circumference
- of the circle, whether moving or not, it will generate values of
- P1 and P2 with amplitudes in a quadrature relationship (sine and
- cosine of the same angular variable).
-
- If now a second level of perceptual function is added which
- computes the sum of the squares of P1 and P2 suitably offset by
- subtraction of constants, the resulting perceptual signal P3 will
- have a magnitude proportional to the square of the radius of the
- circle in v1-v2 space. As the point in v1-v2 space moves around
- the circumference of the circle, P3 will remain constant. So all
- points on the circumference of the circle will produce the same
- magnitude of perception at level 2.
-
- If, on the other hand, a point lies off the plotted circle, which
- is to say on the circumference of a larger or smaller circle, the
- perceptual signal P3 will become larger or smaller accordingly.
- We can therefore say that the perception P3 is a perception of
- the radial distance of a point from a center a,b without regard
- for the direction from that point. It can also be called the
- perception of size of a circle, as all points on a circle of one
- size will give rise to the same magnitude of P3, while points on
- different-sized circles will give rise to correspondingly
- different mangnitudes of P3.
-
- Note that the location of the point from which all radial
- distances are computed is determined by the constants a and b in
- the perceptual function, not by the location of the plotted
- circle in v1-v2 space. To perceive an invariant with respect to
- direction from a center, the constants a and b must be adjusted
- to fit the location of the circle, or the circle must be shifted
- to the location specified by a and b. A shift in a and b might
- correspond to a control process by which attention (or gaze) is
- shifted to the centroid of a figure, with the effect of exposing
- any invariance with respect to rotation that might thus be
- created.
-
- The lines of indifference are suggestive of the line-detectors
- found by Hubel and Wiesel. These line-detectors would represent
- the outputs of perceptual functions of the form P = k1*v1 +
- k2*v2. Implied is an underlying orthogonal v1-v2 coordinate
- system in visual perception (if vision is what we are talking
- about here) at the lowest level, where v1 and v2 are perceived.
-
- These relationships must be richly suggestive to a mathematician.
- Unfortunately I am not a mathematician. Note that the space
- involved does not have to be visual space, nor do the coordinates
- have to be orthogonal in any geometric sense. All that is needed
- is that v1 be capable of varying independently of v2. And of
- course this treatment could be extended to spaces of any
- dimensionality.
- All of this gives me a faint sense of encouragement about the
- idea that perceptions may have something fundamental to do with
- the universe for which they stand. On the other hand, for all I
- know they prove once and for all that the universe is totally
- defined by the way our peceptual functions are organized and we
- will never know its basic nature, if it has a basic nature. The
- mathematical reasoning required here simply exceeds my abilities.
- ----------------------------------------------------------------
- Best to all,
-
-
- Bill P.
-