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- Path: sparky!uunet!ogicse!news.u.washington.edu!stein.u.washington.edu!hlab
- From: tolman@asylum.cs.utah.edu (Kenneth Tolman)
- Newsgroups: sci.virtual-worlds
- Subject: Re: SCI: Direct Neural-Electronic Interfacing
- Message-ID: <1992Nov16.030501.21532@u.washington.edu>
- Date: 14 Nov 92 04:40:27 GMT
- Article-I.D.: u.1992Nov16.030501.21532
- References: <1992Nov12.021544.22672@u.washington.edu>
- Sender: news@u.washington.edu (USENET News System)
- Organization: University of Utah, CompSci Dept
- Lines: 58
- Approved: cyberoid@milton.u.washington.edu
- Originator: hlab@stein.u.washington.edu
-
-
-
- >****** DIRECT NEURAL - ELECTRONIC INTERFACING *****************************
-
- >Can someone tell me if there's any work being done at the moment on direct
- >hardware - wetware interfacing techniques? By this I mean methods by which
- >VR environments may be manipulated directly by, say, an EEG interpreter
- >converting stimuli received from skull electrodes; or more surgically
- >invasive equipment a la Known Space-like 'drouds' or 'jacks'.
-
- Here at the University of Utah there is a bioengineering project which
- involves direct implantation of stimulating electrodes in the visual
- cortex. I went to a lecture on it, and surprisingly the researchers
- have little or no awareness of virtual reality, they are interested in
- providing sight to the blind.
-
- The implantation device consists of a small (1 cm) silicon board with
- around 100 tiny 150 micron spikes with a metallic point. This board
- is literally shot into the brain on the visual cortex, on one of the
- "ridges". It needs to be injected with high velocity or it does not
- get pushed into the brain, it merely crushes the brain down and causes
- cell damage. (like pushing on cheese with a blunt knife, push fast and
- hard)
-
- They provided results that demonstrated the functionality of the board
- 6 months after implantation into a cat, with no apparent brain injury.
-
- This board directly stimulates the active visual cortex, which lies
- just beneath the surface of the brain. Alternatively, it can record
- electrical activity. The device at present is pretty weak.. it only
- has 100 pixels resolution, and takes up a very small area of the visual
- field. The amount of the visual field is equivalent to a thumb nail
- held at arms length, that is TINY!
-
- They hope to have functional systems for humans in the early 2000's, which
- will only be for blind people (perhaps deaf people) and will not provide
- extensive vision. It is not likely this system will allow for full
- immersion for a number of reasons:
-
- 1) The whole visual field is directly mapped onto the cortex surface,
- which undulates up and down, most of which is inaccessible for this type
- of implantation. Thus, these boards could be placed all along the
- ridges which would provide a form of patchwork vision.
-
- 2) The devices are pretty crude, and a single board has caused no
- rejection problems or brain damage but it is likely that many boards would
- have a multiplied risk factor.
-
- 3) Our ignorance of brain signal integration is embarressing.. these
- boards eliminate all of the preprocessing in the retina, and multiple
- signal crossovers and so forth. We will need to understand much more
- to build even adequate direct neural interfaces.
-
- I predict that full direct neural immersion will not be available for
- 200 years, and that it will require biosynthetic wiring which provides
- an interface from the neuron to the computer. External hardware devices
- may remain much in vogue until all the glitches are out of direct
- interfacing, which would require another 50 years on the above figure.
-