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- From: pgf@srl01.cacs.usl.edu ("Phil G. Fraering")
- Newsgroups: sci.space
- Subject: golden oldie: launch idea
- Message-ID: <By6wtt.I6u.1@cs.cmu.edu>
- Date: 23 Nov 92 22:17:37 GMT
- Article-I.D.: cs.By6wtt.I6u.1
- Sender: news+@cs.cmu.edu
- Distribution: sci
- Organization: [via International Space University]
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-
- Here's yet another: - pgf :
-
- The orbiting linear accelerator article (I thought both the article
- and the idea were extremely good) was
-
- Roger D. Arnold and Donald Kingsbury, The Spaceport,
- Part 1: Analog v99 #11 November 1979 pp 48:67 and
- Part 2: Analog v99 #12 December 1979 pp 61:77
-
- They propose an accelerator length of 600 km subjecting payloads to
- 5g, with an active stiffening system on the structure. Neither the
- mass nor the complexity is obviously lower than a cable performing
- the same task: Imagine a cable in low earth orbit that spins in
- the plane of the orbit so that the spin just cancels the orbital
- velocity at the points where the cable tips come closest to the ground.
- The cable is like two spokes of a giant wheel that is rolling on the
- earth's surface at orbital speed. A flying machine can now jump
- up and grab the cable end at its lowest and slowest point (for a few
- seconds the tip is actually stationary with respect to the ground,
- just like the portion of the rim of a rolling wheel in contact with the
- ground is momentarily stopped). The cable can actually enter the
- atmosphere (and with terminal guidance and high precision, it could
- even kiss the ground), so the job of docking with it is simpler than for
- the linear accelerator spaceport. The payload then hangs on to the end,
- and lets the cable flip it around to be flung off at high velocity
- later. At the top of the swing the cable tip is moving at twice
- the (orbital) velocity of the cable's center of mass, and if the
- payload lets go then, it is sent off with a factor of more that sqrt(2)
- beyond escape velocity. The cable loses some orbital momentum in the
- process, wich it can regain from incoming payloads, or high specific
- impulse engines at its middle, just like the orbiting linac.
-
- Such a non-anchored skyhook can be build low and spinning fast,
- or long and orbiting high and turning slow. If you build one
- to orbit at synchronous height, it has most of the properties of
- the synchronous beanstalk. It turns out that there is a lower
- orbit which is optimum in the sense that it minimizes the taper
- required by the cable. The length of such an optimum cable is
- one third the diameter of the earth (this is a general principle;
- cute, huh?). So we have the cable about 4000 km long, with its
- center orbiting 2000 km above the surface. With a material
- that can make a beanstalk with a taper of 100, we can make an
- optimum rolling cable like this with a taper of only 10, using
- 100 times less material for the same payload capacity. The
- rolling cable can hoist 1/50 of its own mass on each touchdown.
- Such touchdowns happen every 20 minutes, in succession at six
- equally spaced points around the orbit. The cable is very long
- relative to the depth of the atmosphere, and because of the scale
- and the cycloidal shape of the tip trajectory, the cable ends
- appear to descend from the sky vertically on each touchdown, with
- a continuous upward acceleration of 1.4 g. They stab downwards into the
- atmosphere at a tame 2 km/sec, slow to a dead stop for an instant at
- their lowest point, and accelerate gently upwards to leave in the same
- way. The tip stays in the atmosphere five minutes each touchdown.
-
- The material of the cable (if graphite) has a tensile strength of
- at least 3 million pounds per square inch, so one or two square inches
- at the cable ends is certainly sufficient for most tasks. The average
- cross section would then be about five square inches. This gives
- the whole rolling skyhook somewhat the scale and geometry of a
- typical transatlantic telephone cable, except that the graphite
- is five times less massive than the copper and steel of the phone cable.
-
- It seems at least possibly cheaper to me than the accelerator, but cost
- analyses would have to decide. The big advantage of the accelerator
- is that it can be engineered entirely with known materials and techniques,
- while the cable awaits the next increment in high strength materials.
-
- Re: collisions with aircraft, I agree that most of the time a taut
- 3 million psi, inch diameter, cable would be to a slow moving aluminum
- plane much like a cheese cutter is to a piece of cheese. Almost all
- of the cable is above the atmosphere, however, and a collision at orbital
- velocity would be another matter. The hit probability is no greater
- than for a big satellite. The rolling cable is 4000 km long and about
- 5 cm in diameter. This gives it the same "frontal" surface area as
- a 500 meter diameter sphere. A collision would not be much of a disaster
- on the ground, because the small cable diameter insures that the
- cables burns up on reentry (though the sheet of flame across the sky as
- several thousand kms burn simultaneously should be interesting). Still
- the cost to the owner (or insurance) and to the payload on the cable
- at the time certainly make this event undesirable. Some kind of
- Norad (or coast guard) traffic control or monitoring would seem
- worthwhile. Given a few hours or days warning a skyhook can dodge
- a few kilometers, but it will probably be the least maneuverable
- object in earth orbit. It will probably have to be given right of way
- most of the time, just as law of the sea gives oil tankers right of way.
-
- Here are a few more skyhook references:
-
- Arthur C. Clarke, The Fountains of Paradise,
- Harcourt, Brace and Jovanovich, 1978.
-
- Charles Sheffield, The Web Between the Worlds, Ace SF, 1979.
-
- Charles Sheffield, How to Build a Beanstalk,
- Destinies Vol 1 #4, Aug-Sep 79, pp 41:68, Ace books.
-
- Charles Sheffield, Skystalk, Destinies Vol 1 #4, Aug-Sep 79, pp 7:39
-
- Charles Sheffield, Summertide, Destinies Vol 3 #2, Aug 81, pp 16:84
-
-
- And yet another person doesn't sign his name!
-
- --
- Phil Fraering
- "...drag them, kicking and screaming, into the Century of the Fruitbat."
- <<- Terry Pratchett, _Reaper Man_
-