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- From: roberts@cmr.ncsl.nist.gov (John Roberts)
- Subject: Re: Solar sailing
- Message-ID: <By32vF.GD6.1@cs.cmu.edu>
- X-Added: Forwarded by Space Digest
- Sender: news+@cs.cmu.edu
- Organization: National Institute of Standards and Technology formerly National Bureau of Standards
- Original-Sender: isu@VACATION.VENARI.CS.CMU.EDU
- Distribution: sci
- Date: Sat, 21 Nov 1992 20:42:12 GMT
- Approved: bboard-news_gateway
- Lines: 75
-
-
- -From: n4hy@wahoo.UUCP (Bob McGwier)
- -Subject: Solar Sailing
- -Date: 20 Nov 92 16:15:35 GMT
- -Organization: IDA Center for Communications Research
-
- -I have a local high school student asking me for information on Solar
- -sailing. I have programs that will allow him to manipulate the sail
- -if I knew how to calculate `thrusts' etc. from the photon pressure.
- -Any details you care to send, primarily references, that will allow me
- -to help this very bright student, I would appreciate it.
-
- Let P be the power per unit area of an incident beam of directed light
- (in other words, all the photons are moving in the same direction - a
- reasonable approximation for a solar sail at a considerable distance from
- the sun).
-
- The pressure per unit area (call it p) of such a beam of light is P/c,
- where c is the speed of light. If your solar sail is black and perpendicular
- to the beam of light, then that's the outward force your sail will
- experience. If your sail is black and is tilted at an angle of theta with
- respect to the beam (where theta=0 means that the beam is perpendicular
- to the surface), then you get an outward force of P/c * cos(theta), and a
- "sideways" force of P/c * sin(theta) (valid for absolute value of theta
- between 0 and 90 degrees). However, it should be noted that this formula is
- valid only with respect to the power that is actually intercepted by the
- sail - a tilted sail has less "effective" area, varying with cos(theta).
- So the amount of thrust you'd actually get with your black sail (per unit
- area of sail) is P/c * (cos(theta))^2 outward, and
- P/c * cos(theta) * sin(theta) sideways.
-
- Most proposed solar sails are reflective, not black. That's because the
- principles of conservation of momentum show that reflecting the beam of
- light can greatly increase the thrust of the sail. The best results
- are with a 100% reflective sail perpendicular to the beam of light (theta = 0);
- that doubles the thrust. If theta is nonzero, then the reflected beam will
- have an angle of 2 * theta, so the formulas for a completely reflective
- sail are modified to
-
- p(outward) = P/c * cos(theta) * (cos(theta) + cos(2 * theta))
-
- p(sideways) = P/c * cos(theta) * (sin(theta) + sin(2 * theta))
-
- (Note that if abs(theta) is between 45 and 90 degrees (pi/4 and pi/2 radians),
- the reflection term actually decreases the outward thrust - under those
- conditions, a black sail would actually provide more outward thrust than
- a reflective sail. Also, if your sail is less than 100% reflective, then the
- reflection term in the above equations is directly proportional to the
- reflectivity.)
-
- Now for something more difficult, and not directly relevant to traditional
- solar sail designs: suppose the incoming beam is diffuse rather than
- directed, and suppose the sail is a diffuse reflector rather than a
- specular reflector? If the light is reaching the surface with equal
- intensity from all directions, then a spherical integration shows that the
- *net* effect is an outward thrust perpendicular to the surface, with an
- intensity equal to *half* of what would be expected from a directed beam
- of equal power. If the incoming light is a directed beam and the surface
- of the sail is a diffuse reflector (in other words, if it reflects the light
- equally in all directions), then the reflective component of the thrust
- is again perpendicular to the surface, and equal to half of that of a
- specular reflection.
-
- If the incoming light is diffuse, and the solar sail is reflective, then
- I *think* that the reflective component is the same whether the sail is a
- specular or a diffuse reflector. I don't know of any easy way to work out
- the math, but it seems to me that the reflected light would be equally
- distributed in either case.
-
- (Could somebody please verify that? I need it for my Dyson sphere
- calculations.)
-
- John Roberts
- roberts@cmr.ncsl.nist.gov
-
-