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- Path: sparky!uunet!cs.utexas.edu!sun-barr!rutgers!igor.rutgers.edu!planchet.rutgers.edu!nanotech
- From: hkhenson%portal@cup.portal.com
- Newsgroups: sci.nanotech
- Subject: looking for someone
- Message-ID: <Nov.20.20.57.59.1992.26380@planchet.rutgers.edu>
- Date: 21 Nov 92 01:58:00 GMT
- Sender: nanotech@planchet.rutgers.edu
- Lines: 71
- Approved: nanotech@aramis.rutgers.edu
-
- Hi. I am looking for Gary Knight who worked at MCC a few years ago.
- He was interested in hearing about proposals to do something in the
- way of a nanotech business, and I might have found one. You can
- pass the encluded item around privately to as many as you like, but
- I don't want it "published" yet (for patent reasons.) Keith
- ----
- Proposed Method for making STM Tips.
-
- I recently visited a local company which makes ion milling equipment
- for doing engineering mods on ICs. The ion source is a gallium-wet
- needle which they operate at a modest positive voltage. Electrostatic
- forces acting against the liquid metal surface tension shape up the
- tip to a one atom point--from which ions leave. Slick gadget. There
- may be additional markets for this thing in the interface between
- current micro and the nanotech world. I can send a contact to anyone
- with a need.
-
- But that is not what this posting is about.
-
- A friend of mine (Mark Voelker) has been complaining about the
- difficulty of making good STM tips for quite a while. (It is quite a
- black art). A week or so after I learned about the ion source, it
- occurred to me that *any* liquid metal under a strong field should
- take on the same shape--and might keep the shape if you cooled it to
- the solid state. Gallium is *way* too soft even frozen to be of
- interest as an STM tip, but a modest pulse of energy from a laser beam
- or a pulse of electrical energy in the form of a spark or a burst of
- electrons should melt the end of a tungsten or platinum STM tip. If
- the tip cooled with enough voltage to shape it up to an ion emitter,
- it should end in a single atom.
-
- According to Mark, typical STM tips are 20 mil of (mostly) platinum
- alloy wire. Converting to metric, that would be 20/1000*2.54 or about
- .05 cm. Melting the end of the tip would involve a volume of roughly
- (.05) exp 3, around 1*10 exp -4 cm cube. This times a density of
- about 20 gives a mass of about 2/10000 of a gram. The delta T
- involved in round number is 2k degrees, the specific heat of Pt in the
- range of interest is about .04, and the heat of fusion is about 30.
- So, 2k*2/10000*.04 is .016 cal plus 30*2/10000 or about .02 cal, or .1
- joule. I.e., in the range of tenth of a watt-second. (Assuming I did
- not drop a decimal or two.)
-
- Since the energy stored in a capacitor in watt-seconds is 1/2 CV exp 2,
- 0.1 watt-second would take a modest 20 uF charged to 100 volts.
-
- The tip should be heated fast compared to its cooling time. The area
- of this speck (considered as a cube) is 6*.0025, or about .01 square
- cm, or 1 * 10 exp -6 square meters. A square meter at 2k deg absolute
- would radiate (2k) exp 4 * 5.67 * 10 exp -8 watts per square meter, or
- about 1 * 10 exp 6 watts. A cooling time of a second is implied.
- (Ignoring conduction.) This is not out of line with the time it takes
- ordinary incandescent lamps of similar wire size and temperature to
- cool, implying that a heating time in the low tens of milliseconds
- would be ok. With the time set at 1/100 second, and the voltage at
- 100 volts, the required current is 100 mA.
-
- Tip heating could be accomplished by laser, a spark in an inert
- atmosphere, or electrons in a vacuum. The current is well within the
- output of medium sized vacuum tube cathodes. After the heating pulse,
- the tip would have to be maintained at a high enough positive voltage
- to emit ions until it cooled.
-
- For all I know, this may be a well known method for forming tips, but
- if so, Mark was not aware of it being used and there was nobody at the
- recent nanotech conference (not even the Japanese representative) who
- knew of it being used. I am posting this note to get a widespread
- time stamp of when this method was conceived, and a request to the
- community to let me know if this is already in use. It may be
- patentable, so such rights are reserved.
-
- Keith Henson 11/14/92
-