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- Newsgroups: sci.logic
- Path: sparky!uunet!stanford.edu!CSD-NewsHost.Stanford.EDU!Sunburn.Stanford.EDU!pratt
- From: pratt@Sunburn.Stanford.EDU (Vaughan R. Pratt)
- Subject: Re: Why Logic?
- Message-ID: <1992Nov16.212410.28487@CSD-NewsHost.Stanford.EDU>
- Sender: news@CSD-NewsHost.Stanford.EDU
- Organization: Computer Science Department, Stanford University.
- References: <1992Nov16.091653.1@woods.ulowell.edu>
- Date: Mon, 16 Nov 1992 21:24:10 GMT
- Lines: 73
-
- In article <1992Nov16.091653.1@woods.ulowell.edu> cotera@woods.ulowell.edu writes:
- >Can anyone explain why we use logic? Unfortunately, any logical arguments to
- >support logic, are unfortunately, invalid.
-
- For the same reason that courts accept only two pleas: guilty or not
- guilty. It is quite hard enough to get a jury to agree on that one bit
- without asking them also to agree on details of the witnesses'
- stories.
-
- Once the high order bit is settled, the lower order bits (severity of
- sentence and such) can be decided more casually according to the
- position of that bit and with the aid of information left over from the
- determinations of the higher order bits.
-
- Voting tends to be organized along similar lines, with questions
- preferably framed to have yes/no answers in order to simplify
- discussion and to maximize the representativeness of the winning
- outcome.
-
- Pretrial hearings and primaries serve to sharpen the question, not to
- refine the answer.
-
- This is the principle of the most significant bit, MSB. Over the
- millennia we have acquired an intuitive appreciation of the MSB
- principle, not just in the courtroom and the legislature but
- everywhere, and we have evolved and refined tools for dealing with that
- bit. These tools constitute logic.
-
- Our modern view of these tools recognizes a library of predicates, each
- producing a bit that for certain applications is the appropriate high
- order bit.
-
- In addition there is the collection of all n-ary operations on a
- 2-valued set, better known as the Boolean operations, giving a complete
- library of operations for manipulating bits.
-
- But this modern view in terms of predicates and Boolean connectives is
- as much a stereotype of natural logic as the Pentagon is pentagonal,
- and any simple modern account can bear only a superficial resemblance
- to the full gamut of tools of natural logic. In particular there has
- been no convincing demonstration that the weighty matters contemplated
- in courts and the legislature are judged exclusively, or even
- primarily, according to the rules of the first order predicate
- calculus. The logic of the court would appear to center more on
- catching smugglers of argumentum ad hominem and other logical
- contraband, while that of Congress is the same with the additional
- requirement of alienating the fewest number weighted by alliance. In
- such settings the MSB principle plays a critical role in conferring the
- benefit of logical rigor on a situation whose natural state is logical
- chaos.
-
- Formal logic presumably did not appear until well after natural logic
- had evolved and been adopted for everyday use. The first two millennia
- of formal logic to make it into today's historical record focused on
- the correct application of an abstract view of the extant tools,
- without raising questions of their soundness or completeness. Peirce
- in the 1870's was the first to explicitly incorporate the two-valued
- nature of truth into the methodology of formal logic, though Boole had
- earlier come very close when he tied truth to sets.
-
- Today formal logic continues to focus on correctness of argument, with
- two-valued truth playing a central though by no means solo role as the
- importance of the first bit comes to be seen, if only subconsciously,
- in its proper light: a very good but by no means essential heuristic.
-
- As nonlogical principles are assimilated along with logical rules of
- inference into single decision methods and conditional rules of
- calculation, the boundary of logic and nonlogic blurs, leaving us with
- formal reasoning systems containing a blend of rules whose origins in
- their respective logical and nonlogical calculi grow less discernible
- with every passing decade.
- --
- Vaughan Pratt A fallacy is worth a thousand steps.
-