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- Path: sparky!uunet!zaphod.mps.ohio-state.edu!saimiri.primate.wisc.edu!caen!spool.mu.edu!sgiblab!sgigate!sgi!cdp!alanm
- From: Alan McGowen <alanm@igc.apc.org>
- Newsgroups: sci.environment
- Date: 15 Nov 92 23:04 PST
- Subject: ECO CENTRAL 21
- Sender: Notesfile to Usenet Gateway <notes@igc.apc.org>
- Message-ID: <1466601912@igc.apc.org>
- Nf-ID: #N:cdp:1466601912:000:6505
- Nf-From: cdp.UUCP!alanm Nov 15 23:04:00 1992
- Lines: 145
-
-
- Note: ECOCENTRAL REDIVIVUS -- ECO CENTRALS hereby resume their
- irregular publication with number 21.
-
- ECO CENTRAL 21
-
- Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
-
- In physics, kinematics precedes dynamics in that it is necessary
- to be able to measure positions, momenta, moments of inertia and
- other instantaneous properties before it is possible to talk
- about how they evolve in time. Evolutionary biology is the study
- of the effects of genetic changes over time, and this genetic
- "dynamics" must also be founded on a stationary "kinematics". In
- biology stationary states are equilibria of yet deeper processes:
- all living systems are driven by the inexorable laws of
- thermodynamics towards nonliving states, and any stable property
- which they exhibit requires an explanation in terms of biological
- equilibrium processes.
-
- Sometimes in science a "kinematic" reference frame is important
- for explanation even though no ideal example may exist in nature.
- In physics, the inertial reference frame is an enormously useful
- approximation, despite the fact that with finer measurement,
- every reference frame available is found to be accelerated: the
- earth spins and orbits the sun, the sun orbits the galactic
- center, and the galaxy apparently participates in some grand
- filamentary flow. No actual frame is unaccelerated, yet the ideal
- inertial frame is the basis of the successful development of
- classical mechanics. Precedent exists, therefore, for a reference
- frame which is mathematically useful, and which obtains
- approximately in large numbers of cases, but which may not hold
- with absolute precision in any real case.
-
- Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is such a reference frame. It is the
- state of evolutionary stasis -- what happens, with certain
- idealizations, when natural selection can be ignored. It is
- therefore the starting point for population genetics.
-
- We consider a population of sexually reproducing organisms. These
- organisms are *diploid*: each one has, at some stage of its life,
- chromosome pairs and hence *two* potentially different variants
- of the gene at each chromosomal locus. Different variants of the
- same gene are called *alleles*. The sex cells or *gametes*
- produced by these organisms have only one member of each
- chromosome pair of the diploid stage, and thus only half of its
- genetic complement. This is called a *haploid* condition. The
- haploid gametes unite to form diploid *zygotes* in a process
- called "mixis", which is bio-speak for "do it". "Mixis" is
- the act of sex.
-
- In many organisms the act of sex -- mixis -- is not very
- intimate. When corals do it they all let go -- males and females
- -- at the same time. Male and female gametes float up in the
- water column and form a slick on the surface, uniting in mad
- abandon to form zygotes. This is a pretty close approximation to
- a completely random mating of all the gametes in a population --
- a situation called *panmixis*. A population which regularly
- mates in such a random manner is called *panmictic*. Hardy-
- Weinberg equilibrium applies to panmictic populations. It is the
- "inertial reference frame" of population genetics.
-
- We consider a single gene locus within a panmictic population,
- and suppose that there are two different alleles, called A and a,
- which can occur at that locus. Each diploid organism has either
- AA, Aa, or aa at its two loci (we identify Aa and aA). Each of
- these *genotypes* has a certain frequency in the population: let
- the frequency of AA be FAA, that of Aa be FAa and that of aa be
- Faa. Clearly,
-
- 1) FAA + FAa + Faa = 1
-
- since those are the only possibilities.
-
- Further let the total frequency of all the A alleles in the
- population be p (= FAA + 1/2 FAa) , and hence the frequency of
- all the a alleles is q = 1-p (= Faa + 1/2 FAa).
-
- The frequencies FAA, FAa, and Faa are those prior to a panmictic
- mating event. We let them have any value subject to the
- constraint 1). Now let mating occur, forming a gamete pool of As
- and as. During mating the following happens:
-
- Each AA contributes an A with probability 1
-
- Each Aa contributes an A with probability 1/2 and an a with
- probability 1/2.
-
- Each aa contributes an a with probability 1.
-
- The result is that
-
- P(A) = P(A | AA)FAA + P(A | Aa)FAa = FAA + 1/2 FAa = p
- P(a) = P(a | Aa)FAa + P(a | aa)Faa = 1/2 FAa + Faa = q
-
- During mating, the probability that a given zygote forms with two
- As is
-
- P(AA) = FAA (next generation) = p^2
-
- Likewise
-
- P(Aa) = FAa (next generation) = 2 pq
-
- P(aa) = Faa (next generation) = q^2
-
-
- This means that the original distribution FAA, FAa, Faa is
- completely wiped out in a single generation, no matter what it
- was, leaving the next generation at the *Hardy-Weinberg
- equilibrium* of p^2: 2pq : q^2. If we see a population
- with this distribution in its diploid stage it is at Hardy-
- Weinberg equilibrium. This is what we expect to see if perfect
- panmixis -- random mating -- occurs, and also (and this is
- crucial) IF THERE IS NO DIFFERENTIAL SURVIVAL of the different
- genotypes between the formation of zygotes and their next mating
- stage, nor of the different gametes before union, nor any
- DIFFERENTIAL FERTILITY in the production of gametes. These are
- the factors of natural selection.
-
- In the absence of natural selection then, a panmictic population
- should be at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Conversely, if a
- population is *not* at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, we can
- conclude that it is either not panmictic -- some forms of
- selection are at work in the union of gametes -- or else
- differential survival of genotypes or differential survival or
- production of gametes is occurring. In either case, natural
- selection of some kind is at work: failure of Hardy-Weinberg
- equilibrium is evidence of natural selection.
-
- In practice, widely-distributed populations are typically not at
- perfect Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Semi-disjoint populations
- which are each at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium approach joint
- equilibrium at a rate determined by the *gene flow* between them.
- Failure of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium between disjoint
- populations is common and indicates *geographical variation*.
- Failure of equilibrium within contiguous populations can also
- occur, for example it can arise from the evolution of different
- mating types. The latter event -- which often occurs in
- populations which are geographically contiguous but nevertheless
- are becoming ecologically isolated -- can presage speciation.
-
- -----------
- Alan McGowen
-
-