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- Newsgroups: sci.electronics
- Path: sparky!uunet!cs.utexas.edu!convex!seas.smu.edu!mustafa
- From: mustafa@seas.smu.edu (Mustafa Kocaturk)
- Subject: DC Clamp-on Ammeters, Hall Effect
- Message-ID: <1992Nov24.032547.17708@seas.smu.edu>
- Keywords: Hall effect galvanometer
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- Organization: SMU School Of Engineering and Applied Science
- References: <1eckcsINNb78@uwm.edu> <1992Nov23.035008.1@fnalo.fnal.gov>
- Date: Tue, 24 Nov 1992 03:25:47 GMT
- Lines: 87
-
- In article <1992Nov23.035008.1@fnalo.fnal.gov> khartman@fnalo.fnal.gov writes:
- >
- > I understand how the AC clamp-on ammeters (eg. Amprobe) work,
- >but could someone explain how some models can measure DC current as well.
- >This puzzles me, since the ammeter is basically a clamp-on transformer, with
- >the clamp being the core. If the current in the wire under test doesn't
- >alternate, the transformer won't work. Am I missing something obvious here?
- >
-
- Hardly ever, I guess. A hint: Deflection in TV sets.
- You probably know that the force deflecting the CRT beam is
- called the "Lorentz force" in physics. It is the force
- that acts on charges moving in a magnetic field.
-
- It works interestingly in semiconductors placed in a B-field.
- Charge carriers in motion in a semiconductor experience
- a force ~ q(v X B). They drift in the direction of this force,
- setting up a potential difference (the Hall potential) across the
- semiconductor slab. Measuring this potential, one can extrapolate
- the B field strength. ("X" stands for vector multiplication and
- "~" means "is proportional to"). A Hall effect sensor looks like
- the following:
- +-------------------------o
- | +'ve
- +----------------------+
- Current | semiconductor slab | Hall voltage
- i ------>| inside a +------> i ~ (i X B) for N type
- |B-field towards reader| ~ (-i X B) for P type
- +----------------------+
- | -'ve
- +-------------------------o
-
- The polarity of the Hall voltage depends on the
- type of the semiconductor material used, i. e. whether
- the majority carriers are electrons or holes.
-
- The DC clamp-on ammeters probably incorporate a Hall-effect sensor
- embedded in an air gap somewhere in the magnetic clamp material.
- A mechanical design like that of a moving-coil galvanometer,
- using the magnetic field set up inside the magnetic clamp material
- by the current being measured for deflecting a coil carrying a
- predetermined current, is also possible. The mechanical
- constructions of the two types would possibly look like
-
- Galvanometer style Clamp-on DC ammeter
- clamp-on DC ammeter using Hall effect
-
- v---- undesired air gaps ----v O == cross-sectional
- ___,___ ___,___ view of the conductor
- / \ Clamps around / \
- | O | current carrying | O |
- | | conductor | | h == hinge
- | | | | (an undesired air gap)
- ...l.......h......... ....l.......h.......
- : \ / known i : : \ / :
- : \(O)/ in coil : : \|H|/ Hall effect sensor
- : / : : | with proper orientation
- : ../...... meter : : | and four terminals
- : ./....... dial : : connected to a current source
- : : : and a voltmeter :
- :...................: :..................:
-
- The semiconductor version would be more sensitive,
- versatile and robust, I presume.
-
- The undesired (variable) air gaps cannot be eliminated owing to
- the openability of the clamp jaws. These air gaps are major
- potential sources of error in measurement. Another source
- of error is hysteresis, or residual magnetism in the
- magnetic material clamp jaws are made of.
-
- These are just my guesses as to how they *might* be built,
- I wish my drawings could look as pretty as some peoples'
- signatures, but I hope most of the readers will get the idea :-)
-
- In closing, may I ask the following question, the answer to which
- I think many readers and I already know, but some readers may like
- to think about:
-
- We know that like charges repel each other.
- How do the electrons in an electron beam stay together despite the
- repulsion, such that the beam produces a tiny spot on a CRT display ?
-
- Kind regards,
- --
- Mustafa Kocaturk mustafa@seas.smu.edu EE Dept., Room 305A, Caruth Bldg.
- Home: 214-706-5954 Office: 214-768-1475 SMU Box 753190, Dallas, TX 75275
-