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- Organization: Doctoral student, Urban and Public Affairs, Carnegie Mellon, Pittsburgh, PA
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- Newsgroups: sci.chem
- Message-ID: <8f2H07O00WB44oif82@andrew.cmu.edu>
- Date: Tue, 17 Nov 1992 12:46:47 -0500
- From: Lawrence Curcio <lc2b+@andrew.cmu.edu>
- Subject: Re: Oil Spills
- In-Reply-To: <92322.023034KRK4@psuvm.psu.edu>
- Lines: 72
-
- I studied the Exxon spill at length shortly after it happened. I'm
- talking from the top of my head now, years later. Perhaps the best
- source on this is a report issued to the President by the (then)
- Secretary of Transportation.
-
- Anyway, the effects of oil spills will depend on many factors including:
-
- 1) The composition of the spilled mixture;
-
- 2) The environmental sensitivity of the area;
-
- 3) The cleanup equipment available at the scene;
-
- 4) The early cleanup efforts;
-
- 5) The weather;
-
- 6) The volume of the spill.
-
- All these factors worked against the Exxon disaster.
-
- In the Exxon spill, the spilled mixture was heavy crude. The lighter
- components of this evaporated or emulsified fairly quickly, leaving a
- largely non-volatile residue consisting mostly of asphalt froth. The
- Valdez effectively PAVED Prince William Sound. The mixture, especially
- in the bitterly cold temperatures, was not easliy picked up by skimmers
- nor by absorbants. It was not easily emulsified either. (Attempts to use
- surfactants were marred by weather and human error as well.) Skimming
- devices spent several times as many hours in maintenance as they spent
- in the water because of weather and composition.
-
- There is never enough cleenup equipment in any area to remediate a big
- spill. Such equipment is expensive and rarely used. Oil companies call
- contractors, who use their equipment nation-wide. These contractors are
- mostly the oil companies themselves (who else would have the equipment),
- but, again, the hardware is not all concentrated locally. It takes days
- for the equipment to arrive. Thus, early containment is extremely
- important. Unfortunately, Alieska's barge with the bulk of the
- containment equipment was in dry dock for repairs at the time. By the
- time enough boom became available, the priority had shifted from
- containment to exclusion: protecting estuaries from contamination. The
- Valdez had containment boom aboard, but did not deploy it effectively.
-
- The sheer volume of the spill was another factor. It was the third
- largest spill in history, and the largest by far to hit the US
- coastline. Problem is that the distribution of oil spill volume is
- extremely skewed, with much area under the long tail. It is, in fact,
- approximately lognormal in the higher volumes. (One can actually propose
- a reasonable argument that the distribution of liquids in all containers
- is approximately lognormal.) It is hard to get enough data from such
- distributions to tell you how much equipment you will actually need in
- the long run. About one third the total volume of oil is spilled in only
- about 2% of spills! The fact is, big spills are so rare that oil
- companies kid themselves into believing that less equipment is needed
- than actually is. People were simply overwhelmed in this case.
-
- The area had been virtually untouched, and was particularly sensitive.
-
- Oil certainly does persist in the local environment for long periods of
- time after a spill. Material sinks to the bottom as tar balls, and can
- be found in the water decades later when turbulence causes the bottom to
- be stirred. The stuff undoubtedly has an impact on the benthic ecology.
- Note that the very existence of crude oil is testimony to its ability to
- persist in the environment.
-
- It should be noted that, with better weather, lighter oil, and less
- sensitive ecology, cleanup is often more (though not perfectly)
- successful, as the million-gallon Gulf of Mexico spill (two years later)
- demonstrated. Also, the persistence of some petroleum components is no
- more remarkable than the ability of other components to apparently
- disappear. The jury is still out on the long term effects of oil
- traportation worldwide.
-