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- From: ask@cbnews.cb.att.com (Arthur S. Kamlet)
- Subject: Zero-Coupon Bonds (was: Re: misc.invest FAQ)
- Organization: AT&T Bell Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio
- Date: Mon, 16 Nov 1992 22:41:26 GMT
- Message-ID: <1992Nov16.224126.1505@cbnews.cb.att.com>
- Keywords: invest, stock, bond, money, faq
- References: <investment-faq/general_721890008@informatik.uni-kl.de>
- Lines: 88
-
- In article <investment-faq/general_721890008@informatik.uni-kl.de> lott@informatik.uni-kl.de writes:
- >Archive-name: investment-faq/general
- >Last-modified: Mon Nov 16 06:00:02 MET 1992
- >Compiler: Christopher Lott, lott@informatik.uni-kl.de
- >
- >This FAQ addresses issues pertaining to money and investment instruments,
- >specifically stocks, bonds, and other goodies like gold and real estate.
- ...
- >TABLE OF CONTENTS (* means answer needed)
- > Sources for Historical Stock Information
- ...
- > * Zero-coupon bonds
-
- Not too many years ago every bond had coupons attached to them.
- Every so often, usually every 6 months, bond owners would take a
- scissors to the bond, clip out the coupon, and present the coupon to
- the bond issuer or to a bank for payment. Those were "bearer bonds"
- meaning the bearer -- the person who had physical possession of the
- bond -- owned it. Today, many bonds are issued as "registered"
- which means even if you get to touch the actual bond at all, it will
- be registered in your name and interest will be mailed to you every
- 6 months. It is not too common to see such coupons. Registered bonds
- will not generally have coupons, but may still pay interest each
- year. It's sort of like the issuer is clipping the coupons for you
- and mailing you a check. But if they pay interest periodically,
- they are still called Coupon Bonds, just as if the coupons were
- attached.
-
- When the bond matures, the issuer redeems the bond and pays you the
- face amount. You may have paid $1000 for the bond 20 years ago and
- you have received interest every 6 months for the last 20 years, and
- you now redeem the matured bond for $1000.
-
- A Zero-coupon bond has no coupons and there is no interest paid.
-
- But at maturity, the issuer promises to redeem the bond at face
- value. Obviously, the original cost of a $1000 bond is much less
- than $1000. The actual price depends on: a) the holding period
- -- the number of years to maturity, b) the prevailing interest rates,
- and c) the risk involved (with the bond issuer).
-
- Taxes: Even though the bond holder does not receive any interest
- while holding zeroes, in the US the IRS requires that you
- "impute" an annual interest income and report this income each year.
- Usually, the issuer will send you a Form 1099-OID (Original Issue
- Discount) which lists the imputed interest and which should be
- reported like any other interest you receive. There is also an IRS
- publication covering imputed interest on Original Issue Discount
- instruments.
-
- For capital gains purposes, the imputed interest you earned between
- the time you acquired and the time you sold or redeemed the bond is
- added to your cost basis. If you held the bond continually from the
- time it was issued until it matured, you will generally not have any
- gain or loss.
-
- Zeroes tend to be more susceptible to prevailing interest rates,
- and some people buy zeroes hoping to get capital gains when interest
- rates drop. There is high leverage. If rates go up, they can
- always hold them.
-
- Zeroes sometimes pay a better rate than coupon bonds (whether
- registered or not). When a zero is bought for a tax deferred
- account, such as an IRA, the imputed interest does not have to be
- reported as income, so the paperwork is lessened.
-
- Both corporate and municipalities issue zeroes, and imputed interest
- on municipals is tax-free in the same way coupon interest on
- municipals is. (The zero could be subject to AMT).
-
- Some marketeers have created their own zeroes, starting with coupon
- bonds, by clipping all the coupons and selling the bond less the
- coupons as one product -- very much like a zero -- and the coupons
- as another product. Even US Treasuries can be split into two
- products to form a zero US Treasury.
-
- There are other products which are combinations of zeroes and
- regular bonds. For example, a bond may be a zero for the first
- five years of its life, and pay a stated interest rate thereafter.
- It will be treated as an OID instrument while it pays no interest.
-
- (Note: The "no interest" must be part of the original offering; if
- a cumulative instrument intends to pay interest but defaults, that
- does not make this a zero and does not cause imputed interest to be
- calculated.) Like other bonds, some zeroes might be callable by the
- issuer (they are redeemed) prior to maturity, at a stated price.
- --
- Art Kamlet a_s_kamlet@att.com AT&T Bell Laboratories, Columbus
-