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- From: mike@zogwarg.etl.army.mil (Mike McDonnell)
- Newsgroups: comp.music
- Subject: Re: What is mulaw format?
- Keywords: audio format files
- Message-ID: <1230@zogwarg.etl.army.mil>
- Date: 16 Nov 92 14:48:59 GMT
- References: <1221@zogwarg.etl.army.mil> <pwilson.721604483@charm.gandalf.ca>
- Distribution: na
- Organization: Engineer Topographic Labs, Ft. Belvoir, VA
- Lines: 30
-
- pwilson@gandalf.ca (Paul Wilson(Toronto-Sales)) writes:
-
- >In <1221@zogwarg.etl.army.mil> mike@zogwarg.etl.army.mil (Mike McDonnell) writes:
-
- >>What is the mulaw format? In fact, what are the other formats for
- >>audio data? The FAQ for this group talks about file formats in terms
- >>of headers, etc. but doesn't talk about formats for the audio data
- >>itself. Maybe some info about this could be added to the FAQ if this
- >>query gets a good answer.
-
- >When converting analog sound into a digital form the waveform is sampled
- >at a constant frequency (8kHz for telephone and 44.1kHz for CXD standards).
- >This results in a quantity of varying voltages which must be measured. The
- >measurement system used (or ruler) needs to accommodate several needs: + and
- >- values, very loud sounds, and very quiet sounds. Also, the desired resolution
- >should be taken into account; 16 vs 8 bit resolution.
- ...
-
- >To correct for this problem we decide to adopt a logarythmic scale.
- ...
-
- >The mu-law (used in North America and Japan(?)) defines the voltages, or
- >signal levels of the markings on the y-axis. It defines the resolution
- >of the sampling method. Other parts of the world use a slightly different
- >A-law.
-
- Okay, I knew mu-law and a-law were logarithmic, but I still don't know
- what they >>ARE<<. I would like precise engineering definitions, not
- generalities. In particular, enough information to be able to write
- my own encoders and decoders. A reference would do.
-