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0 # 1 ╩ 8 = δ = B ┘ B B └ D ! D ⌐ D 6 F a B O O M ! The Big Bang is a theory that attempts to explain the origin of the universe. The theory states that between 10 and 20 billion years ago all of the matter and energy in the universe was concentrated in a very small area. This area then exploded, creating the universe. The explosion flung all of the matter and energy clustered in that small area outward creating the universe as we know it. The expansion of this "area" has continued to this day. The evidence for thinking that the universe is still expanding away from that "area" is the feeble background radiation that was discovered in the 1960s. This radiation has a blackbody temperature of 3 degrees above absolute zero. This radiation is interpreted as the electromagnetic remnants of the primordial fireball stretched to long wavelengths by the expansion of the universe. Prehistoric Man can be broken down as follows: S TAge: Lower Paleolithic U VAge: Upper Paleolithic W XAge: Mesolithic ì Y ZAge: Neolithic ì [ \Age: ca3500 BC In general from 3500 BC forward, marks the beginning of the societies that our current civilization is based on. Sumer was an ancient culture based in the area known as the fertile Crescent, more specifically Sumer was based in Mesopotamia. SUmer was an anti semitic culture that appeared as early as 5000 BC. By 3000 BC Sumerian city states (Erech, Kish, Lagash, and UR) had gained considerable power based on irrigated agriculture. They also developed pottery and metal working into fine arts, and probably invented Cuneiform writing. The Sumerians were the natural rivals of semitic cultures such as Akkad and were ultimately conquered by them. There was a Sumerian revival under the third dynasty of Ur (c. 2060 BC) that lasted until that dynasty fell to Elam. Finally the growth of Babylonia ended the Sumerians as a distinct nation. This was the date when Menes unified the Upper and Lower kingdoms in to a cohesive whole. It was only after this that the progress for which Egypt was noted for could occur. The below table summarizes the ruling dynasties that followed Menes, Time Period: Old Kingdom or old empire Dynasty Years Famous Rulers I 3110-2884 BC Menes II 2884-2780 BC III 2780-2680 BC Snefru IV 2680-2565 BC KHUFU (Cheops) Khafre Menakure Note:This was the Age of The Great Pyramids V 2565 - 2420 BC VI 2420 - 2258 BC Pepi I Pepi II Time Period: First Intermediate Period VII,VIII 2258 - 2225 BC An Obscure Period IX,X 2225 - 2134 BC Capital at Heracleopolis XI 2134 - c.2000 BC Capital at Thebes Time Period: Middle Kingdom or middle empire XII 2000 - 1786 BC AMENEMHET I Sesostris I Amenemhet II Sesostris II Sesostris III Amenemhet III Amenemhet IV Time Period: Second Intermediate Period XIII - XVII 1786 - 157 BC The Hyksos - An extremely opbscure period in Egyptian History Time Period: New Kingdom (New Empire) XVIII 1570 - c.1342 BC Amenhotep I Thutmose I Thutmose II with Hatshepshut Thutmose III Amenhotep II Thutmose IV Amenhotep III Amenhotep IV (IKHNATON) Tutankhamen XIX c.1342 - 1200 BC Horemheb Ramses I Seti I Ramses II Merneptah Seti II XX 1200 - 1085 BC Ramses III with TIY This began the decline of the New Kingdom XXI 1085 - 945 BC Tanite Dynasty Capital at Tanis XXII 945 - 745 BC Sheshonk I Libyan Dynasty Capital at Bubastis XXIII 745 - 718 BC Nubian Dynasty with invasion of Piankhi Capitol at Bubastis XXIV 718 - 712 BC Saite Dynasty Capitol at Sais XXV 712 - 663 BC Taharka Assyrian invasions begin foreign domination XXVI 663 - 525 BC Psamtik Necho Apries Amasis II Capitol at Sais XXVII 525 - 405 BC Achaemenids of Persia in control Cambyses II to Darius II Egypt Revolts XXVIII 405 - 332 BC Nekhtnebf I XXIX Nekhtenebf II XXX Last native dynasties ending with conquest of Alexander the Great Capital at Sais, then Mendes, then Sebennytos Crete was the home to the Minoan civilization. Although this civilization peaked c.1600 BC, it still remained active as a center for trading. Desptie this, crete never interfered with the nearby and culturally more important civilization of Greece. Crete was eventuall conquered by the Romans in 68/67 BC. The Mycenaens were an ancient Aegean civilization that were discovered through excavations at Mycenae. They were an Indo-European race that entered Greece from the north c.2000 BC. They brought with them advance art and architecture. By 1600 BC, contact with the Minoans (Point Link to crete here) had advanced their culture so that Mycenae had become a major center for the ancient world. They also began competing with Crete for maritime control of the Mediterranean. After CNOSSOS was destroyed (c. 1400 BC) Mycenae achieved its supremacy, and much in the way of minoan cultural traditions were transferred to the mainland. Dorian invasion (c.1100 BC) brought in a declining period, which by 900 BC culminated in the centers of ?wealth and culture in the Mediterranean shifting elsewher Greece goes here ROME-1 Cpollapse of roman empire
This date marked the death of Jesus, the alleged son of god. Jesus Of Nazareth claimed to be the son of god. Supposedly he was god made man, wholly divine and wholly human, born to his mother Mary a virgin, and then died to atone for mankind's sins. Whether or not Jesus was the son of god is unknown, but it has been basically proven that he did exist. When Jesus became thirty, he turned from carpentry to a three year mission of preaching that culminated in this death. The romans in their persecution against christianity paid one of Jesus' companions (Judas iscariot) to betray him. he did so and Jesus was crucified by the romans. On the third day after his death, it is said his tomb was discovered empty except for an angel who claimed that Jesus had risen from the dead to ascend to heaven. What ever your beliefs on Jesus are, his influence to this day cannot be disputed.
In 300 AD the Mayan civilization in South America started an ascent to the progress that it is noted for. The Mayans had an incredible culture that was studded with intellectual achievements. They were masters of abstract knowledge, developing the only original system of ideographic writing. They used their written language to record chronology, astronomy, history, and religion. Their mathematical knowledge was unequalled in Europe for centuries. They used a 365 day calender that was subdivided as to be more accurate than the gregorian calender. The Byzantine empire was the successor state to the Roman Empire, also called the Eastern or East Roman Empire. It was named for Ancient Byzantium which Constantine I rebuilt in 330 AD as his capitol, Constantinople. In 395 Ad the Roman Empire split permanently into the East and Western empires. After the Western Empire Fell (476), the East claimed mastery of the entire Roman Empire. The boundaries of the byzantine empire shifted, but its core was Asia Minor and the S. Balkan Peninsula. The empire actually fell in 1453 to Muhammad II. Charlemagne lived from 742 - 814, he was the emperor of the West from 800 - 814, and the Carolian king of the franks from 768 - 814. He was the son of Pepin the Short. After consolidating rule in his native kingdom, he invaded Italy in support of the Pope, and was crowned king of the Lombards (774). He took NE Spain from the Moors (778) and annexed Bavaria (788). After a long and ardous struggle, he subjugated and christianized the Saxons. In 800 he restored Leo II to the Papacy and was in turn crowned emperor by him on Christimas Day. This laid the basis for the Holy Roman Empire, finalizing the split between the Byzantine and Roman empires. Char. riuled extreemyl well through a highly efficient administrative system. JHe codified the laws in his various dominions, and his court (Aachen) fspawned an intellecual enter The Crusades were a series of religious missions undertaken by European Christians between the 11th and 13th centuries. Their purpose was to recover the Holy Land from the Muslims. The Crusades began in 1095 when fPope Urban II at the Council of Clermont exhorted Christendom to war. The Crusaders took their name from the crosses that were distributed there. Although the Crusades were undertaken for primarily religious reasons, there also was an element of self interest present, the nobles hoped to acquire both land an loot. Similarly the Italian city states hoped to expand trade with the Near East. The First Crusade 1095 - 1099 Raymond IV of Toulouse, Godfrey Of Boullion, Bohemond I, and Tancred led the first crusade. Their victorious campaign was finalized by with the conquest of Jerusalem in 1099. After this, the Kingodom of Jerusalem, the orders of the Knights Hospitalers, and the Knights Templars were established. The Second Crusade 1147 - 1149 The second crusade was preached by St. Bernard of Clairvaux after the Christians lost Edessa to the Turks in 1144. This crusade ended in complete and utter failure. The Third Crusade 1189 - 1192 The third crusade began after Saladin recaptured Jerusalem for Islam. This cruade was led by Frederick I (SJ - NL - Holy Roman Emperor) and Phillip II of France. This crusade failed to recapture the city, however a three year truce gave Christians access to the city. The Fourth Crusade 1202 1204 In the Fourth cursade, the original goal was diverted for the benefit of Venice, and the Crusaders seized Constantinople. The Children's Crusade 1202 Of all the Crusades, the story of the Children's is the most sickening. In this crusad, thousands of Children set out for the holy land, only to end as slaves or die of hunger or disease. The Fifth Crusade 1217 - 1221 This crusade was trageted at the conquering of Egypt, but like the Children's Crusade it too failed. The Sixth Crusade 1228 - 1229 In the Sixth Crusade, a short lived truce between the Muslims and Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II. The Results There were three more Crusades later in the 13th century, all of which failed to reverse the gains of Muslims. The final result of the Crusades was that the last Christian stronghold of Akko fell in 1291. Overall the Crusades must be considered of humanity's greater follies, nad the stand stestament ot the power of religion over man. The Magna Carta is the most famous document in British constitutional history. It was issued by King John at Runnymeade in 1215 AD under compulsion from his barons. The original purpose of the document was to ensure feudal rights and to guarantee that the king could not enroach on baronial privileges. It also guaranteed the freedom of the church and the customs of the towns. These were implied laws that protecting the rights of subjects and communities which the king could be compelled to observe. This also suggested to later generations guarantees of trial by jury and habeas corpus. After John's death, the Magna Carta was reissued with significant omissions. In later centuries the document was thought to be a democratic document. However in the 19th century some though it to be reactionary in that it merely guaranteed feudal rights. It is now generally thought the document showed the viability of opposition to the excessive use of royal power. In this year Johann Gutenberg (c.1397 - 1468) is believed to have been the first European to print with movable type. As with so many things in history, there are varying opinions as to who was actually first. Despite this controversy, he is popularly believed to have been the first to use movable type. Others that are speculated to have preceded him are Laurens Janszoon Koster (holland) and Pamfilo Castaldi of (Italy). In all of history, there have been few other discoveries that have had as great an effect on mankind as Gutenberg's work. The use of movable type greatly reduced the costs of printing. This in turn allowed literacy to spread beyond the priesthood and aristocracy where it had been previously. This spread of literacy must be considered on e of the shaping forces that have helped to form our culture. In 1492 Christopher Columbus set sail for India from Spain. He was determined to reach India by sailing west. However rather than India, he discovered the Americas. Despite their being many other (The Vikings to name just one) claims to discovering America, Columbus is popularly credited with it. The Renaissance (Rebirth) is a period in European history that marked the transition from the middle ages to modern times. The Renaissance can be dated as starting in Italy in the 14th century and peaking in the 15th and 16th centuries. Elsewhere in Europe it may be dated from the 15th to the 16th centuries. The Renaissance was a period marked by brilliant advancements in scholarship, literature, science and the arts. Among the artists that flourished in this time were Leonardo, Michelangelo, Boccaccio. It was the time of the emergence of nation-states, marking a transition from the middle ages feudalism. It also was a time of exploration and commerce. . _ Copernicus was a Polish Astronomer who laid the foundation for all of modern astronomy through his heliocentric theory of planetary motion. This was first presented n 1512 in a short form in his unpublished manuscript "Commentariolus." It was fully published in his work "De Revolutionibus orbium coelestium" (1543). Copernicus' theories were radical due to his concept of heliocentricism. this said that the solar system revolved around the Sun rather than the Earth as the Catholic Church maintained. Copernicus' theory placed the sun motionless at the center of the solar system with the planets revolving around it. This theory replaced the Ptolemaic system which had the Earth at the center of the solar system and u /everything else revolving around the Eart h 1610 marked the beginning of the scientific revolution in Europe. Many advances by major scientists were made in this period. The scientist at work included: Kepler 1571 - 1610 Bacon 1561 - 1626 Galileo 1564 - 1642 Descartes 1596 - 1650 1620 marked the date that the Puritans of England were cast out from the English church. They fled to America, seeking religious freedom. Upon a rrival in America, they settled most notably in Massachusetts. Most notably, the puritans were opposed to the Church of England on the basis that it was not "pure". Their insistence on purity granted them their name. TIME-2 2 % ≡ & ' ╓ * . Θ 4 4 ╪ 4 * 6 6 @ L : ≡ M ; N 9 ┐ O < P A D B ╧ F A & Q G └ R Place LEgend Here 1760 began an age of European enlightenment. The characteristics of this age were general advances particularly in thought and philosophy. Most of the authors listed below were in their day known as radicals for espousing philosophies that ran counter to the norm. The highlights of this age were the authors below: Voltaire 1694 - 1778 Diderot 1713 - 1784 Hume 1711 - 1776 Rosseau 1712 - 1778 This began the general advance of science and technology in Europe. The contributors of the advances, and some of the advances are listed below: J. Priestley 1733 - 1804 A. Lavoisier 1743 - 1794 A. Volta 1745 - 1827 Harrison's Chronometer 1762 Watt's Steam Engine 1769 Arkwright's water powered spinning-frame 1769 AMER-1 σ $ ║ ! 8 " < ß # = $ @ ─ % C 1 & E » ' C a ( F ) Smallpox is an acute highly contagious disease that is sometimes fatal. It characterized by a high fever sever skin eruptions that occur in successives states. Smallpox is caused by a virus that may be eiither spread through the air or by direct contact. Throughout history smallpox has been a disease that occurred in epidemics. Near the end of the 18th century, Edward Jenner proved that cowpox was an effective vaccine against the virus. Under two hundred years later (end of the 1970s) world wide vaccination programs had succeeded in eleiminating the disease worldwide. 1821 Michael Faraday, an english scientist, invents the electric motor and generator. Although his inventing achievements were magnificent, more importantly he laid the foundation for classical field theory which James Clerk Maxwell was to later pick up and continue. Additional discoveries of Faraday's are listed below The dynamo Electromagnetic Induction Faraday's Law - the number of moles produced at an electrode during electrolysis is directly proportional to the number of moles of electron transferred at that electrode. 1859 In this year, Charles Robert Darwin published his work The Origin of Species. This work, which is still hotly contested today, put forth the premise that mankind is not descended from god, but rather he evolved in a natural process from lower life forms. The primary opposition to this has always been from the religious segment of the population, as it casts off their beliefs entirely. Despite this opposition, evolution is believed (at least by scientific thinkers) to be absolutely correct due to the immense amount of fossil evidence supporting it. 1861 This date marked the emancipation of the Russian serfs. Franklin goes here Legend goes here 1770 1770 The Boston Massacre is a incident that occurred prior to the American revolution. On the evening of March 5, 1770, five members of a rioting crowd were killed by British soldiers. The British soldiers had been sent to Boston to maintain order against colonists protesting the Townshend acts. Among the citizens of Boston that were killed was Crispus Attucks. Observers of the tragedy described him as a powerfully built runaway "mulatto", and the apparent leader of the mob. Of the British troops that participated in the Massacre, only two were ever found guilty and convicted. These two were found guilty of manslaughter, and released after being branded on the hand. This "light" treatment of the British soldiers fueled the conviction in the American's minds that the Massacre was entirely the fault of the British. Although this conviction was plainly not true, most if not all Americans believed it. Townshend Acts (RL - ) The Townshend acts were a series of revenue acts that were passed by the English Parliament in 1767, in order to replace the repealed Stamp Acts. The acts placed duties on various items that were imported into the colonies. The colonists reacted violently against these acts, and the Boston Massacre, Tea Party, and ultimately the American Revolution itself were the results. 1773 In 1773 the British East India Company was overburdened with 17,000,000 and facing bankruptcy. If the company went under, the British government stood to lose much in tax revenues. To help the Company, the British government granted them a monopoly on tea sales to the colonies. Although this actually made tea cheaper than ever before, most Americans resented strongly this act as it seemed to them an act to make them accept a British tax of three pence on the tea. Americans across the colonies rose up to protest this imposition of monopoly in a series of "Tea Parties". The most famous of these was the Boston Tea Party. At this event, a group of white colonist disguised themselves as Indians, and boarded three tea ships located in Boston harbor on the evening of December 16, 1773. They smashed open 342 chests of tea and dumped their contents into the harbor. The attitudes to acts on the part of the British varied, but their general response was to pass a series of laws called the Repressive Acts. 1776 On July 4, 1776, selected delegates from the thirteen colonies announced their independence from Great Britain and the formation of the United States Of America. The official document that announce this event was the Declaration Of Independence. This document was written almost entirely by Thomas Jefferson. The document begins with the American ideal of a governmental system as based on the concept of a man's natural rights. 178 1 On March 1, 1781, The Articles Of Confederation were adopted by the original thirteen colonies giving them their first constitution. 178 7 From May to September of 1787, the first Federal Constitutional Convention was held. At this convention the Constitution Of the United States was drawn up to replace the earlier Articles of Confederation. The Articles of Confederation that the Constitution replaced, provided for only a weak central government that was not sufficiently strong to govern the original thirteen colonies let alone any acquired territories. As people began to realize this, there grew a demand for a stronger central government. To facilitate this, a commercial conference, the Annapolis Convention, that met in 1786, ended with the understanding that they would reconvene a year later for the express purpose of the revising the Articles of Confederation. At the conference, all the states sent delegates with the exception of Rhode Island, which declined to do so. George Washington presided over the convention. After much debate, the convention adopted what is now our current state of government. This was then ratified by enough states to pass it into law. 178 9 The first President of the United States is elected; George Washington. 1793 In 1793, an American inventor named Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin. This device was designed to separate cotton fibers from the cotton seeds. One of the great effects of this relatively simple device of Whitney's was to render slavery less economic that it had been before. Previously, one of the chief uses for slaves had been the separation of the seeds away from the cotton fibers. When Whitney's device came into general use, it removed one of the obstacles from eliminating slavery - this highly labor intensive job. AMER-2 K * Φ + , ═ - . - / ¿ 0 & φ 1 ' 2 + ╧ 3 4 4
4 τ 5 4 + 6 5 ╠ 7 6 C 8 8 » 9 8 _ : ? ; B Φ < F ╟ = F > Legend Goes here 1803 The Louisiana Purchase, was the acquisition by the US of the Louisiana region for France for 15 million dollars. The date of the acquisition of the territory was April 30, 1803, and the US was actually raised over the territory on December 20. History In 1802, President Jefferson sent Robert R. Livingston and James Monroe to France to negotiate the purchase of New Orleans and West Florida for the sum of two million dollars. The reason for the intended acquisition was rumors that Spain had secretly retroceded Louisiana to a France that was getting more and more aggressive under Napoleon's rule. Surprisingly, when the Americans offered the French the two million dollars, France in turn offered them an area of territory that ranged from the Mississippi River to the Rockies and from the Gulf of Mexico to British North America, for an amazingly low 15 million dollars. This territory acquisition more than doubled the area of the US. The War of 1812 was a conflict between the US and Great Britain that occurred from 1812 - 1815. While the actual reasons behind the war are stated to be British interference with American shipping efforts. In actuality, the triggering events that set the war off were hostilities in the American west that resulted from American frontiersmen enroaching onto land claimed by the British. Battles Although the Treaty of Ghent ostensibly ended the war as of Dec. 24, 1814, sfighting continued and the americans had a final victory at The Battle Of New Orleans (Jan 14, 1815). ResultsThe war had two primary results on the american people. First of all it raised national esteem, increasing nationalism. Secondly it encouraged Americans to increase their isolation from european affairs.The War of 1812 was a conflict between the US and Great Britain that occurred from 1812 - 1815. While the actual reasons behind the war are stated to be British interference with American shipping efforts. In actuality, the triggering events that set the war off were hostilities in the American west that resulted from American frontiersmen enroaching onto land claimed by the British. Battles Although the Treaty of Ghent ostensibly ended the war as of Dec. 24, 1814, sfighting continued and the americans had a final victory at The Battle Of New Orleans (Jan 14, 1815). Results The war had two primary results on the american people. First of all it raised national esteem, increasing nationalism. Secondly it encouraged Americans to increase their isolation from european affairs. 1820 - 1906 Susan B. Anthony was one of America's first female suffragists. She was the American leader of the Woman Suffrage movement. She organized the first Woman's Temperance association, and with Elizabeth Stanton, she succeeded in getting precedent setting laws established, that favored women rather than men, instituted in New York State. 1823 1825 In 1825, began a great series of social "experiments". Typically these experiments consisted of a large amount of people gathering together in order to live together in peace and happiness. Other aspects among their living together were Free love, Genetics, and Communism. New Harmony Brook Farm Oneida Colony 1825 The Erie Canal was a historic manmade water way that connected Lake Erie and the Hudson River, thus providing a link between the Atlantic Ocean and the Great Lakes. The effects of the canal were dramatic. For example , the costs of shipping a ton of grain from Buffalo to New York City fell from $100 to $5, and its transit time from 20 days to 6 days. The effects of these lowered cost caused many of the New England farmers to abandon their rocky holdings, and migrate to areas south of the Great Lakes. The success of the Erie canal led to a short lived craze of canal building. Few of these were successful, and were soon abandoned as the railroads came into wider use. Still even today the old erie canal, - RL _ Now known as the New York Barge Canal - still carries large quantities of freight. 1834 The Indian Intercourse Act was passed as of 1834. This act 1835 - 1910 Samuel Clemens (Rl - Mark Twain), one of America's most influential writers and personalities was born in 1835, and died in 1910. Twain grew up in the frontiers of Missouri, and received little formal education. Instead he learned from experience . Twain worked at many jobs during his life including a pilot on the Mississippi River. Twain has affected thousands of American youths with his works the ADventures Of Tom Sawyer (1876) and THe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn (1884). 1845 In 1845 the US annexed the state of Texas, thus precipitating the Mexican War. The Mexican War
1860
In 1860 Abraham Lincoln was elected President of the United States. 1860 The secession 1861 The civil war was the conflict between the Northern (RL - UNION) and seceded southern (RL - Confederacy) states. The war started because of disagreements between the Northern states and the Southern states over the issues of states rights and slavery. Both the Missouri Compromise of 1820 and the Compromise of 1850 were unsuccessful efforts to avoid this war. Although early battles were confederate victories (See Below), the North won the war. After the war ended, the southern states readmitted to the Union - but only after enduring Reconstruction. History Battles Bull Run McClellan's Peninsular Campaign Antietam Campaign Fredericksburg Chancellorsville Gettysburg Campaign Shiloh Vicksburg Campaign Chattanooga Campaign Wilderness Campaign Petersburg Atlanta Campaign Appomattox 1863 On January 1, 1863, President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation. This document abolished slavery in the Confederacy. At the beginning of the Civil war, Lincoln could not issue any document that would prohibit slavery as he feared alienating the border states. However after the successful Antietam Campaign, it seemed likely that the North would win. Therefore he felt safe in abolishing slavery The edict was designed to both deplete Southern manpower reserves in the slaves, and to gain support abroad for the Union cause particularly in Britain. 1865 - 1877 The Reconstruction was the period of readjustment that followed the Civil War. After the war ended, the South was a ruined land - its old social and economic structure collapsed. President Johnson tried to shift the control in the South from the old planter aristocracy to small farmers and artisans. Under the provisional governors that Johnson appointed, most Southern states abolished slavery and ratified the 13th amendment. Despite this, the Southern states also enacted a series of laws limiting the rights of Black People - The Black Codes. They also elected previous confederate leaders to state and federal offices. Radical Republicans in congress saw this as wrong, and refused to seat the southern representatives and then passed various reconstruction acts. These acts were designed to protect black people. These acts included the fourteenth amendment. Also enacted was the Reconstruction Act of 1867 that divided the south into five military districts governed by the Army. The fifteenth amendment was also passed, guaranteeing Black the right to vote. In time the radical republicans were overthrown, and white southerners placed in charge of ruling the south. This officially ended Reconstruction, and its legacy was the racial bitterness that has lasted to this day. 1868 - 1890 In the years from 1868 - 1890, indian warfare hit new peaks in the US. These wars ended with the battle of Wounded Knee in 1890. 1869 In 1869 the first Transcontinental Railroad was completed. The significance of this event was that it linked the west coast more firmly to the union. 1879 In 1879 Thomas Alva Edison perfected the electric light bulb. Of all of Edison's inventions, this along with his design of a complete system for the creation and distribution of electric power, were the most significant. These two inventions completely changed the face of american civilization in a very short time by making electricity practical and available for all in a very short time. Other of Edison's inventions included the record player and the carbon microphone. 1890 The Sherman Antitrust Act was passed in 1890. It declared illegal any contract, or conspiracy that restrained either interstate or foreign trade. 1898 AMER-3 H ? ß @ A ╧ B ' C ) D + . E + ñ F - N G . ì H 5 - I
4 ╒ J < K Legend goes here 1903 This date marked the beginning of the age of Flight. The first manned flight in a powered vehicle was accomplished by the Wright Brothers in the US. The two brother (Orville and Wilbur) owned a bicycle shop in Dayton Ohio, and used it to construct the first airplane. They drew heavily on the glider work of Otto Lilienthal. Among their own advances were the use of movable wing assemblies to direct their craft, and an engine designed by Orville. 1903 Ford 1914 Clayton 1917 This date marked the beginning of World War I. 1919 This year marked the beginning of prohibition. 1941 This date marked the beginning of the second world war. 1945 Cold War 1945 This date marked the use of the first atomic bomb in warfare. The bomb was dropped twice - once on the Japanese island of Hiroshima, and then on the Japanese island of Nagasaki. Although the bombs used were (by modern standards) crude and weak, their effect on these two islands was total destruction. After the two bombs had been dropped, the Japanese Emperor Hirohito surrendered to the Americans, ending World War II. The development of the bomb was first encouraged by O Albert Einstein in a letter to President Roosevelt. He followed through on this letter by starting the Manhattan Project which produced the first atomic bombs. 1948 First Transistor 1950 Korea
1958
Space Put columbia.pci here 1961 Vietnam 1974 Watergate 1874 The telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell in this year. Few other inventions have changed the face of modern culture as much as this. Essentially the telephone has eliminated the isolation that used to plague smaller towns and hamlets. The knowledge that one can simply "reach out and touch someone" has had a definite social impact on our culture. A similar invention was that of the automobile. This changed the entire moral structure of the world. It did this by allowing young people to be alone together. Although this sounds inconsequential, it most assuredly was not. 1894 This date marked great advances in science. Among them were: Wilhelm Roentgen - X Rays Guglielmo Marconi - Wireless Telegrapy (Radio) First public showing of a motion picture (France) 1903 This date marked the beginning of the age of Flight. The first manned flight in a powered vehicle was accomplished by the Wright Brothers in the US. The two brother (Orville and Wilbur) owned a bicycle shop in Dayton Ohio, and used it to construct the first airplane. They drew heavily on the glider work of Otto Lilienthal. Among their own advances were the use of movable wing assemblies to direct their craft, and an engine designed by Orville. 1905 This date marked the publishing of Albert Einstein's work The Special Theory of Relativity. This work discarded most of the preconceptions that physics had operated under before and put forth a new non newtonian framework in which to operate. h iEinstein - The Man j kHis Achievements l mUnified Field Theory 1914 This date marked the beginning of World War I. 1946 First computer 1963 On November 22, 196 President John Fitzgerald Kennedy was assassinated. President Kennedy had a tremendous effect on the nation, and his assassination became a true national tragedy. Among the events that occurred during his stint in office were: ] The Bay of Pigs Invasion ^ The Cuban Missile Crisis One event that Kennedy precipitated, but sadly did not live to see, was the Apollo 11 landing on the moon. President Kennedy had a varied _ personal history prior to his assasination. Age: Lower Paleolithic Age: Lower Paleolithic 750,000 - 75,000 BC The Old Stone Age Tools: Primitive Hand Axes, hammer stones. Wooden Spears & Primitive Traps. Crude Flint Tools Languages: Gestures Clicks & Grunts Primitive Languages Foods: Man is a food-gatherer and hunter. Meats, Roots, weed seeds, and berries. General: Fire used, not produced. Social unit = Family Cave homes Art & Religion: Burial sites indicate some sort of religious belief Age: Upper Paleolithic Age: Upper Paleolithic 75,000 - 8,000 BC Old Stone Age Tools: Techniques of grinding, boring, polishing, sawing and splitting, developed and applied to tool making. Specialized Tools: hammer, axes & knives w/ handles, drills, burins, punches, needles, bow and arrow, barbs and harpoons. Languages: Many Primitive languages. Probably little progress from above. Foods: Same as above Probably Turnips and carrots also eaten. General: Percussion used to produce fire. Oil Lamps, sewn skin garments, buttons, needles, thread, ropes, all developed. Huts and tents used. Migratory tribes developed, possibly due to increasing population that forced them to roam further afield for food. Art & Religion: Sudden high development of painting by brush, daub, spray, and dot techniques. Engraving, Relief carving, Sculpture, and modeling. Age: Mesolithic Age: Mesolithic 8,000 - 6,000 Middle Stone Age Tools: Tools basically the same as above, but often less carefully made - possibly because of the degeneration of tools from a "art" form to a utilitarian device. Also increasing population pressures could have reduced the time available to make tools. Flint Sickles, Fishing equipment developed. Language: Probably little progress. Foods: Dogs domesticated as pets and scavengers. Whaling and fishing developed. General: Improvisement of seasonal dwellings. Sled, Canoe, Skis, invented. Art & Religion: Decline of pictorial art. Use of symbols grows - possibly as a precursor to the eventual transition to writing. ge: Neolithic Age: Neolithic 6,000 - 3,500 BC New Stone Age Tools: Perfection of polished stone tools. New drill techniques. Rise of specialized occupations (I.e. toolmakers, etc) Languages: Origin of the great parent languages from which all others descended. General: First fired pottery with handles. Basket Making Stone Vessels Wool Clothing Villages Art & Religion: Worship of the Sun and the Dead. Stone Tombs Age: ca3500 BC Age: ca3500 BC Tools: First use of copper Languages: Development of writing Foods: Club-Wheat General: Temple Cities Art & Religion: Little change April 17, 1961 The Bay Of Pigs was an unsuccessful invasion of Cuba that was attempted by U.S. backed Cuban exiles. On April 17, 1961, approximately 1500 Cuban exiles landed in the Bay Of Pigs area of Cuba with the intention of overthrowing the communist rule of Fidel Castro. The rebels were actually trained in guerilla warfare by the US CIA, and supplied with U.S. arms. This practice of CIA intervention, has recently come to media attention again with the Sandanista. The overthrow attempt failed almost before it had started. Most of the rebels were either captured or killed by the Cuban army. When the U.S. involvement was revealed, there was severe criticism of the U.S. involvement. The criticism came from both abroad sources, and sources at home. The U.S.'s response to this criticism came in 1962, when we traded 1113 of the captured Cuban Rebels for 53 million in food and medicine raised by private donations. One of the results of the U.S. sponsored Bay of Pigs fiasco was to cause the USSR to take a renewed interest in Cuba. This renewed interest culminated in the Cuban missile crisis of 1962. 1962 The Cuban Missile crisis was perhaps the classic cold war confrontation between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. After the failed Bay Of Pigs invasion, the USSR began secretly building a series of missile launching sites in Cuba. These construction activities were detected by standard U.S. reconnaissance flights. President Kennedy's response, on October 22, to the building of these sites was to immediately demand that their construction be stopped. He also imposed a naval blockade around Cuba. Six days, October 28, after the initial demand, the soviets withdrew the missiles and the crisis ended as abruptly as it begin. The following year, the US and the USSR signed a limited treaty to ban nuclear testing. 1917 - 1963 35th President of the US. Son of Joseph P Kennedy. Brother of Robert F. Kennedy. ` aThe Early Days b cPolitical History d eAchievements and Disappointments f gThe Assassination The Early Days John F. Kennedy was a member of the influential Kennedy family in America. He served with distinction in the US navy during World War II. In the Navy he was a commander of a PT boat in the Pacific. Following the war, he served as a democratic congressman, ending that by winning a seat in the US senate in 1952. Political History In 1953 he married Jacqueline Lee Bouvier. Kennedy lost the 1956 Democratic vice presidential nomination by a very narrow margin, however he went on to win the 1960 democratic nomination and from there to become president of the US in 1960. Doing this, he defeated Richard Nixon, to become the youngest president of the United states. Achievements and Disappointments The New Frontier was the series of domestic programs upon which Kennedy based his presdential platform. These programs called for tax reform, federal aid to education, medical care for those on social security and an extension of the basic civil rights for the average citizen. Like many visionary programs, most of these were stalled in congress, and never came to pass. Additionally much ofPresident Kennedy's time in office was occupied by foreign affairs. These affairs included the Bay of Pigs invasion, and the Cuban Missile Crisis. Kennedy also increased the number of military "advisors" in South Vietnam to about 16,000. He set new standards for economic aid to Latin America by establishing the Alliance For Progress. The Peace Corps was also a Kennedy innovation. The Assassination On November 22, 1963, President Kennedy was shot and killed in Dallas Texas by a gunman named Lee Harvey Oswald. There is still considerable controversy about the actual details of the assassination. In 1979, the House Senate Committee on Assassinations concluded that a conspiracy was "likely" and it have might involved organized crime. In this historians opinion, few of the true facts have actually been revealed, and may never see the light of day. Einstein - The Man Albert Einstein was one of the greatest theoretical physicists of all time. Originally born in Germany, Einstein became an american citizen in 1940. Einstein had a varied career filled with accomplishments. These accomplishmentsincluded Titular Professor of Physics and Director of theoretical Physics at the Kaiser Wilhelm institute in Berlin, and he help a post at the institute for advanced study at Princeton University in New Jersey. His Achievements In 1905, Einstein published three very important papers. These three papers covered Brownian Movement, Quantum Theory and Relativity. Following these papers came papers on Gravitation and Inertia, The Photoelectric effect, and a General Theory of Relativity. For his work in theoretical physics, most notably in the Photoelectric Effect, Einstein received the 1921 Noble prize. Unified Field Theory Despite the above achievements, Einstein died a frustrated man. For the last years of his life, Einstein worked to develop a Grand Unified Theory (GUT) or as it is more commonly called a unified field theory. A unified field theory would allow you to relate the four fundamental fources in the universe to one another. In Einstein's case, he was attempting to express two of the four primary forces to another. The two forces that he was trying to interrelate were gravitation and electromagnetism. Despite years of work, Einstein never succeeded at this and died frustrated by it. Since Einstein's death, virtually every great physicist has worked on the problem of a unified field theory, but none have succeeded yet although great progress has been made.
