<text>Darius writes: I note that Patrick's department at Muenster is described as a department of Landscape Ecology. And, with the world congress of the International Association for Landscape Ecology coming up in Ottawa in the Summer, and a European conference of IALE taking place in Denmark in May, it is perhaps appropriate to ask how people on this list view landscape ecology? What is the relationship (if any) between landscape ecology on the one hand, and geography and/or "traditional" ecology on the other? -------------------------------------------------------------------------- From my perspective, landscape ecology is concerned with the use of environmentally appropriate plants for ornamental or crop vegetation. Here, in southern Texas (Southwestern U.S.A.), the urban landscaper frequently ignored the predominant edaphic and climatic factors of geographic areas in selecting trees or shrubs for housing and business parks. Water- and nitrogen-loving trees and grasses were planted in areas with marginal rainfall and groundwater resources. Hence, heavy watering and fertilization were needed. This is still a significant problem in certain housing areas, where ordinances require the residents to maintain lawns and shrubs consistent with other exotic vegetation that was originally planted by the developers of the region. Fortunately, recent water shortages, and policies of water-rationing, have resulted in more use of native plants that are adapted to local conditions. Land developers now generally work around the existing native mesquite and oak trees to incorporate them into landscape designs. In fact, for this reason, tree covered land is frequently more valuable to developers than barren fields. Hence, landscape ecology in this region of the United States should be concerned with the development and use of plant species that conserve water and soil resources. Joe MeyerPosted on Biosph-l discussion list on BITNET. Thu, 14 Feb 91 08:33:00 CST. By JM01@SWTEXAS.BITNET.</text>
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<text> EARTH DAY 1991 BIBLIOGRAPHY Ecological Economics, Elsevier. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Academic Press. Resources and Energy, North-Holland. Abrahamson, Dean Edwin, The Challenge of Global Warming, Island Press, Washington, DC and Covelo, CA, 1989. Introduction by Senator Timothy Wirth American Nuclear Society, Nuclear Energy Facts: Questions and Answers, 1985. Archibugi, F. and P. Nijkamp (editors), Economics and Ecology: Towards Sustainable Development, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston, London, 1989. Essays Attfield, Robin, The Ethics of Environmental Concern, Basil Blackwell, Oxford, 1983. Examines traditional attitudes to nature. Elaborates a theory of moral principles appropriate for dealing w/environmental problems. Bahro, Rudolf, From Red to Green, Verso, London, 1984. another route into Bahro's ideas: interviews Bahro, Rudolf, Building the Green Movement, GMP, London, 1985. route into Bahro's ideas till Logik der Rettung is translated Bartlett, Donald and James Steele, Forevermore, Nuclear Waste in America, W.W. Norton, New York, 1985. Berlin, Robert E. and Catherine C. Stanton, Radioactive Waste Management, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1989. Berry, Thomas, The Dream of the Earth, Sierra Club Books . Berry, Wendell, Home Economics, North Point, San Fransisco, 1987. Essays by bioreg. poet/farmer, including "Defense of the Family Farm" Bittinger, Gayle and Kathy Jones(illus.), Learning and Caring About Our World, Totline Books, Warren Publishing House, Inc., Everett, WA. Activities for helping young children learn & care about their environment. Bookchin, Murray, Ecology of Freedom, Cheshire Books, Palo Alto, 1982. An ecological view of human/nature and human-nature Bookchin, Murray and Dave Foreman, Defending the Earth: A dialog between Murray Bookchin and Dave Foreman, South End Press, Boston, 1990. Social Ecology's founder Bookchin versus Earth First! founder Foreman Brown, Lester R., et al, The State of the World, A Worldwatch Institute Report on Progress Toward a Sustainable Society, W.W. Norton & Co., New York, 1984-89. Brown, Lester et al , State of the World, W.W. Norton, 1990. A Worldwatch Institute Report Brunner, John, The sheep looks up. Science fiction Byrne, Jeanne, Global Warming: A Personal Guide to Action, National Wildlife Federation, Washington, D.C., 1989. Callenbach, Ernest, Ecotopia, Bantam, 1977. novel about ecology, people, pollution in 1999 Callenbach, Ernest, Ecotopia Emerging, Bantam, 1982. sequel to Ecotopia Carson, Rachel, Silent Spring, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, 1962 (1987). Classic work exposing DDT, inspired much of the environmental movement Center for Atomic Radiation Studies , Radiation Events Monitor, Malborough, NH. Clark, Mary E., Ariadne's Thread, St. Martin's Press, New York, 1989. Extremely clear and wide-ranging analysis of environmental problematics; somewhat weak in its policy implications and mathematical/physical aspects. Useful for laymen as well as professionals. Commoner, Barry, The Politics of Energy, Knopf, NY, 1979. Commoner, a chemist, ran for president -- his energy policies Concern, Inc., Hazardous Waste, Washington, D.C., 1988. Daly, Herman, Toward a steady-state economy, Freeman, San Francisco, 1973. Essays on an economics based on no-growth (of material through-put) Daly, Herman, Energy, Economics, and the Environment, AAAS, San Francisco(?), 1982(?). Conflicting views of an essential interrelationship Daly, Herman, For the Common Good, Beacon, Boston, 1989. subtitle: Redirecting the economy toward community, the environment, and a sustainable future. Daly, Herman E. (editor), Economics, Ecology, Ethics, W.H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco, 1980, 1973. A collection of many classical papers, e.g., Schumacher, Georgescu-Roegen, Boulding, Hardin, Ehrlich and Ehrlich, Daly. DeFries, R. and T.F. Malone (editors), and National Research Council, Ecological Knowledge and Environmental Problem- solving: concepts and case studies, National Academy Press, Washington DC, 1986. Papers from a forum Devall, Bill and George Sessions, Deep Ecology, G.M. Smith, Salt Lake City: UT., 1985. an excellent overview of the topic; fine bibliography Devall, Bill, Simple in Means, Rich in Ends, 1988. Diamond, Irene (editor), Reweaving the World: the emergence of ecofeminism, Sierra Books, 1989. Includes essays by Charlene Spretnak, Ynestra King, Vandana Shiva, Marti Kheel Eisenbud, Merril, Environment, Technology, and Health, New York University Press, New York, 1978. Review of short term effects on human health caused by pollution Ellsington, John and Johnathon Shopley, Cleaning Up: U.S. Waste Management Technology and Third World Development, World Resources Institute, Washington, D.C., 1989.. Forman, R.T.T. and M. Gordon, Landscape Ecology, Wiley, New York, 1986. Gildred, Kathleen, Personal Action Guide for the Earth, United Nations Environment Programme, Santa Monica, CA., 1989. Global Tomorrow Coalition, The Global Ecology Handbook: What You Can Do About the Environmental Crisis, Boston, 1990. Gray, Elizabeth Dotson, "Nature as an act of Imagination," Women of Power, pp. 18-42., 1988. Eco-feminism. Greenhouse Crisis Foundation, The Greenhouse Crisis - 101 Ways to Save the Earth...and How You Fit into the Puzzle, Washington, D.C., 1989. Handel, M.D. and J.S. Risbey, An annotated bibliography on greenhouse effect change, MIT Center for Global Change Science, 1990. Report #1 Hargrove, E.C., Foundations of environmental ethics, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1989. Houghton, J.T., G.J. Jenkins, and J.J. Ephraums, Climate Change, the IPCC Scientific Assessment, Cambridge University Press, 1991. Illich, Ivan, Toward a history of needs, Pantheon, NY, 1978. Includes Energy and Equity (also available separately) King, Ynestra, "Ecofeminism: On the necessity of history and mystery," Women of Power, pp. 42-53, 1988. Kneese, Allen V. and Blair T. Bower, Environmental Quality & Residuals Management, Resources for the Future, Washington, DC, 1979. Explanation of industrial waste streams and control meansures League of Women Voters, The Nuclear Waste Primer, Washington, D.C., 1985. Publication No. 448 Leopold, Aldo, A Sand County almanac, Oxford, NY, 1970. Early classic work on ecological interactions and the land ethic. Long, Robert Emmet, The Problem of Waste Disposal: The Reference Shelf, H.W. Wilson Company, New York, 1989. Vol. 60, No. 5 Lovelock, J.E., Gaia - A New Look at Life on Earth, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1979. Lovins, Amory, Soft Energy Paths, Ballinger, 1977. toward a durable peace" -- the Foreign Affairs essay Martinez-Alier, J., Ecological Economics, Basil Blackwell, New York, 1987, 1990. Contains valuable analysis of how energy has been viewed in science, in relation to human-ecological perspective. A must for professionals. McPhee, John, Encounters With the Archdruid, Ballentine, 1971. David Brower (Friends of Earth founder vs. developers, dam builders) Mintzer, Irving M., A Matter of Degrees: The Potential for Controlling the Greenhouse Effect, World Resources Institute, Washington, D.C., 1987. Naess, Arne, "From ecology to ecosophy, from science to wisdom," World Futures, vol. 27, pp. 149-154. Naess, Arne, Ecology, community, and lifestyle: outline of an ecophilosophy., Cambridge University Press., New York, 1980. A decent read. The shallow/deep thesis developed to greatest degree here. Naess, Arne, Ecology, community and lifestyle: outline of an eco- philosophy, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York, 1988. Translated and revised by David Rothenberg. Nash, R.F., The rights of nature: A history of environmental ethics, The University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, WI, 1989. Naveh, Z. and A.S. Lieberman, Landscape Ecology - Theory and Applications, Springer-Verlag, 1984. Nebel, Bernard J., Environmental Science, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1990. Pearce, D., A. Markandya , and E.B. Barbier, A Blueprint for a Green Economy, Earthscan Publications, Ltd., London, 1989. ISBN 1-85383-066-6 Radioactive Waste Campaign, Radioactive Waste Campaign Report, New York. Quarterly journal Radioactive Waste Campaign, The Report, New York, Spring 1990. Rifkin, Jeremy, Entropy - A New World View, Bantam Books, New York, 1980. Rifkin, Jeremy, Entropy - Into the Greenhouse World, Bantam Books, New York, 1989. This is the revised edition of "Entropy - A New World View" Risser, P.G., J.R. Karr, and R.T.T. Forman, Landscape Ecology: Directions and Approaches, Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, IL, 1984. Robbins, John, Diet For A New America. Sale, Kirkpatrick, Dwellers In the Land. Bioregionalism from a deep-ecology perspective, good biblio. Schumacher, Ernst, Good Work, Harper, NY, 1979. Right livelihood Sessions, George, "Shallow and deep ecology: A review of the philosophical literature," Ecological Consciousness, ed. by Robert C. Schultz and J. Donald Hughes, Washington DC, 1981. Singer, Peter, Animal Liberation: A New Ethics for our Treatment of Animals, Random House, New York, 1975. Singh, Narandar, Economics and the Crisis of Ecology, Bellen, London, 1989. Third world critique of economics (3rd ed., orig. Oxford) Snyder, Gary, Turtle Island. Pulitzer-prize winning book of poetry and essays Soule, Michael E., Conservation Biology: the science of scarcity and diversity, Sinauer Associates, 1986. Stone, Christopher D., Earth and other ethics, Harper and Row, New York, 1987. Sweet, William, The Nuclear Age, Congressional Quarterly, Inc., Washington, D.C., 1988. Thompson Publishing Group, Hazardous Waste News, Washington, D.C.. Monthly Thompson Publishing Group, Right-to-Know News, Washington, D.C.. Monthly periodical dealing w/hazards of nuclear waste Tjallingi, S. P. and A. A. deVeer, Perspectives in Landscape Ecology, PUDOC, Centre for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation, Waginengen, The Netherlands, 1982. Tobias, Michael, Deep Ecology, Avanti Books, San Diego CA, 1988. Collection of essays on the topic, good introduction to ideas. Troll, G., "Landscape ecology (geo-ecology) and bio-ceonology - a terminology study," Geoforum, vol. 8, pp. 43-46, 1971. World Commission on Environment and Development, Our Common Future, Oxford University Press, Oxford and New York, 1987. World Resources Institute, Changing Climate: A Guide to the Greenhouse Effect, Washington, D.C., 1989. World Resources Institute, The Crucial Decade: The 1990s and the Global Environmental Challenge, Washington, D.C., 1989. World Resources Institute/International Institute for Environment and Development, World Resources 1988/89, Basic Books, Inc., New York, 1988. Worldwatch Institute, World Watch Papers, Washington, D.C.. Worldwatch Institute, Worldwatch, Washington, D.C.. Monthly</text>
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<text>Sources of Information:1. The Department of Commerce has a clearinghouse for state and local initiatives on productivity, technology, and innovation. Contact John Heizer, 202-377-8100 for more information.2. The Office of Technology Assessment has two new reports, "Changing by Degrees: Steps to Reduce Greenhouse Gases", and "Nonferrous Metals: Industry Structure". Copies can be ordered from U.S. Government Printing Office, (Fee for publications) 202-783-3238, or you can call OTA 202-224-8996,3. McGraw Hill's publication "Tech Transfer Report", January 1991, has an article about DOE Joins Collaboration to Cut Industrial waste.4. National Research Council produced the report "Confronting Climate Change: Strategies for Energy Research and Development", Order from the National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. 202-334-33135. Shell International Petroleum Co., Ltd, Shell Centre, London SE1, 7NA, England, produced a publication "Global Climate Change", PAC/233, phone 071-934-5293.6. Air and Waste Management Association has a meeting on RCRA & the Clean Air Act in the 90's, in Alexandria, VA, 3/21-22/917. Meeting, "Global Warming, a Call for International Coordination, 4/8- 11/91, Chicago, call 708-910-1551.8. Interesting article, "Paper versus Polystyrene: A complex Choice, Martin Hocking, Science, Vol 251, 2/1/91, pgs 504-505.9. EPA's Pollution Prevention Clearing House, phone 1-800-424-9346, good information.10. DoE "Resource Directory of DOE Information Organizations", order from Office of Scientific and Technical Information, ATTN: Request Services, P.O. Box 62, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-993911. United States Energy Association, 1620 Eye St NW, Washington, DC 20006, 202-331-0415, has a forum "Global Climate Change", 3/5/91, Washington, DC.12. The DOE produces "Future Energy Conferences and Symposia" monthly. Contact Office of Scientific and Technical Information, ATTN: Request Services, P.O. Box 62, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, 615-576-8401.13. Meeting, Global Pollution Prevention 91, April 3-5, 1991, Washington, DC, call 703-823-2333. Sincerely Bruce Cranford 202-586-9496</text>
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<text> EARTH DAY 1990 BIBLIOGRAPHYArchibugi, F. and P. Nijkamp (editors), Economics and Ecology: Towards Sustainable Development, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston, London, 1989. EssaysBahro, Rudolf, From Red to Green, Verso, London, 1984. another route into Bahro's ideas: interviewsBahro, Rudolf, Building the Green Movement, GMP, London, 1985. route into Bahro's ideas till Logik der Rettung is translatedBerry, Thomas, The Dream of the Earth, Sierra Club Books .Berry, Wendell, Home Economics, North Point, San Fransisco, 1987. Essays by bioreg. poet/farmer, including "Defense of the Family Farm"Bookchin, Murray, Ecology of Freedom, Cheshire Books, Palo Alto, 1982. An ecological view of human/nature and human-natureBrown, Lester et al , State of the World, W.W. Norton, 1990. A Worldwatch Institute ReportBrunner, John, The sheep looks up. Science fictionCallenbach, Ernest, Ecotopia, Bantam, 1977. novel about ecology, people, pollution in 1999Callenbach, Ernest, Ecotopia Emerging, Bantam, 1982. sequel to EcotopiaCarson, Rachel, Silent Spring, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, 1962 (1987). Classic work exposing DDT, inspired much of the environmental movementCommoner, Barry, The Politics of Energy, Knopf, NY, 1979. Com- moner, a chemist, ran for president -- his energy policiesDaly, Herman, Toward a steady-state economy, Freeman, San Francisco, 1973. Essays on an economics based on no-growth (of material through-put)Daly, Herman, Energy, Economics, and the Environment, AAAS, San Francisco(?), 1982(?). Conflicting views of an essential interrelationshipDaly, Herman, For the Common Good, Beacon, Boston, 1989. subtitle: Redirecting the economy toward community, the environment, and a sustainable future.DeFries, R. and T.F. Malone (editors), and National Research Council, Ecological Knowledge and Environmental Problem- solving: concepts and case studies, National Academy Press, Washington DC, 1986. Papers from a forumDevall, Bill and George Sessions, Deep Ecology, G.M. Smith, Salt Lake City: UT., 1985. an excellent overview of the topic; fine bibliographyDevall, Bill, Simple in Means, Rich in Ends, 1988.Eisenbud, Merril, Environment, Technology, and Health, New York University Press, New York, 1978. Review of short term effects on human health caused by pollutionGray, Elizabeth Dotson, "Nature as an act of Imagination," Women of Power, pp. 18-42., 1988. Eco-feminism.Hargrove, E.C., Foundations of environmental ethics, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1989.Illich, Ivan, Toward a history of needs, Pantheon, NY, 1978. Includes Energy and Equity (also available separately)King, Ynestra, "Ecofeminism: On the necessity of history and mystery," Women of Power, pp. 42-53, 1988.Kneese, Allen V. and Blair T. Bower, Environmental Quality & Residuals Management, Resources for the Future, Washington, DC, 1979. Explanation of industrial waste streams and control measuresLeopold, Aldo, A Sand County almanac, Oxford, NY, 1970. Early classic work on ecological interactions and the land ethic.Lovelock, J.E., Gaia - A New Look at Life on Earth, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1979.Lovins, Amory, Soft Energy Paths, Ballinger, 1977. toward a durable peace" -- the Foreign Affairs essayMcPhee, John, Encounters With the Archdruid, Ballentine, 1971. David Brower (Friends of Earth founder vs. developers, dam- builders)Naess, Arne, "From ecology to ecosophy, from science to wisdom," World Futures, vol. 27, pp. 149-154.Naess, Arne, Ecology, community, and lifestyle: outline of an ecophilosophy., Cambridge University Press., New York, 1980. A decent read. The shallow/deep thesis developed to greatest degree here.Naess, Arne, Ecology, community and lifestyle: outline of an ecophilosophy, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York, 1988. Translated and revised by David Rothenberg.Nash, R.F., The rights of nature: A history of environmental ethics, The University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, WI, 1989.Pearce, D., A. Markandya , and E.B. Barbier, A Blueprint for a Green Economy, Earthscan Publications, Ltd., London, 1989. ISBN 1-85383-066-6Rifkin, Jeremy, Entropy - A New World View, Bantam Books, New York, 1980.Rifkin, Jeremy, Entropy - Into the Greenhouse World, Bantam Books, New York, 1989. This is the revised edition of "Entropy - A New World View"Robbins, John, Diet For A New America.Sale, Kirkpatrick, Dwellers In the Land. Bioregionalism from a deep-ecology perspective, good biblio.Schumacher, Ernst, Good Work, Harper, NY, 1979. Right livelihoodSessions, George, "Shallow and deep ecology: A review of the philosophical literature," Ecological Consciousness, ed. by Robert C. Schultz and J. Donald Hughes, Washington DC, 1981.Singer, Peter, Animal Liberation: A New Ethics for our Treatment of Animals, Random House, New York, 1975.Singh, Narandar, Economics and the Crisis of Ecology, Bellen, London, 1989. Third world critique of economics (3rd ed., orig. Oxford)Snyder, Gary, Turtle Island. Pulitzer-prize winning book of poetry and essaysSoule, Michael E., Conservation Biology: the science of scarcity and diversity, Sinauer Associates, 1986.Stone, Christopher D., Earth and other ethics, Harper and Row, New York, 1987.Tobias, Michael, Deep Ecology, Avanti Books, San Diego CA, 1988. Collection of essays on the topic, good introduction to ideas.</text>
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<text>/* Written 4:52 pm Feb 25, 1991 by christic in cdp:christic.news *//* ---------- "28 TOP CENSORED STORIES OF 1990" ---------- */-----------------------------------------------------------------THE NATION'S WATERWAYS: WHAT YOU CAN'T SEE CAN HURT YOU Project Censored: Nomination for the ``Ten Best Censored Stories of 1990'' Many of America's fresh and salt water bays, harbors, lakes, and riverbeds are lined with toxic waste. When the water flows over or rests on these contaminated muds, pollutants such as DDT, PCB, and heavy metal are released. The toxins in the water are eaten by organisms which in turn are eaten by fish and then subsequently passed on to humans who eat the fish. Deformed birds, contaminated shellfish, cancerous fish, and threats to human health are the results of this toxic food chain. A 1987 study by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) showed that nearly every major U.S. harbor and body of water likely suffers from sediment contamination. In the Great Lakes alone, 41 severely polluted sites have been identified and the salt water coasts are equally contaminated. Those underwater wastelands become toxic sediments by soaking up pollutants from land fills, sewage plants, and other sources. "Under-water sediments are the last stop for everything from pesticides sprayed on fields to heavy metals released into the air," says Brett Hulsey, associate midwest representative of the Sierra Club. While these sediments are toxic enough when left alone, they become even more dangerous when they are stirred up by dredging equipment. Dredging is needed to clear out the silt that settles to the bottom of the bays, so they can facilitate shipping and commerce. Some of the most contaminated sites in the country are those that are cleared of silt regularly including New York's Hudson/Raritan estuary; the Boston, San Diego, Los Angeles, and Seattle harbors; and the Indiana Harbor and Canal in Lake Michigan. To keep such areas navigable, the U.S. Army of Corps of Engineers annually dredges 350 million cubic yards of sediment from the bottom of the nation's waterways--enough to encircle the earth with a cubic yard of muck eight times. Once the dredging is done, however, the next problem is where to put the toxic sediment. The Corps throws sediments judged safe on riverbanks or wetlands--or dumps them into the ocean at the rate of 45 million cubic yards a year. Because no federal stanards exist for sediment toxicity, the Corps uses its own tests, with EPA oversight, to determine which sediments are too dangerous to dump. It places these wastes in upland sites or in Combined Disposal Facilities (CDFs), holding ponds bordered by the shore and encircled by walls of fill. CDFs are short term answers though and "are rarely fenced or covered or even marked by warning signs," according to Glenda Daniel, executive director at the four-state Lake Michigan Federation. Daniel notes that "[i]n Chicago, for instance, children swim and anglers fish in a CDF adjacent to a public park." Despite the magnitude of the toxic sediments problem, no national program directly addresses underwater contamination. The EPA has no national criteria that restrict pollution of underwater sediments or that trigger cleanup and protection. Existing environmental laws place some restrictions on dredging and dumping, but the Corps makes its own decisions on which sediments are too toxic to dump. SOURCE: SIERRA MAGAZINE, May/June 1990, "The Dirty Deeps," by Beth Millemann, pp 29-32.----</text>
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<text> Fish and Wildlife ServiceFor Release February 7, 1991 Craig L. Rieben 202-208-5634Connie M. Hill 202-208-5634 John J. Doggett Named Fish and Wildlife Service's Law Enforcement Chief The Director of the Interior Department's U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, John Turner, announced today the appointment of John J. Doggett as chief of the Service's Division of Law Enforcement. Doggett brings to his new position more than 21 years of Federal law enforcement experience and a reputation as an expert in wildlife law enforcement throughout the country. "Dogget's extensive professional experience will serve us well as he directs Service operations to enforce laws protecting our Nation's wildlife," Turner said. As chief of Law Enforcement, Doggett, 45, serves as the Director's principal advisor concerning law enforcement activities, and oversees a nationwide network of almost 200 Service law enforcement special agents and 60 wildlife inspectors. Prior to accepting this position, Doggett served for 10 years as the special agent in charge for the Service's Branch of Training and Inspection. Doggett has considerable experience in criminal law procedure, as well as wildlife conservation and environmental law. A native of Tennessee, Doggett earned a B.S. in business administration and a J.D. in law from the University of Tennessee. He began his Federal career as an attorney with the Army Judge Advocate General's Corps where he served as a prosecutor and legal advisor to military police and criminal investigation units. He remains active in the Army reserves and holds the rank of Lieutenant Colonel. This press release has been brought to you compliments of The Osprey's Nest, a computer bulletin board for birders and other amateur naturalists in the Washington, DC area. The Osprey's Nest may be reached 24 hours per day at 301-989-9036 and answers the phone at 300, 1200, or 2400 baud. Fish and Wildlife ServiceFor Release February 14, 1991 Megan Durham 202-208-4131 Cactus Poachers Get Prickly Sentences Seventeen of the 21 people charged with poaching saguaro cactus plants from Arizona have been sentenced in the largest Federal case involving protected plants, the Interior Department's U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Director John Turner said today. Sixteen of the 21 pleaded guilty in Federal Court and one was convicted by a jury. Of the others charged, one awaits sentencing, charges against two defendants (one of whom is imprisoned on other charges) were dismissed, and the fourth, John R. Yates, of Phoenix, Arizona, is a fugitive and remains at large. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service offered a reward for information leading to Yates' arrest. Persons having such information may contact Service special agents at 703-358-1949. "The sentences handed down in these cases show that the pillaging of our wonderful and unique natural desert heritage will not be tolerated," Turner said. One Phoenix resident was sentenced to 12 months in prison followed by 3 years supervised release and $21,680 restitution--the largest restitution penalty ever imposed for protected plants. A second Phoenix resident was sentenced to 8 months in prison, 2 years probation, and $5,000 restitution. A resident of Wittman, Arizona, was sentenced to 10 months in prison, 3 years probation, and $12,708 restitution. On January 28, 1991, a resident of Palm Bay, Florida, was sentenced to 8 months in prison, 2 years probation, and a $500 fine. During the probation period, the individuals are prohibited from collecting, taking, or engaging in commerce involving cacti. Penalties for the 13 others who have been sentenced thus far includes a total of 35 years probation, $8,570.50 in restitution, $5,300 in fines, 8 months in prison, 3 years supervised release, 2 months home detention, and forfeiture of two trucks and a trailer. The defendants were indicted January 25, 1990, after a 4-year undercover investigation dubbed "Operation Woodstar" by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Prosecutions stemming from these indictments were undertaken by attorneys from the Environment and Natural Resources Division, Department of Justice, and the U.S. Attorney's Office for the District of Arizona. The individuals were charged with stealing or illegally collecting saguaro cacti, including rare, fan-shaped "crested" plants, on Federal, state, and private land in Arizona for resale to nurseries, collectors, and residential property owners. The saguaro cactus, the state plant of Arizona, is found principally in the Sonoran Desert and is known for its large size and the distinctive "arms" that branch from the main body of the plant. Rare, "crested" saguaros, of which only about 200 are estimated to remain in the wild, feature branches across the top in a broad, fan shape. Saguaros are protected under Arizona's native plant law and under the Federal Lacey Act, which prohibits interstate trafficking in plants and animals collected in violation of state law, as well as interstate theft of plants from Federal lands. Along with other cacti, the saguaro is included on Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, which regulates trade in species that may be jeopardized by international commerce. The individuals in this case were charged with removing saguaros illegally from vast, hard-to-patrol Federal and state lands, and in some cases from private property. The cactus collectors work mainly at night and can dig up and move a large, several-ton saguaro within 15 or 20 minutes. Healthy plants sell for up to $50 a foot plus an additional $100 per arm, and prized "crested" plants can sell for as much as $15,000. While not Federally listed as an endangered species, saguaro cacti require protection from illegal collection because of their vulnerability to loss or damage from vandalism, development, off-road vehicles, and air pollution, and because of their slow reproduction and rate of growth, which have made nursery propagation difficult. A saguaro does not begin to reproduce until it is 50 to 75 years old. The seeds are eaten by birds, mammals, and insects; seeds that do germinate grow very slowly, perhaps only an inch in the first ten years, making them susceptible to loss from both natural causes and human impacts. The sentences imposed in these cases were on charges including felony and misdemeanor violations of the Lacey Act, conspiracy, and theft of government property. This press release has been brought to you compliments of The Osprey's Nest, a computer bulletin board for birders and other amateur naturalists in the Washington, DC area. The Osprey's Nest may be reached 24 hours per day at 301-989-9036 and answers the phone at 300, 1200, or 2400 baud. Fish and Wildlife ServiceFor Release February 26, 1991 Georgia Parham 202-208-5634 Public Input Sought On National Wildlife Refuge Plan The Department of the interior's U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is seeking ideas from the public on management of the Service's National Wildlife Refuge System. A series of 31 public meetings will be held across the country beginning in March to allow interested individuals and others an opportunity to offer suggestions on management options. The planning effort, entitled "Refuges 2003" to honor the 100th anniversary of the Nation's first refuge, Pelican Island in Florida, is aimed at planning management programs and policies for the next 10 to 15 years on the more than 450 refuges in the 93 million-acre National Wildlife Refuge System. Following the meetings, a draft environmental impact statement will be developed and public hearings will be held to allow additional comment by interested parties. The document is expected to be completed late next year. Those interested in attending should check local newspapers for exact times and locations, or contact the appropriate Fish and Wildlife Service regional office listed below for details. MEETING SCHEDULE Region 1 (California, Hawaii, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Washington); Tele- phone: 503-231-6121 April 1 Portland, Oregon April 2 Nampa, Idaho April 4 Sacramento, California April 8 Long Beach, California April 10 Honolulu, Hawaii April 11 Kilauea, Hawaii Region 2 (Arizona, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas); Telephone: 505-766-3940 March 19 Albuquerque, New Mexico March 20 Austin, Texas Region 3 (Illinois, Iowa, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, Wiscon- sin); Telephone: 612-725-3519 April 23 Bloomington, Minnesota April 24 Bridgeton, Missouri April 25 Toledo, Ohio Region 4 (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mis- sissippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico); Telephone: 404-331-0295 March 11 Atlanta, Georgia March 12 Orlando, Florida March 13 Baton Rouge, Louisiana March 14 Memphis, Tennessee March 21 Little Rock, Arkansas March 29 Raleigh, North Carolina Region 5 (Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia); Telephone: 617-965-5100, ext. 206 March 5 Newburyport, Massachusetts March 6 Hauppauge, New York March 7 Batavia, New York April 30 Virginia Beach, Virginia May 1 Pomona, New Jersey Region 6 (Colorado, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Utah, Wyoming); Telephone: 303-236-7904 April 3 Salt Lake City, Utah April 15 Lakewood, Colorado April 16 Bismarck, North Dakota April 17 Billings, Montana April 18 Jackson, Wyoming Region 7 (Alaska); Telephone: 907-786-3486 March 25 Anchorage, Alaska March 26 Fairbanks, Alaska March 27 Soldotna, Alaska Washington, DC; Telephone: 202-208-5634 May 2 Arlington, Virginia This press release has been brought to you compliments of The Osprey'sNest, a computer bulletin board for birders and other amateur natural-ists in the Washington, DC area. The Osprey's Nest may be reached 24hours per day at 301-989-9036 and answers the phone at 300, 1200, or2400 baud.F&WS Press Releases. biosph-l@ubvm.BITNET. Sun, 3 Mar 91 09:36:19 EST.</text>
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<text>Fish and Wildlife ServiceFor Release: July 9, 1991 Megan Durham 202-208-4131 Hunting Seasons Proposed For Webless Migratory Birds And September Waterfowl Seasons The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has proposed hunting regulations for "early" (opening before October 1) migratory bird seasons. The regulations cover doves; woodcock; band-tailed pigeons; rails; snipe; common moorhens and purple gallinules; sandhill cranes; sea ducks; and special September wood duck and Canada goose seasons; as well as migratory bird hunting seasons in Alaska, Puerto Rico, Hawaii, and the Virgin Islands. In general, this year's proposals are similar to the 1990 regulations, including shooting hours of one-half hour before sunrise to sunset and continued suspension of September teal hunting. Hunters should check state hunting regulations for specific local information on permits, bag limits, and open areas. The Service has expanded September Canada goose hunting opportunities, introducing 3-year experimental seasons in Indiana and Ohio. The closing date for Canada goose hunting in Utah is proposed for extension from September 9 to September 15. September Canada goose hunting has been closed in several Michigan counties where many migrating geese are present in September. The number of permits that can be issued has been increased to 150 in Wyoming, with each permittee allowed no more than two geese per season. Woodcock numbers have declined significantly in the East since 1968, largely because of habitat changes. Trends for 1985-91 suggest that woodcock populations may be stabilizing in both the eastern and central portions of the country, but many states and provinces continue to show declines that justify concern for the welfare of the woodcock. The Service has proposed to continue to limit the season in the Atlantic Flyway to 45 days with bag and possession limits of three and six, respectively. In the Central and Mississippi Flyways, seasons may not exceed 65 days, with bag and possession limits of 5 and 10, respectively. The closing date for woodcock in central states has been changed from February 28 to January 31. No significant changes are proposed for mourning dove hunting seasons. For white-winged doves, the Service has proposed to increase from two to six the number of whitewings permitted in the aggregate bag limit of mourning, white-winged, and white-tipped doves in most of Texas. The closing date of the sandhill crane season has been extended from November 30 to January 31 for the Rocky Mountain population (portions of Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming) to help alleviate crop damage caused by migrating cranes. In Alaska, the Service has proposed to close hunting seasons for Stellar's and spectacled eiders. In Puerto Rico, Vieques Island may be reopened for dove and pigeon hunting. Other details of the proposed early migratory bird hunting seasons will be published in an upcoming Federal Register. Public comments are requested through July 22 and should be sent to the Director (MBMO), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 630 Arlington Square, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1849 C St., N.W., Washington, DC 20240.</text>
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<text>Subj:Judi Bari Speech on Intimidation of EnvironmentalistsDate: Thu, 6 Jun 91 01:46:24 -0700Reply-To: BIOSPH-L@ubvm.cc.buffalo.eduSender: List Owner <davep@acsu.buffalo.edu>From: Jym Dyer <jym@REMARQUE.BERKELEY.EDU>Subject: Judi Bari Speech on Intimidation of EnvironmentalistsX-To: BIOSPH-L@ubvm.cc.buffalo.edu _*_ As promised, here's the text of a speech by Judi Bari.I've also got an article by her focusing on acts of violenceagainst environmentalists, which I'll post shortly. <_Jym_>================================================ [From the May 22, 1991 issue of _Anderson_Valley_Advertiser_] Misery Loves Company by Judi Bari So what does it feel like a year after getting bombed? Well, I'm maimed for life and it still hurts a lot. It hurts to sit, stand or walk, and I get tired easily. I'm profoundly saddened that I can no longer hike in the forest or teach my youngest daughter how to ride her bike. I'm really angry at whoever did this to me, and at the police for making sure not to find him. And I feel like a rape victim, still being blamed for the crime. But I've also received support from all over the country, and as we have had to deal with the reality of lethal force being used against us, our movement has gotten stronger. We have connections all over now, and I've heard some true stories that you will never read in the mainstream press. The attack on me last year was certainly one of the most brutal in the environmental movement to date. But it was not the only one. Besides well-known examples like the sinking of the Greenpeace boat Rainbow Warrior (a bomb attack that killed a crew member) and the assassination of Chico Mendez, there seems to be a pattern of violence being directed at rural environmentalists. The most recent example that I know of is Pat Cosner, whose house in Eureka Springs, Arkansas was burned to the ground on March 2 of this year. Pat is Director of Research for the Greenpeace Toxics Campaign, and she has testified as an expert witness to successfully stop toxic incineration plants from being built in several places. During the months before the fire there were two there were two separate incidents when two men, described by the locals as "thugs," were seen around Pat's small town, asking about her. When her house burned down, investigators found a gasoline can in what had been her living room, near where her Greenpeace files had been reduced to ashes. Yet local authorities did not see cause to investigate, and Greenpeace has called on (ha ha) the FBI for help. Another even more ominous case of rural violence around the toxics issue occurred last February in Calvert City, Kentucky. Lynn "Bear" Hill was a bulldozer driver for Liquid Waste Disposal co. (LWD), who was ordered to illegally bury and cover 5000 drums of chemicals. Bothered by his conscience, Bear told the local newspaper about it, but pleaded for anonymity because he feared for his life. This was February 10, 1991. The newspaper editor did not take him seriously enough, and conducted his investigation of the charges in a way that Bear's identity could be deduced. On Feb. 26, Bear Hill was found dead, half in and half out of his pickup truck with his keys in his hand. He was bruised and bloody, and, according to local accounts, "his nose was pushed into his brain." His kitchen was also splattered with blood, but local authorities ruled his death a suicide. Tennessee has also seen its share of violence against environmentalists, dating back to 1983 when a citizens' group began a campaign to stop the Middlesboro Tanning Co. from dumping toxics into Yellow Creek. When they tried to bring a TV reporter to film the pollution, shots were fired over their heads. A short time later activist Ed Hunter had his windshield shot out while driving to a meeting. Two days later two other group members, Larry WIlson and Gene Hurst, were driving on a rural road when they were attacked by a shotgun blast from a passing car. It shattered Larry's windshield, spraying him with glass and barely missing his head. This group is a good example of how to stand up to violence, because they stuck together and kept up the fight, despite later attacks which included Larry's wife Sheila having her brake lines cut, and somebody killing their dogs. They have succeeded in stopping the poisoning of Yellow Creek, but are still working to get it cleaned up. One other outrageous use of force against environmentalists took place in Mobile, Arizona on May 7, 1990. Local activists, with help form Greenpeace, were leading a successful campaign to stop the construction of a toxic incinerator. When 400 people showed up for a public hearing, some of the organizers asked that the meeting be moved to a larger hall. County police responded by grabbing them and escorting them out. Once out in the hall, they stun-gunned the activists, knocking them to the floor and immobilizing them before handcuffing them and arresting them. "We weren't even being rude!" said one amazed participant. I'm sure there's a lot more of this going on than any of us know. Certainly threats and intimidation are becoming common tactics against all kinds of environmentalists. We shouldn't have to take our lives in our hands to stand up against poisoning a creek or over-cutting the forest. But the corporations and police are all too wiling to use excessive force against us.</text>
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<text>Date: Thu, 7 Feb 91 20:50:00 ESTSender: List Owner <davep@acsu.buffalo.edu>From: TRACY LOGAN <LOGANT@LAFAYETT.BITNET>Subject: Sustainable forestry, the tragedy of the LOSS of the commons "There are in India, today, two paradigms of forestry -- one life-enhancing, the other life-destroying....The former creates a sustainable, renewable forest system, supporting and renewing food and water sources. The maintenance of conditions for renewability is its primary management objective, while the maximizing of profits through commercial extraction is the primary management objective of the latter." A passage from *Staying Alive: Women, Ecology, and Development*, 1988, Zed Books, by Vandana Shiva, "physicist, philosopher,and feminist." Shiva tells in this book of the struggle by the Chipko "tree huggers" and others for a sustainable forestry in India. I gather from the book that many Indian villages have a commons (field and woodland) they rely on for various needs. Government and commercial groups want to make this "waste land" "productive," which calls to mind the enclosures centuries ago in England. Shiva contends these commons preserve soil and water. As I understand Hardin's famous essay, "The Tragedy of the Commons," land held in common is inexorably overworked, mined, degraded. Shiva rejects that thesis, saying "Hardin's tragedy of the commons scenario emerges from male reductionist assumptions about nature..." which use "the language of ecology and conservation to unleash another attack of violence against nature." Under what circumstances do commons degenerate? When do they stay healthy and prosper? -- tracy Bitnet : loganT @ LAFAYETTInternet: loganT @ lafvax.lafayette.edu</text>
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<text>Water Use: Draining Saudi Arabia Personal water consumption for each US soldier in Saudi Arabia, including drinking, cooking, bathing, and laundry is roughly eleven gallons per day. Vehicles demand 10-12 gallons more daily. In order to quench the thirst of its soldiers, the US military has reportedly dug new wells 1,500 feet deep to reach groundwater. It is drawing water from underground aquifers that represent 90% of Saudi water sources. It has also appropriated the water produced by 28 of Saudi Arabia's 29 desalination plants. Added pressure by the US military on the country's scarce, non-renewable water resources is increasing the rate of depletion. It has the potential to destabilize the country's internal economy, most directly affecting the least well-off Saudis, and the hundreds of thousands of impoverished foreign agricultural workers in the country. Access to safe drinking water for Saudi Arabia's rural population is already on the decline, having dropped from 87% of the population in 1980 to 68% in 1985. The US presence promises only to exacerbate the problem. [27] The water issue becomes all the more critical in a chemical warfare scenario. According to the Congressional Research Service, "the use of persistent agents by either side...could be disastrous, because it takes about 200,000 gallons of wash water to decontaminate one division." It is not clear where such water resources would come from, or if they would even be available in certain parts of the Saudi desert. Desert Storm's Dust Storms The war and the potential for major long-term military presence in Saudi Arabia pose serious threats to the region's desert ecosystems, to the nomads who live there, and to Middle Eastern agriculture. While the desert of Saudi Arabia may seem a barren wasteland, like the rest of the Middle East and many other desert ecosystems, it is home to a wildlife population of small mammals, including jackals, hares, sandcats, reptiles and birds. [28] Its soils are held in place by a living crust of microorganisms, ephemeral plants, salt, silt and sand. The disruption of the barren deserts and desert steppe during the war could potentially trigger massive duststorms and dust clouds. According to English Biologist J.L. Cloudsley-Thompson, during the desert campaigns of World War II large areas were disturbed, "giving rise to dust-storms when the wind velocity was only half that usually needed to cause them." As a result, the number of storms increased ten-fold. Dust storms in Libya in 1941 became so thick that all military movement ceased for three days. Thompson and other desert scientists note that it takes generations for desert ecosystems to recover. [29] Studies of deserts in Africa and India have concluded that disruption and dust storms can reinforce dry spells and droughts by disrupting rainfall. Dust storms and drought would adversely effect agriculture in Saudi Arabia and other more fertile areas of the region, devastating local economies and deepening the hunger of the Middle East's poor. [30]Extracted from BITNET posting on Biosph-l Thu, 14 Feb 91 23:48:41 EST. Posted by "J.J. PAQUETTE" <35002_4053@UWOVAX.UWO.CA>.</text>
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<text>Regarding the complaints of one reader of this list and some suggestions by another about landscape ecology . . . I would appreciate some information about the basic ideas behind landscape ecology. Perhaps there are one or two key publications which provide this information for a reader? In the United States one of the "opening guns" about fitting the urban form to its environment was "Design with Nature" (1969) by Ian McHarg, then at the University of Pennsylvania. Although many of the ideas in McHarg's book had been in the literature for a long time, his "packaging" of the principles of working with the land and not against it was an instant "hit." He made effective use not only of books, but also film. When I was completing my Masters in City Planning in the early 1970s, McHarg's teachings were absolutely essential as part of the course of study. Today many of the ideas in McHarg's writings are embedded in local land use zoning ordinances. These include not building residential housing in floodplains, storm water management, preservation of wetlands, constraints on removing plant cover from slopes, using only suitable soils as sites for large structures, etc. I wonder whether his book is still influential today? Also, I would like to know whether any of his critics have either improved upon his work or are now part of the landscape ecology field? * Chance favors only the prepared mind - Louis Pasteur* -------------------------------------------------------* Dan Yurman Idaho National Engineering Laboratory* PO Box 1625, Idaho Falls, ID 83415-3900* djy@inel.gov 43N; 112W -7 GMT* -------------------------------------------------------* Standard INEL disclaimer included by reference</text>
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<text>Fish and Wildlife ServiceFor Release June 24, 1991 Georgia Parham 202-208-5634 New Publications Highlight Fish and Wildlife Service Programs, Activities Whether you want to explore a national wildlife refuge or learn more about the work of the world's leading fish and wildlife management agency, the Interior Department's U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has information to help, including three new publications now available to the public. "The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has a tremendous diversity of responsibilities," said Agency Director John Turner. "I hope these publications will help give readers a better understanding of some of the fascinating wildlife and natural resource issues that face our society during the 1990's." Fish and Wildlife '90===================== The return of the endangered bald eagle, the fatal. lure of oil pits for unwary birds, and the conservation efforts of "Garfield the Cat" are just a few of the stories told in this report highlighting agency activities during 1990. Limited quantities of the 48-page report are available from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Publications Unit, 1849 C St., N.W., Mailstop 130 ARLSQ, Washington, DC 20240. The National Wildlife Refuge System=================================== A companion piece to the guide "The National Wildlife Refuges", this brochure describes how the Nation's 90 million acres of refuges protect and enhance valuable fish and wildlife resources. Information on wildlife management programs and recreational opportunities on refuges is included, along with a map of the system's more than 460 refuges. "The National Wildlife Refuge System" is available from the Consumer Information Center, Pueblo, Colorado 81002, for 50 cents. "The National Wildlife Refuges" is also available at this address for $1. Federal and State Endangered Species Expenditures================================================= During 1990, state and Federal agencies spent more than $102 million to protect and enhance populations of endangered species. This report, which tallies expenditures by species, is available from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Publications Unit, 1849 C St., N.W., Mailstop 130 ARLSQ, Washington, DC 20240.</text>
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<text>Fish and Wildlife ServiceFor Release June 27, 1991 Patricia Fisher 202-208-5634 Hunting And Fishing License Sales Hold Steady, Revenues Increase Revenues from hunting and fishing license sales rose 5.6 percent in 1990, John Turner, director of the Interior Department's U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, announced today. The total sales of hunting licenses decreased slightly from the previous year while fishing license sales held steady. A total of 15,806,864 people purchased hunting licenses during fiscal year 1990, compared with 15,858,063 in 1989. Dishing license purchasers numbered 30,731,821 in fiscal year 1990, compared with 30,302,244 in 1989. Income from the sale of licenses and associated permits, tags, and stamps in 1990 reached an overall total of $784 million, compared with $740 million in 1989. In making the announcement, Turner said, "Nearly 50 million Americans enjoyed hunting and fishing activities last year. These sportsmen and -women, through purchase of licenses, tags, and stamps, provided vital funding to enhance outdoor recreation opportunities for all Americans." Hunting and fishing are two of the activities highlighted in the Interior Department's recently announced outdoor recreation initiative, "Enjoy Outdoors America." "Interior Secretary Lujan and I recognize the valuable contributions of our hunters and anglers not only to their own pastime, but to the conservation of this country's natural resources. We look to them as prime examples of good stewardship and conservation of this Nation's wildlife and wild lands. I would like to see more and more Americans showing the same type of commitment," said Turner. Money from the sale of fishing and hunting licenses, permits, tags, and stamps is used to fund state fish and wildlife programs. License sales figures are compiled annually by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service from information submitted by state fish and wildlife agencies. State funding through the Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration and the Federal Aid in Sport Fish Restoration programs, both administered by the Service, is apportioned in part by the number of paid fishing and hunting license holders in each state. Fish and Wildlife ServiceFor Release June 27, 1991 Patricia Fisher 202-208-5634 Nation Celebrates A "Great Day For Ducks" As 1991-1992 Federal Duck Stamp Goes On Sale It soon will be open season on the 1991-1992 Federal Duck Stamp, also known as the Migratory Bird Hunting and Conservation Stamp. The new stamp, designed by Vermont artist Nancy Howe and featuring a pair of King Eiders, will be unveiled at special first day of sale ceremonies to be held in Washington, DC, June 30 and East Dorset, Vermont, July 1. Howe, the first woman ever to win the Duck Stamp contest, will attend both ceremonies marking the stamp's debut. The 1991-1992 Federal Duck Stamp will sell for $15.00, a $2.50 increase over last year. Congress authorized the price increase as part of the Emergency Wetlands Resources Act of 1986 to provide more funds to acquire and protect disappearing habitats. John Turner, director of the Interior Department's U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, said, "The Duck Stamp program is one of this country's most successful conservation efforts, but we still have a lot to do to secure the future of our waterfowl and other species. That's why it's so important for everyone who enjoys the outdoors and wildlife to purchase this splendid stamp." Since the program began in 1934, over 350 million Duck Stamp dollars have helped preserve almost 4 million habitat acres. Many of the more than 450 national wildlife refuges in the United States have been paid for entirely, or in part, through these Duck Stamp receipts. During fiscal year 1990, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service bought 89,996 acres of waterfowl habitat by obligating $30.3 million from the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund (which includes revenues from Duck Stamp sales), and, to date, has obligated more than $18.5 million to acquire 45,398 acres in fiscal year 1991. Hunters 16 years of age or older must carry a current, signed Federal Duck Stamp in order to hunt waterfowl. The stamp is also popular with nonhunters wanting to make a contribution to conservation. In addition, an increasing number of stamp collectors are recognizing the stamp's beauty and value. It can be purchased at most U.S. Post Offices, some sporting goods outlets, as well as many national wildlife refuges across the country. July 1 also signals the official opening of the 1991 Federal Duck Stamp contest. This year's contest regulations have been revised slightly to clarify details regarding the administration of the contest, judging procedures, and the obligations of the winning artist. Copies of the updated regulations can be obtained from the Federal Duck Stamp Office, Suite 2058, Department of the Interior, 1849 C Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20240, telephone: (202) 208-4354. Fish and Wildlife ServiceFor Release June 27, 1991 Georgia Parham 202-208-5634Tom Smylie 505-766-2321 Endangered Status Not Warranted For Portion Of Desert Tortoise Population The Interior Department's U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service today announced that the Sonoran population of the desert tortoise will not be proposed for addition to the endangered species list. Service Director John Turner said extensive studies conducted by the agency indicate the Sonoran population is widespread throughout its range and does not appear to be affected by disease and habitat loss. The presence of similar threats led to listing the Mojave population of the desert tortoise as endangered in April 1990. "We have gathered a great deal of comprehensive information on the health of the Sonoran population," said Turner, "and found little evidence to indicate the respiratory disease afflicting the Mojave population of this species has had an impact on the Sonoran tortoises. In addition, the Sonoran's habitat is much less suitable for recreational vehicle use, livestock grazing, and other potential impacts." The Sonoran population of the desert tortoise is found in Arizona south and east of the Colorado River in rocky canyons and steep slopes, and in Mexico. The endangered Mojave population is found north of the Colorado, in the states of California, Utah, Nevada, and Arizona, and in western Mexico. In Arizona, about 70 percent of the Sonoran habitat occupied by tortoises is on Federal land. Land-managing agencies, including the Service, the National Park Service, and the Bureau of Land Management, have specific management policies that provide protection for the desert tortoise. In addition, the Arizona Desert Wilderness Act of 1990 protects some 1,460 square miles of undisturbed desert habitat on BLM and Service Land. Recent surveys by the Service and the Arizona Department of Fish and Game indicated there are nearly 10,800 square miles of potential desert tortoise habitat in Arizona. The Service's decision responded to a 1984 petition requesting endangered status for the entire desert tortoise population. The Service determined in 1985 that listing was warranted but precluded by other pending proposals of higher priority. In 1989, substantial new information was received concerning population declines among some tortoises due to the upper respiratory disease syndrome. That information resulted in an emergency listing of the Mojave population in 1989, with a final listing in 1990, and the continued status review of the Sonoran population to determine whether listing was warranted. Only isolated reports of the respiratory disease have come from the range of the Sonoran desert tortoise. The Service will continue to monitor the status of the Sonoran population as well as its habitat.</text>
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<text>Office of the Secretary of the InteriorFor Release: July 19, 1991 Steve Goldstein 202-208-6416 (W) 202-887-5248 (H) Interior Secretary Lujan Announces Ban On Wildlife Trade With Thailand Secretary of the Interior Manuel Lujan today announced that the United States is banning trade with Thailand in wildlife protected under an international treaty that regulates trade in endangered species. "This trade ban will protect wildlife by denying a market for illegally taken animals,' Lujan said. "Through this action, the United States is living up to its responsibility as part of the international environmental community." Lujan's action, which takes effect July 30, bans imports and exports of all wildlife protected under the 111-nation Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). The action affects an estimated $18 million in annual trade in CITES-regulated wildlife between Thailand and the United States. The vast majority of the trade is wildlife exported from Thailand to the United States. The ban follows an April 22, 1991, notification from the CITES Secretariat asking all party nations to "take all measures" to prohibit trade with Thailand, recognizing that the country is unable to control wildlife trade as a result of inadequate laws and ineffective enforcement. Twelve European community nations have also taken steps to restrict wildlife trade with Thailand, and similar action is under consideration in Japan. In 1990, the Interior Department's U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service seized illegal Thai shipments of ivory jewelry, sea turtle products, leopard and tiger parts and products, and a wide range of reptile products such as shoes and belts. The seizures represented more than three times the normal rate of noncompliance in shipments of wildlife from other countries. Thailand serves as a staging point for shipments of live cheetahs, tigers, bears, orangutangs, and gibbons. Thailand is a signatory to CITES but has no effective means of enforcing CITES regulations and no laws to protect wildlife that enters Thailand from other countries. In practice this has meant that smugglers may obtain CITES permits from Thailand in an effort to slip illegal wildlife shipments past Customs and Fish and Wildlife Service inspectors. Under the ban, the Fish and Wildlife Service will not clear for importation shipments of CITES wildlife that originate in Thailand or are re-exported to or through that country regardless of the documentation provided. Furthermore, the United States will not approve for export to Thailand from the United States any CITES-listed species. Shipments may be returned to Thailand or seized if they violate United States law. Lujan said the United States will consider lifting the ban when sufficient evidence indicates that Thailand complies fully with treaty requirements. Fish and Wildlife ServiceFor Release: July 19, 1991 Megan Durham 202-208-4131 1991 Waterfowl Surveys Find More Blue-winged Teal And Scaup, Fewer Pintails Than Last Year This spring's breeding duck populations in the U.S. and Canada were up slightly from 1990, but numbers of most species continue to be lower than their average for the past 35 years, the Interior Department's U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service reported today. "We are cautiously optimistic that ducks may have better nesting success this year," said Fish and Wildlife Service Director John Turner. "But it will take several more years of wet weather and improved habitat conditions before we can expect to see a major increase in duck numbers." The total 1991 breeding population for dabbling and diving duck species in surveyed areas was up 6 percent from 1990. Most species remain below their long-term average from 1955-90 due to extended drought, intensive agricultural practices, and high predator populations. Many prairie areas received normal or above-normal precipitation late this spring. Much of the moisture soaked into drought-parched soils, but some began to refill wetland basins. In some areas, survey pilots observed water standing in wetland basins that had been dry and were converted to farming during the 1980's. Because of intensive agricultural practices, many ponds have little or no surrounding natural vegetation to provide nesting cover for ducks. Mallard numbers in 1991 were unchanged from 1990 and remain 27 percent below their 1955-90 long-term average. Blue-winged teal numbers increased 34 percent from a record low 2.8 million in 1990 to 3.8 million in 1991, but remain 10 percent below the long-term average. It is unlikely all of the increase for blue-wings resulted from production in 1990; some of the increase probably resulted from a redistribution of blue-winged teal from unsurveyed areas due to improved habitat conditions in South Dakota. Numbers of northern pintails fell 20 percent from 2.2 million in 1990 to a record low of 1.8 million this year. The decrease occurred primarily in the Canadian prairies, Montana, and North Dakota, important breeding areas for pintails. Pintail numbers are now 62 percent below the long-term average. A decreasing proportion of young and an increasing proportion of males in the U.S. harvest point to long-term recruitment problems for pintails. These problems are believed to result from changes in prairie habitats. Pintails nest in grasslands and space their nests far apart, often a significant distance from water, in order to avoid predators. The expansion of agriculture in the prairies has eliminated grasslands and reduced the availability of cover for nesting pintails. The scaup breeding population increased 25 percent from a record low 4.23 million in 1990 to 5.2 million in 1991. Population estimates for gadwall, American wigeon, green-winged teal, northern shoveler, red-head, and canvasbacks did not change significantly from last year. Several changes were made to methods used to estimate duck numbers this year to provide more accurate and precise population estimates. The changes take advantage of recent improvements in survey techniques and were necessary to take into account the effects of the prolonged drought, which changed prairie habitat conditions and made a higher proportion of ducks visible to air survey crews than in past years. As a result of the improved survey methods, current and historical population estimates for some species have been lowered. The Service also has initiated additional surveys in new areas to expand the monitoring program. Breeding population estimates for 10 species of ducks, 1955-91[thousands] American Green-winged Blue-wingedYear Mallard Gadwall Wigeon Teal Teal============================================================1955 8708 692 3142 1795 55471956 9927 810 3008 1411 49031957 9226 692 2950 1015 43621958 11452 462 3371 1320 53871959 9231 529 3780 2582 51481960 7171 721 2921 1383 41771961 7237 597 3068 1692 36541962 5309 846 1929 639 29851963 6683 1094 1783 1135 37471964 5822 830 2438 1441 40451965 5261 1273 2332 1235 36461966 6723 1672 2330 1555 38001967 7533 1384 2346 1570 45331968 7152 1965 2407 1449 34921969 7590 1579 2955 1508 41451970 10026 1607 3473 2178 48661971 9464 1604 3321 1916 46201972 9326 1623 3196 1915 42941973 8152 1251 2887 1970 33501974 6849 1598 2717 1877 50051975 7631 1644 2746 1689 59071976 8053 1247 2493 1542 47631977 7561 1319 2583 1328 46281978 7538 1566 3295 2231 45061979 8060 1753 3097 2080 48671980 7790 1400 3593 2075 49091981 6569 1412 2934 1865 37571982 6377 1641 2460 1544 36731983 6455 1518 2635 1835 33781984 5333 1536 3004 1375 39861985 4839 1308 2045 1441 34701986 6874 1543 1740 1659 44501987 5630 1318 1978 1983 35331988 6348 1357 2194 2045 39791989 5503 1382 2009 1846 31921990 5305 1616 2089 1767 2828 1991 5353 1573 2328 1601 3779=============================================================1955-90 Avg. 7353 1288 2701 1664 4209=============================================================Percent change in 1991 from:1990 1 -3 11 -9 341955-90 Avg. -27 22 -14 -4 -10============================================================= Breeding population estimates for 10 species of ducks, 1955-91 (Cont.)[thousands] Northern NorthernYear Shoveler Pintail Redhead Canvasback Scaup=============================================================1955 1665 9520 592 599 58161956 1712 9967 780 703 58011957 1462 6356 544 625 56771958 1277 5862 449 755 52851959 1507 5610 524 499 70181960 1715 5400 484 598 47351961 1280 3856 318 440 53961962 1228 3397 507 364 52561963 1311 3616 415 523 54151964 1615 3026 519 701 52051965 1406 3677 599 522 46091966 2116 4778 712 690 45051967 2319 5288 737 505 49541968 1674 3506 518 578 46691969 2177 5615 635 508 51701970 2238 6396 624 582 57071971 2027 5901 540 451 51121972 2470 7045 554 427 79711973 1629 4355 503 627 63121974 2029 6639 629 513 58131975 1974 5900 833 616 65431976 1759 5481 672 620 58351977 1508 3948 641 690 63031978 1979 5113 743 380 60021979 2398 5393 696 576 76761980 1906 4520 760 760 63501981 2333 3483 602 627 60141982 2142 3709 618 512 54951983 1874 3515 713 527 72861984 1622 2980 675 532 69681985 1700 3513 581 385 50831986 2118 2736 560 438 52311987 1948 2629 502 454 48471988 1677 2014 441 437 46831989 1483 2098 504 455 42811990 1719 2243 466 511 41931991 1663 1798 437 463 5247=============================================================1955-90 Avg. 1805 4667 587 548 5645=============================================================Percent change in 1991 from:1990 -3 -20 -6 -9 251955-90 Avg. -8 -62 -26 -16 -7=============================================================</text>
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<text> Extracts taken from 'Feeding you the facts' produced by the Vegetarian Society as a major national campaign to educate people about their diet and its consequecense; 'Feeding yo the Facts' is based on a recent youth campaign by the soiety called 'SCREAM!! (school campaign for reaction against meat)'. The new campaign aims to raise awareness of the benefits of vegetarianism and highlight the wider global issues arising from our current preferences for a meat-based diet. .... [vegies] diet is low in satuated fats ,most commonly found in meat, and consequently they [vegies] have up to 20% lovwer blood cholesterol levels reducing risk of thromosis and heart attacks. The high fibre content of vegetarian diet reduces the risk of digestive illness and colon cancer. [vegies] are also virtually free from the dangers of ffod poisoning, which effect 10,000 people every week (england). 95% of reported cases are meat and puoltry related and have been linked to modern intensive farming methods. Average meat-eating Briton will consume ...... in a lifetime .... 36 pigs 36 sheep 750 poulrty birds (no figures given on cows and fish). The worlds cattle alone consume a quantity of food equal to the calorific needs (Ben; interesting to know how the NEEDS compare to the actual for a western society (500%?)) of 8.7 billion people (8700000000000000000argh!), NEARLY DOUBLE THE HUMAN POPULATION OF THE PLANET! and yet 15 million children die of malnutrition or related diseases every year. ... Land cultivated for the growth of veg protein yields far more per acre than the used for animal husbandry......... the British Medical Association calculates..... britian alone could produce enough veg protein to feed 250 million people. Farm animals consume over 80% of the worlds available water supplies. (erh! Ben) Takes twice as much water to produce meat eaters diet than veggies diet. Demand for animal feed in west has meant that many third world countries are forced to grow food for export rather than feeding its own people. Very often this trade is a condition of third world aid. National Vegetarian day on october 25th (UK) .... hopes everyone will try 'going veggie 'fro the day. (argh! found figure for cattle consumption by average britton) Up to 8 cattle Over 28,000 adults are turning vegy every week (acording to a major survey by the Vegetarian Society (VSUK)(not exactly impartial, figure also quoted as 30,000 else where)) 3.6 million (7%) of people over 11 (in Britian) descibe themselves as Vege' 8.2 million (16%) (ontop) claim to totally avoid red meat. Among 11 to 18 year olds. 0.5 million (8%) claim to be vegy. Females twice as liklly to be vege. Scotland (2%) and Wales (4%) shhowed lower figures. (figure given for distribution of vegies throught class is also given, if interested, ask me) Every year in UK we kill...3.4 million cows and calves19.5 million sheep and lambs14.5 million pigs570 million poultry less than 10% of agricultural land in Britain is used to grow food for people -most of it is used to grow livestock feed. 60% of grain imported by EC comes from third world. EC is lkargest buyer of animal feed in the world. 94% of protein fed to beef is lost.88% " " " " pigs is lost83% " " " " puoltry is lost.... most of it as dung. every day the worlds 1.3 billion cattle produce 200 litres of methane 100 times more water to produce 1lb of meat than to produce 1lb of wheat. days food for one meat eater uses over 4000 gallons of water for vege the figure is 1,200 gallons. In Britain the biggest cause of water pollution is meat production The waste from 600 million animals end up in our rivers. In April 1991 a report by the World Health Organisation (WHO) said that we should double the amount of fruit and veg in our diet. Veggies visit hospitals 22% less often than meat -eaters and for shorter stays. (1986 figures) based on avergae costs for in-patient treatment, this time-saving translates into a cost to the NHS (national health service) of 12,340 pounds for a vege compared to 58,062 for a omnivore. an increase in vegeies in england of 94% is shown between the survey by 'Realeat' in the beging of 1990 and the survey carried out by Bradford univesity in the beging of 1991. 67% said it was easy to become a vege 60% said their parents were realy helpful (young british veges) only 5% descrided meal time as a battle field 35% over non vege adults have considered becoming vege slightly higher figures in young (11 to 18 years) 39%56% of young females.higher interest in adult females 45% *****Anyone wants more info or the actual figures of the Bradord survey shouldmail me at a68ls@pel.ac.uk (a68ls@uk.ac.pel ;JANET)****************************************************************** BEN</text>
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<text>From: support2@IGC.ORGSubject: Strategy to Change Social PriorityMessage-ID: <9107231246.AA21679@cdp.igc.org>Date: 23 Jul 91 12:46:42 GMTArticle-I.D.: cdp.9107231246.AA21679Sender: daemon@ucbvax.BERKELEY.EDULines: 63/* Written 7:31 am Jul 23, 1991 by sustain in cdp:ideas *//* ---------- "Strategy to Change Social Priority" ---------- */CEII is the acronym for Citizens' Environmental Information Inventory. It was conceived to be an information pool from which any individual could select environment related material and to which new information could be added from any quarter. The scope and complexity of effectively providing this service is beyond our present ability, but it would be elementary for a society taking the challenge of sustainability seriously.Until the will arises to empower anyone interested with access to information, web:ceii.gen will be used to introduce, develop and coordinate a strategy promoting sustainability as a primary social goal.Once the priority is clear, the greatest strength that can be applied to the problem is an informed population. No government or institution could possibly understand everyone's particular circumstances well enough to tell us all what to do. Each of us knows our own lives best, given design criteria and easy access to information, we will find appropriate ways to adapt the parts of the world in our hands. The information inventory would also provide a receptacle for new ideas. Every individual has a unique background of experience. When considering the collective understanding, any one of us could come up with new insights that could serve us all. To cultivate popular involvement, a Citizens' Environmental Information Inventory could include:1) - Lists of individuals and organizations that take the need for sustainability seriously, their areas of interest and where they can be found. 2) - Lists of specific actions individuals can take to help. Suggestions could be accompanied, on request, with explanations of how the actions help.3) - Explanations of the issues. Basic descriptions with optional access to: additional detail, different views taken in debate, references to studies and research and descriptions of proposed research for which funding hasn't been available. 4) - References to educational materials, literature and audio-visual materials with abstracts. 5) - Listings of campaigns that have been or are being conducted around environmental issues, their tactics and lessons. 6) - A collection of visions of what a sustainable future might be like. More detail about these catagories is available in the conference.Until the resources become available for such an inventory, web:ceii.gen will provide a meeting place for people who would like to establish sustainability as a social priority. Focussing social strength whole heartedly on environmental adaptation will take a shift in the conventional wisdom. We are looking for co-operants in as many places as possible to help bring about this shift. Little is needed besides basic agreement with the goal of sustainability and a willingness to forward the idea in your region. With your cooperation we can actively accelerate the inevitable realization that sustainability is the direction in which the future lies.</text>
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<text>Newsgroups: talk.environmentSubject: Re: Sustaining the EarthMessage-ID: <15900002@hpfcso.FC.HP.COM>Date: 12 Aug 91 20:50:23 GMTArticle-I.D.: hpfcso.15900002References: <1991Aug3.034954.10118@talon.ucs.orst.edu>Organization: Hewlett-Packard, Fort Collins, CO, USALines: 32/ hpfcso:talk.environment / jdnicoll@watyew.uwaterloo.ca (James Davis Nicoll) / 2:15 pm Aug 10, 1991 /Well, maybe. I'd bet we kill ourselves off *before* sterilizing the planet though. Any bets on just when the situation will go to crap fast enough and severe enough to make it officially a major extinction event? There was an article in "Science" a few years ago which projected that half of the extant species on Earth will be gone within a century if current rates of tropical deforestation continue. I think that 50% of all species certainly qualifies as a mass extinction event.It's funny how some people seem to take 'there have been die backs as severe or worse than the current one' as 'Everything is just fine, and we needn't worry about the consquences of our activities.' Major extinctions look very unpleasant to live through, or to die in.James Nicoll Agreed. Generally speaking, it requires many millions of years after a mass extinction event for biodiversity to return to its former levels. Moreover, the ongoing extinction event is rather different in character from prior extinction events in that it is concentrated to a large extent in the tropical rainforests. These rainforests apparently managed to survive the K/T extinction in "relatively" good condition (although the larger animals were eliminated as previous posters have noted). This ought to be a source of major concern, because the tropical rainforests have been a primary source of new classes of organisms through time; they have been a veritable laboratory of evolution. There could also be some unpleasant climatological effects from widespread removal of rainforest cover. Mark Luce</text>
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<text>From: carl@sol1.gps.caltech.edu (Carl J Lydick)Newsgroups: sci.environmentSubject: Re: California Drought ReportMessage-ID: <1991Aug17.110416.18051@nntp-server.caltech.edu>Date: 17 Aug 91 11:04:16 GMTReferences: <9108152337.AA28416@cdp.igc.org> <JMC.91Aug15180438@DEC-Lite.Stanford.EDU>,<25515@ogicse.ogi.edu>Sender: news@nntp-server.caltech.eduReply-To: carl@sol1.gps.caltech.eduOrganization: HST Wide Field/Planetary CameraLines: 182In article <25515@ogicse.ogi.edu>, jhurst@ese.ogi.edu (Jim Hurst) writes:>California does not suffer from a water shortage, but rather from a systemic>pattern of water abuse and wastage. 83% of the state's goes to agriculture, >with the four biggest crops (alfalfa, hay, irrigated pasture, and rice)>using 14 million acre feet while contributing only $1.7 billion to the state's>economy (1986). Federal and state water projects have had a devastating impact>on wildlands and wildlife in your state, John, particularly riparian zones, and>your smug approval of your "advanced society" seems based on an ignorance of >water policy and impact. In fact, it smacks of the arrogance Babylon bragging >of it's irrigation projects. They were rather proud of them as well, you know.>Desert civilizations dependent on irrigation have a lousy track record...Agreed.>I quote from Constance Hunt, in her fine book, "Down By the River:">>Riparian ecosystems are vital biological networks finely tuned to>the rhythms of their rivers. They each support a distinctive complement>of plants and animals, like so many rich, unique, and endangered ecosystems>in the United States and throughout the world. Biological diversity is the>key to ecological stability. It is the source of future foods and medicines,>the seed of scientific knowledge and aesthetic beauty, and the birthright of>our children. Through awareness, knowledge, and action, and through whole->hearted effort and thoughtful coordination of people in communities, >government institutions, universities, and corporations, we can insure the>continued existence of riparian and other endangered ecosystems. [endquote]Of course, she neglects to mention the REASON the diversity is important, which SHOULD be critical to this argument: You want to have biota living under as wide a range of environmental conditions as possible. The reason for this is that if the conditions predominant in a given area change, for whatever reason, then you have populations already suited to the new conditions. This means that riparian ecosystems are vital, iff you expect the predominant conditions to suddenly (geologically speaking) change to riparian.>Or how about this one from Aldo Leopold:>>A system of conservation based solely on economic interest is >hopelessly lopsided. It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate,>many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are>(as far as we know) essential to its healthy functioning. It assumes, >falsely, I think, that the economic parts of the biotic clock will function>without the uneconomic parts. [eq]On the contrary, if the economic structure takes into account the problem of commons, it can handle such things VERY efficiently. This means that if you want an optimal mix, you DO NOT absolutely forbid use of these elements, any more than you allow unbridled use of them. The optimal strategy is to TAX the usage. If you think usage is too high, raise the taxes.>PS: The arrival of market oriented approaches promises to revolutionize>the way western water is managed, and to bring some sanity to water policy.>It is a most encouraging trend, and the California Water Bank is one of its>most promising children. Support instream flow!Again, agreed. Following are two items from _The_Los_Angeles_Times_ about a proposed water pipeline from Alaska to California. For those of you too young to remember (or with short memories), Hickell was the Secretary of the Interior under Nixon who, when asked how he got appointed, said some thing to the effect of "Well, Nixon doesn't think this is a very important post, so when he was asked whom he was planning to appoint, he said `Any hick'll do.'"The article:PIPELINE PLAN SEEN AS A PIPE DREAM*Water: An undersea conduit from Alaska to California would be too costly, too environmentally damaging and too `far out', a congressional workshop it told.By Richard Simon (Times staff writer)Water expert Dean Mann didn't mince words Wednesday when he told a congressional workshop exactly what he thought of a proposal for an undersea pipeline to bring water from Alaska to parched California."I think it is really a far-out idea," said Mann, a former staff member of the National Water Commission. "I think the cost is just so extraordinary that I cannot see it happening."Mann joined Alask Gov. Walter J. Hickel, Los Angeles County Supervisor Kenneth Hahn and about a dozen representatives of such groups as the Metropolitan Water Distrit, the Sierra Club and the Army Corps of Engineers for the first public discussion on the feasibility of the 1,400-mile pipeline.Suspended below the ocean's surface, the pipeline could bring in 5,000 cubic feet of water a second -- about 4 million acre-feet a year, a tenth of the state's water needs. In return for its water, Alaska would get cash and jobs.Hickel, a former U.S. interior secretary who has been promoting the pipeline since the 1960s, said the workshop is "the furthest the idea has gone."Some experts think that Mann's "far-out" assessment may be nearer the truth: A preliminary report by the congressional Office of Technology Assessment concluded that the pipeline is unnecessary and economically and politically unfeasible.The Fluor Daniel engineering firm described it as a "unique civil engineering undertaking." Others have said the pipeline, which would carry water inland to Shasta Lake and south via the California Aqueduct, would rank with the Panama Canal in its vastness.Hickel insisted that the pipeline could be built for half its projected $110-billion cost. He exhorted the panelists to be creative in coming up with ways to make it a reality.The 18-member panel met under a banner that read "Alaska-California Subsea Water Pipeline" and prominently featured the name of Hahn, its most ardent local supporter. Also on display was a poster featuring a quote from Hickel: "Big Projects Define a Civilization."The panelists almost outnumbered the audience. One Orange County pipeline manufacturer took the opportunity to hand out brochures on his product.Hickel said the project would not take water directly from Alaska's rivers and lakes but would collect it where it enters the ocean, and "where it's dumped into the icean is the least environmentally damaging," he said.However, a panelist from the Sierra Club said he hoped that the workshop would end the pipeline idea, which environmentalists consider a costly and superfluous pipedream."It's a completely ridiculous and unnecessary project," said Robert Hattoy, the Sierra Club's regional director. "California has acted like a thirsty vampire," he said. "This is just putting a faucet on the blood bank. What we have to do is change policies and behavior rather than drain Alaska's rivers."Even some representatives of water delivery agencies said that although the project is technically feasible, cheaper alternatives, such as desalting seawater, are available."We have enough water in the state to meet our demands," said Christine Reed, an MWD board member and former mayor of Santa Monica.The workshop was sponsored by the Office of Technology Assessment at the request of two representatives from the Southland and one from Alaska. It expects to complete its report by the end of the year.Harold C. Heinze, Alaska's commissioner of natural resources -- who had awakened to an unexpected Southern California drizzle and joked that back home this would have been a sunny day -- used another big project to promote the water pipeline."Alaska provides two-thirds of the gas you are driving around on," he said. "You might be very glad there was a trans-Alaska pipeline." But Mann, a political science professor at UC Santa Barbara, compared the pipeline to the ill-fated proposal for an American-built supersonic transport jet plane."The dramatic issue was the effect of the SST on the ozone, when in fact the fundamental issue was that it was going to cost too much and benefit too few people," he said.************************************************************************The editorial:THIS PIPELINE'S A PIPE DREAMHahn and Hickel's grandiose scheme is all wetAn undersea pipeline to carry freshwater from Alaska to California is an idea whose time may be coming --- but it isn't likely to arrive until the 35th Century, if then.Proposed by Alaska's flamboyant Gov. Walter J. Hickel and snapped up (hook, line and sinker) by Los Angeles County supervisor Kenneth Hahn, the plan had its first big "day in court" Wednesday. Our verdict is that it should also be the last.A workshop in Los Aneles, sponsored by the congressional Office of Technology Assessment (OTA), provided the forum. A cursory look for OTA by Fluor Daniel Corp., an engineering firm, set the price tag for the 2,000-mile pipeline at $150 billion, not counting operating costs. OTA itself noted that the costs of such massive projects almost always go up and seldom down.There was some talk at the workshop of driving a stake in the project's heart before government spent more money chasing the pipe dream. But an ordinary pencil held by an ordinary householder who drafts family budgets is the only stake needed to do it in.Nobody seemed to know for certain what customers would pay for the Alaskan water when it came out of their taps, but one estimate making the rounds was $4,000 an acre-foot -- enough water to meet the needs of only about five people for a year.The Metropolitan Water District is selling the same acre-foot to millions of Southern Californians this year for $260. That would make the Alaskan water nearly 16 times as expensive -- and it's not even bottled. It doesn't take a bargain hunter to figure out that what's being considered is no "best buy."When the Met takes delivery of water it has bought from farmers (who sold it rather than use it for irrigation), an acre-foot will cost about $300. Alaskan water would cost 13 times that. Even water produced by a desalination plant (built at $2 billion) would cost half of any that would flow south from Alaska.There are other arguments against the pipeline, such as possible damage the project would do to Alaskan fisheries. But in this case, money talks. It's saying, "No, thanks."--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Carl J Lydick | INTERnet: CARL@SOL1.GPS.CALTECH.EDU | NSI/HEPnet: SOL1::CARLDisclaimer: Hey, I understand VAXes and VMS. That's what I get paid for. Myunderstanding of astronomy is purely at the amateur level (or below). Sounless what I'm saying is directly related to VAX/VMS, don't hold me or myorganization responsible for it. If it IS related to VAX/VMS, you can try tohold me responsible for it, but my organization had nothing to do with it.</text>
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<text>From: jym@mica.berkeley.edu (Jym Dyer)Newsgroups: talk.environmentSubject: NEWS: "The Environmental President" to Push Duck StampsMessage-ID: <BIOSPH-L.24Sep1991.2139@naughty-peahen.org>Date: 25 Sep 91 05:40:16 GMTArticle-I.D.: naughty-.BIOSPH-L.24Sep1991.2139Sender: usenet@agate.berkeley.edu (USENET Administrator)Distribution: naOrganization: The Naughty Peahen Party LineLines: 81[Fish and Wildlife Service Press Release][From BIOSPH-L]> From: "Norman C. Saunders" <NYS@NIHCU.BITNET>> Subject: Four F&WS Press ReleasesFish and Wildlife ServiceFor Release: August 30, 1991Michael L. Smith 202-208-5650 President Bush Boosts Federal Duck Stamp Program President George Bush will appear in a series of broadcast public service announcements to boost public awareness of the Federal Duck Stamp, Interior Secretary Manuel Lujan announced today. "We are delighted with the President's support of the Federal Duck Stamp Program," Lujan said. "The Duck Stamp is one of our best and most reliable conservation tools for saving habitat for waterfowl and other migratory birds, but more people need to know about this program." The Federal Migratory Bird Hunting and Conservation Stamp was created in 1934 as a means of raising funds to acquire habitat for water-fowl nesting, feeding, and wintering sites. Over the past 57 years, the Duck Stamp, as it is commonly known, has generated almost $400 million to acquire nearly 4 million acres protected within the National Wildlife Refuge System. The stamp is required of all waterfowl hunters 16 years of age and older as part of their valid license to hunt ducks, geese, or swans. Stamps are also popular with stamp collectors and non-hunters. Since duck populations declined during the 1980's because of drought in their northern nesting areas, there has been a downward turn in waterfowl hunting and stamp sales. As a result, Interior's U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has had less stamp revenue available to purchase and protect habitat. "I'm afraid we're seeing a bit of a vicious cycle," said Mike Hayden, Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife and Parks. "Because of the downturn in duck numbers, some waterfowl hunters have shifted to other types of hunting. But loss of stamp sales reduces funding to acquire and safeguard quality habitat for the birds--this during a period of extended drought when they've needed it most." The television and radio spots in which the President appears urge audiences to write for additional information about the Federal Duck Stamp Program. Respondents will receive a brochure entitled "The Duck Stamp Story," which includes an order form to buy 1989, 1990, and 1991 Duck Stamps, and a letter from Secretary Lujan. "I want people to know that when they buy a Duck Stamp, virtually all of the money they have paid actually buys land," Lujan said. "Ninety-eight percent, in fact, goes to habitat. The two-percent overhead is equally distributed between the Bureau of Engraving and Printing, which prints the 4 million stamps for us each year, and the Postal Service, which serves as the main point of distribution and sales. I think that makes the Duck Stamp one of the most effective conservation investments anyone can make." Fish and Wildlife Service Director John Turner emphasized that, while migratory waterfowl have been the primary beneficiaries of the program over the years, hundreds of other species of birds, animals, and plants have benefitted as well. "The contributions have been incredible," Turner said. "It's been one of the truly great but seldom heralded success stories in American conservation. I especially hope the President's TV appearance will inspire young people to learn more about this program. We get many letters from school children and their teachers asking what they can do to help conservation. By buying a Duck Stamp, they would not only have a very beautiful and collectible stamp, but they would also have the satisfaction of knowing they helped save some wildlife and its habitat. The 1991-92 Federal Duck Stamp, a depiction of king eiders by Vermont artist Nancy Howe, is currently available for $15 at most major post offices and national wildlife refuges, or by direct order from the Duck Stamp Office, Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of the Interior, 1849 C Street, N.W., Room 2058, Washington, DC 20240.</text>
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<text>From: tgray@IGC.ORG (Tom Gray)Newsgroups: sci.environmentSubject: Lousy WeatherMessage-ID: <9110240159.AA12451@cdp.igc.org>Date: 24 Oct 91 01:59:32 GMTArticle-I.D.: cdp.9110240159.AA12451Sender: daemon@ucbvax.BERKELEY.EDULines: 278/* Written 2:57 pm Oct 18, 1991 by envcenwa in cdp:en.climate *//* ---------- "Lousy Weather" ---------- */Cc: conf!en.climate conf!oz.greenhouse________________________________________________________________The following article has been taken from "Environment" magazine - a publication of the Environment Centre of Western Australia. "Environment" is a quarterly publication that acts as a forum for the discussion of environmental issues in WA and its region. If you are interested in subscribing then send us your details and $12 (one years subscription) or $20 (two years) to: Environment Magazine PO Box 7375 Cloisters Square Perth, WA 6850Alternatively you can e-mail us and give details and receive an invoice with your first issue. If you would like to contribue an article/letter please e-mail. Jeff Bryant. ________________________________________________________________ Date: Sept 1991Vol. 13 No. 2Title: LOUSY WEATHER IN 2030Author: Trevor ThompsonEven given the most stringent control programmes for reducing Greenhouse gas emissions, short of completely stopping them world-wide, and instituting massive reafforestation, the Earth's climate will continue to warm up. This change will affect much of our lives, and will need to be planned for very seriously if economic and ecological mayhem is not to occur. Trevor Thompson is a university student and volunteer journalist for Environment. The prime minister has declared the 1990s the Decade of Landcare. The stated aim of this is to make Australia's farming sustainable by the year 2000 and the focus of the programme is the conservation of soils. However until recently most of the work that has been done in this area has assumed static climatic conditions. The possibility of climate change raises new questions about landcare and land-use. For instance, in what way is the Greenhouse Effect expected to alter WA's climate? What implications does this have for land-use? What has the West Australian community and government been doing to prepare for these expected changes? Climate change models produce scenarios of possible future climates. The Australian and New Zealand Environment Council (ANZEC) defines scenarios as plausible sets of climate variations designed to provide the basis for sensitivity studies and are not intended as predictions. Scenarios, then, are not certain by any means but are plausible. Current information suggests that by the year 2030, Australia will be experiencing: Temperature: Globally, temperature is expected to rise most toward the poles and least toward the equator. In Australia we may see a rise of the annual mean temperature by 2-4 degrees celsius. Greater warming is expected in the south than in the north. Sea-level: A rise of 10-40 cm. This would affect subterranean water tables causing changes in water flows, possibly leading to erosion and increased salinity. More cyclones: The southern limit of cyclones is expected to shift further south becoming more common in the Geraldton to Perth area. They may also be more frequent and intense. Rainfall: Changes will vary depending on latitude. In the south winters are expected to be drier. In the north spring rainfall is expected to increase. (see Figure 1) Extreme weather: Extremes such as high or low temperatures, higher winds, storm activity, droughts and floods may occur more often. What does all this mean for WA's rural industries? The industries thought to be most likely of concern are agriculture, forestry, fisheries and tourism. Also of concern are the implications of climate change for nature conservation and the frequency of natural disasters. Agriculture There is a lot of variation from region to region in the possible affects of climate change on agriculture in Western Australia. northerly regions: On the upside there may be some benefits for some northern farmers. Increased carbon dioxide levels, temperature and rainfall in the northern areas may lead to an increase in productivity. Increased pasture would lead to improved wool and beef production. These climate changes might also extend the geographical cropping limit. Increased vegetation in these areas may also help keep soil erosion in check. On the downside, changes in season length and temperature pattern would cause changes in crop maturation and yield. This would lead to changes in land use and in the marketable produce and therefore require changes in irrigation systems, roads, commodity storage and port facilities, possibly causing severe social dislocation. Factors which facilitate pasture growth would also facilitate weed growth and might lead to increases in plant and animals diseases and pests. Extreme weather conditions may cause increased land damage through floods, droughts, bushfires and cyclones. More intense rainfall and higher winds could also increase soil erosion. southern areas: Reduced winter rainfall is one of the most severe problems affecting southern agriculture, which includes all of the wheat belt. ANZEC stresses that "marginal areas" are the most vulnerable. The Eastern and North Eastern wheat belt is of particular concern to the Western Australian Agriculture department. It is still too early to know by how much rainfall is likely to be reduced. Farmers may cope with a 10% reduction, but a 50% reduction will put some out of business. Increased temperatures in the south may also upset tree fruit crops which have a strict chilling requirement for fruiting. Global climate change would affect where certain crops and pastures can be grown around the world. This would cause a change in commodity prices. Warmer temperatures in Europe may also lead to different clothing needs there and thus bring down the wool price. Changes in prices, due to changes in the way that the world produces and consumes commodities, may be the biggest threat that the Greenhouse Effect poses for WA agriculturalists. What response has WA made to these problems? The Agriculture Department appointed climatologist Ian Foster partly to advise on ways of dealing with climate change. Foster says the Landcare Project aims to increase the farmer's flexibility and preserve options for using the land. This, if achieved, would allow farmers to choose crops in response to changing conditions and commodity prices. The department is also co-operating with various research programmes at the moment to help predict regional climatic changes. ANZEC recommended the formation of farmers' self-help groups. WA leads the way in this with the initiation of the Land Management Society, a private group of farmers which operates largely as an information network, in 1983. forestry The forest industry must make some difficult decisions now simply because the trees, of long-term stocks, which are planted now will still be around in 40 years. Species must be selected that will withstand climate change. Forestry plans, because they are so long-term, are not very flexible. Short-term stock, such as Eucalyptus trees, because they have a shorter turnover time therefore be used most effectively to cope with changing conditions. Warmer conditions and carbon dioxide increases may aid tree growth, especially of the Pinus species. Warmer conditions however also increase the risk of fungal disease and fire. There may be a decrease in commercially available forest due to the decrease in water supply. Climate changes may also alter the structure of forest and woodland ecosystems. ANZEC has therefore recommended several reviews of forest management in the coming years. As with agriculture, climate changes around the world may affect prices of produce. What has been the response? The Department of Conservation and Land Management (CALM) has established an executive level committee on Greenhouse and climate change, which is producing working papers to define policy and planning imperatives. A review entitled The Greenhouse Effect and Western Australian Forests is still in press. fisheries Climate changes that affect fisheries include changes in coastal systems, prevailing winds, ocean circulation systems, rainfall, sea-level and sea surface temperature. Breeding and nursery areas for fish may be in danger, particularly estuarine habitats and mangroves in the north. Increases or decreases in these areas would affect fish quantities. An increase in mangrove areas would favour certain species of fish, crab and prawn. However a rise in sea-level could lead to decrease in sea-grass in these areas and so be detrimental to these species. On the other hand, an increase in sea temperature may increase the larval survival rate and so boost the numbers. Tropical species may shift further south. This is not such a problem for West Australians with our long coastline covering many degrees of latitude, but smaller states may have problems as fish species move out of their waters. The Australian Fisheries Management Authority (AFMA) admits that marine ecosystems are poorly understood and that more research is required. nature conservation Generally it is expected that species would shift further south in the event of climate change. The most vulnerable nature reserves are therefore those that are small (probably of the order of tens of kilometres in width), isolated and have no provision for wildlife corridors. A further problem arises because the rate of climate shift in all likelihood may be faster than many plant species are able to naturally migrate. Plant species that cope with climate shift would probably be plants that are already widely dispersed and those that are able to colonise a wide variety of soil types. Likewise, animals that are able to successfully migrate will be those that have broad adaptability to different habitats, or that are already widely dispersed. The planning of reserves must take these factors into account. Climate change severely threatens biodiversity. CALM is promoting native vegetation retention in blocks and corridors between reserves. It has also developed the capacity to breed and translocate endangered animals like the noisy scrub bird and the numbat. More research is also needed in this area. tourism Much of WA's tourist industry is based close to the coast, coasts threatened by rising sea-level inundation and by erosion through changes in water run-off. Of particular concern are the coasts of the Geographe Bay to Jurien area and also the low-lying Pilbara coast. The Department of Marine and Harbours are setting up a coastal sensitivity index for coastlines prone to erosion or inundation, but this is still in its preliminary stages. The Tourism Commission has undertaken to include Greenhouse considerations in its advice to the tourism industry. summary More research is needed in all the areas mentioned above. As yet the CSIRO has only completed its first interim report with more to follow. Global research is also needed as climate change will alter the way goods are produced all over the world, affecting both markets and prices. The danger is that government departments will pay only lip service to the preparations necessary for us to cope with climate change. It is therefore essential that Australians remain informed about what needs to be done by departments and planners. References 1. Local Government and the Greenhouse Effect; Environmental Protection Authority (WA). 2. Towards a National Greenhouse Strategy for Australia; ANZEC; Australian Government Publishing Service; 1990. 3. Greenhouse Strategy for Western Australia; WA Greenhouse Co-ordination Council; EPA; 1990. 4. Greenhouse Australia; CALM pamphlet reprinted from Landscope, Autumn 1990. 5. National Soils Conservation Programme; Agriculture Dept. pamphlet; 1990. The author would like to thank the Environmental Protection Authority and the West Australian Department of Agriculture for their assistance. ---------About the Energy and Climate Information Exchange...The item above is reposted from the Energy and Climate Information Exchange (ECIX), based on EcoNet, one of the IGC Networks. ECIX is designed to disseminate information on renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies and their relation to global climate change.ECIX is open to all IGC Networks subscribers. For subscription information, contact IGC through electronic mail at the following addresses:Internet: support@igc.orgBitnet: support%igc.org@stanfordUUCP: uunet!pyramid!cdp!support</text>
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<text>Date: Thu, 24 Oct 1991 13:00:07 EDTReply-To: MUSEUM-L - MUSEUM discussion list <MUSEUM-L@UNMVM.BITNET>Sender: MUSEUM-L - MUSEUM discussion list <MUSEUM-L@UNMVM.BITNET>Comments: Converted from PROFS to RFC822 format by PUMP V2.2Comments: Resent-From: Mark Lee <IRMSS908@SIVM>From: Mark Lee <IRMSS908@SIVM.BITNET>Subject: Iceman's WeatherFrom: Mark Lee Office Applications Group, OIRM Arts & Industries Building Room 2310A continuation of the story which I sent earlier. - Mark Lee+-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-+| Mark Lee | Phone: (202) 357-4222 || Smithsonian Institution | E-Mail: IRMSS908 @ SIVM.BITNET |+-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-+ Sunday's _Columbus [OH] Despatch_ carried the following storyfrom the New York Times. Mummy links today's weather to that of 2000 B.C. VIENNA -- The discovery of a 4,000-year-old mummified man in a glacier in Austria late last month is the most complete Bronze Age find in Europe and may also provide new insight into ancient weather conditions, scientists say. The body was sighted on Sept. 19 by German mountain climbers at 10,500 feet on the Similaun glacier in the southwestern Austrian province of Tirol near the Italian border. Its estimated age is based on the ax found at its side. The ax is of a well-known type that appears exclusively from the Early Bronze age, which in Europe started about 2000 B.C. "It's a very important find," said Chris Stringer, who heads the Human Origins Project at the Museum of Natural History in London and has seen pictures of the withered corpse. There are some from peat bogs but those are not anywhere near this age. The British example, Lindow Man, is 2,000 years old. This is double that." "The man surely hadn't melted out in 4,000 years or otherwise he would have disintegrated within weeks," said Gernot Patzelt, a professor at the Institute for Alpine Research at the University of Innsbruck, who has explored the site. "That means that for the first time in 4,000 years, this area is ice-free. You can deduce from that that the climatic conditions now are similar to the time 4,000 years ago." Scientists believe that the last time the Alpine glaciers were as small as they are now was 700 years ago, when the climate was also similar to that now. What they still do not know is whether the glaciers' retreat is part of a natural cycle or whether it has been speeded by the greenhouse effect, the climate warming induced by a buildup of polluting gases in the earth's atmosphere. "But the fact that this area was ice-free 4,000 years ago is proof that even without the man-made greenhouse effect, the climate was as warm as now," Patzelt said. It is not yet understood why the body did not melt out during the last warm period. But the reason may lie in its location away from the sun at the bottom of a five-foot-wide, nine-foot-deep trench that runs through rock for about 150 feet. Patzelt said the man's body remained where he died because the ice was trapped in the trench. Normally the bodies of people are carried along as glaciers move down mountains. Under pressure of the ice, the corpses are transformed into a waxy material. Five bodies of mountain climbers who died in the last 50 years have emerged from the glaciers in Austria thus summer, which some experts say means that much ice has melted. Tired-fingeredly, Juris G. Lidaka Internet Lidaka@WVSVAX.WVNET.EDU Bitnet Lidaka@WVNWVSC</text>
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<text> From: BITNET%"SEANET-L@NUSVM.BITNET" "Southeast Asian Studies List" 14-NOV-1991 23:54:59.40To: Chris Morrison <CMORRISO@SNYESCVA.BITNET>CC:Subj: Asia: Deforestation Received: From UBVM(MAILER) by SNYESCVA with Jnet id 3207 for CMORRISO@SNYESCVA; Thu, 14 Nov 1991 23:54 EDTReceived: by UBVM (Mailer R2.07) id 9748; Thu, 14 Nov 91 23:53:45 ESTDate: Wed, 13 Nov 1991 19:03:05 PSTReply-To: Southeast Asian Studies List <SEANET-L@NUSVM.BITNET>Sender: Southeast Asian Studies List <SEANET-L@NUSVM.BITNET>From: Indonesia Publications/Task Force <apakabar@IGC.ORG>Subject: Asia: DeforestationTo: Chris Morrison <CMORRISO@SNYESCVA.BITNET> HEAVY FOREST DESTRUCTION MAKES NATURAL DISASTERS WORSE MANILA (NOV. 13) IPS - Throughout Asia, barren hillsides have taken on a grim menacing aspect in the wake of recent natural disasters apparently made worse by man-made forest destruction. Early this month, over 6,000 people were killed in central Philippines by flash floods that raced down the bald hills of Leyte Island, surged through swollen rivers and swept entire communities out to sea. Environment officials blamed the disaster, the country's worst in two decades, on an unusual combination of factors. These included siltation, "natural damming" and extraordinarily heavy rains generated by what had seemed like a mild tropical storm. But Manila's press scorned the "freak disaster" theory and blamed loggers, legal and illegal, who had wiped out some 90 percent of the island's forest cover over the past four decades. Similar tragedies have struck elsewhere in the developing world in recent years. In 1987, over 3,000 people perished in Colombia when heavy rains triggered mudflows and landslides. In November 1989, torrential rains fell on steep, barren hills of Thailand's southern province of Nakhon Si Thammarat setting off floods and mudslides that buried whole villages. But what ignited the Thai public's anger was the discovery of many freshly cut logs amid the debris left by the flashfloods. The outcry which followed forced Bangkok to decree a logging ban throughout the country. Indonesia, which has Asia's largest rainforests, periodically suffers not from floods, but vast forest fires. Over the past few months, up to 500,000 hectares of forests are feared to have been lost to fires which experts say have been worsened by logging practices that leave the forests littered with volatile deadwood. Asia's forests have been vanishing at an accelerating rate over the past 20 years. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), some 4.7 million hectares of forests in the region have been obliterated every year from 1981 to 1990. That is more than double the two million hectares lost yearly from 1970 to 1980. The FAO study said such enormous losses threatened the region's ecological balance. But experts are still divided over exactly how deforestation worsens the impact of natural calamities. Moreover, many governments are reluctant to admit for political reasons the damage caused by wanton forest destruction. Earlier this year, China suffered its worst floods in 50 years. At least seven provinces and 50 million hectares of valuable farmland were under water for two months. Chinese officials said the floods were caused by a combination of factors that included the "greenhouse effect," volcanic ash from the June eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in the Philippines, and smoke from burning oil wells in Kuwait. But U.S.-based environmental groups say large-scale denuding of the Tibetan highlands played a big role in the catastrophe. They say indiscriminate logging, the migration of settlers to upland areas, the ruinous application of lowland farming practices were to blame. This seems to bear out claims by other environmental groups that the denudation in the Himalayas has worsened the horrific floods in the low-lying delta of Bangladesh. In 1988, a massive flood inundated three-fourths of the country's land area and displaced one-third of Bangladesh's over 100 million people. This was quickly blamed on deforestation in the Himalayas. But some experts disagreed. They attributed the calamity more to the fact that the catchment areas that feed the Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers received very heavy rain at the same time. As a result, both rivers overflowed their banks simultaneously. Chinese and Philippine authorities raise similar arguments. In the case of China, they say that the impact of 1,000 mms. of rain in just two months cannot be blamed on logging. In the Leyte tragedy, weather officials say nearly 150 mms of rain fell on the island in a three-hour period, a deluge that happens only once every 50 years.</text>
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<text>by Ric Jensen,Information Specialist, TWRIMany scientists believe that the 1980s are the warmest decade in recorded history and they warn the worst is yet to come. They say the earth's climate may change more in the next century than it has in the last 18,000 years.Scientists who have been studying the world's climate believe the earth may be experiencing the early symptoms of global warming associated with a phenomenon commonly known as the "greenhouse effect." Researchers are utilizing complex computer programs called general circulation models (GCMs) to simulate future climate conditions.Fossil fuel emissions increase atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (C02) and other trace gases that could lead to global warming. Meanwhile, deforestation is reducing the amount of C02 consumed by plants. Measurements indicate that there are now record high levels of C02 in the atmosphere. Texas produces more C02 and nitrous oxide than any state (Machado and Piltz, 1988).Results from the computer models suggest that even if actions are taken now, it may be too late to stop some global warming from taking place. Most GCMs divide the atmosphere into grid boxes. Typical models divide the atmosphere vertically into nine layers and horizontally into boxes that are about the size of France. The models are linked together mathematically so they can adjust to simulated temperature changes. Although GCMs can paint a broad picture of how the climate may change over a wide area, they can't provide detailed estimates of how the weather may change in a given state or region. Another problem is that models have not yet been developed that incorporate such critical variables as ocean currents or cloud patterns into forecasts. Some experts speculate that increased cloud cover could result in lower temperatures (Revkin, 1989) or that ocean systems may delay the onset of global warming because it takes the massive seas so long to warm. More data are needed on rainfall distribution, cloud formation and ocean temperatures.Despite the shortcomings, the models have been able to simulate average global temperature rises during the past 30 years with 99% accuracy. Many scientists are convinced that global temperatures will rise throughout the 21st century and beyond.It may be hard to envision how a warming of a few degrees could affect Texas, but the impact on the state's water supplies could be significant. Rainfall in inland Texas is generally expected to decline. By the year 2050, temperatures in the Rio Grande Valley could be as much as 9┬░ F warmer, roughly 5┬░ F hotter in central Texas, and up to 4┬░ F higher on the High Plains (Begley, 1988). In Dallas, the number of days per year with temperatures above 100┬░ F could skyrocket from 19 to 78. This would increase evaporation and transpiration from native vegetation, crops, and landscape plants. It could also increase competition between recreation, agriculture, urban and other water users for limited supplies.Rivers and streams could lose a large part of their flows. Many experts believe that the impact could be similar to the droughts of the 1950s when streamflows slowed to just half of normal levels. Low streamflows caused by warmer temperatures and less than average rainfall could severely reduce water quality. Rivers often dilute the concentration of wastewater and pollutants generated by cities and industries. With less water in the rivers, water quality may deteriorate. Projected population increases in cities that depend on rivers for water supplies could make the problem even worse.Low river flows could also lessen the amount of fresh water that supports fragile bays and estuaries. Without enough fresh water, these areas could become too saline for valuable fish and shellfish species that need lower salinities during portions of their life cycles.Sea levels in the gulf of Mexico are expected to rise. Low-lying areas may be more flood-prone, and beaches may have to be rebuilt or abandoned after being ravaged by larger, stronger storms. Salt water from the Gulf of Mexico could contaminate aquifers and rivers. Severe hurricanes may be more common.Global warming may also disrupt natural ecosystems. Many experts believe that the climate will change too quickly for animals and plants to adapt or migrate to new areas. Inland fish populations may be unable to escape high water temperatures or habitats may disappear.Studies are now under way to prepare for the possible impact of global warming. Scientists hope to learn how rivers will respond to higher temperatures, to project when the warming will begin, to develop strategies to adapt to the warmer climate, and to increase agricultural and urban water use efficiency.What is Global Warming?The earth's temperature is determined by a number of factors including the amount of sunlight it reflects and the extent to which the atmosphere retains heat. When sunlight strikes the earth, it warms the surface, which then radiates heat back to space. However, water vapor, C02 and other atmospheric gases such as methane and nitrous oxide absorb a large portion of the infrared radiation emitted by the earth's surface and redirect some of the infrared energy back to the surface. This provides additional heat and raises temperatures. Because the atmosphere prevents heat from escaping, causing higher surface temperatures, many have compared the process to what takes place in a greenhouse and the process is commonly referred to as "the greenhouse effect" (see Figure 1).During the last century, the earth's temperature has risen roughly 1┬░ F. Although this may seem insignificant, even a slight change in climate can have immense consequences. In the last ice age, temperatures were only about 9┬░ F colder than they are today. Over time, naturally occurring climate changes have brought about the extinction of species and have changed the world's geography by flooding some once dry areas and evaporating seas to cause land masses to appear.During the last 20 years, C02 levels have risen from 315 parts per million (ppm) to more than 340 ppm (Changing Climate, 1983). Most of the increase has been attributed to the burning of fossil fuels. Concentrations of gases such as methane and nitrous oxide are also rising. During the 1980s, atmospheric methane concentrations increased by 1% per year. Major sources of methane include rice production, livestock operations, wetlands, landfills and the burning of biomass and fossil fuels. The impact of increased levels of these gases on global temperatures could equal that of C02 concentrations.If C02 levels double in the 21 st century (experts say there is a 75% chance this will happen), average global temperatures could rise by up to 7┬░ F (See Figure 2). The increase will be most profound in polar regions where temperatures could rise by as much as 25 F, melting ice caps during summer months. Since a warmer atmosphere should hold more water, 7 to 11% more precipitation is predicted worldwide. The added precipitation will not fall uniformly and could be offset by increased evaporation (Postel, 1988).Modeling the Earth's ClimateScientists are simulating the earth's future climate using computer models. These models utilize data on such factors as clouds, ice levels on seas and polar ice caps, ocean currents, soil moisture, ground level heat losses, the transfer of heat within the atmosphere, and others. From these variables, the models can simulate what the future climate may be like.Most of the models make their predictions based on the assumption that C02 levels will double by a certain point in time. Other models estimate climate scenarios based on varying C02 levels. The most currently used models include the GISS (NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies), the GFDL (Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Model at Princeton University), the NCAR (National Center for Atmospheric Research at Boulder, CO), and an EPA model at Oregon State University.Climatologists are now attempting to develop simulation models that could be specific to Texas. In the near future, Gerald North, a researcher in the Climate System Research Program at Texas A&M University, hopes to begin work on a model that may more accurately simulate the Texas climate using a supercomputer. The longterm goal of the project is to model climate change over areas as small as river basins or watersheds. North has also been working with NASA to develop instruments that could be put aboard satellites to provide indepth information on tropical rainfall patterns, biological changes in rivers and lakes, ocean circulation, and other phenomena. North says it is essential to gather this data so that accurate simulations of global warming can be developed.Impacts on Texas RiversSeveral models predict that much of Texas will receive less winter rainfall, reducing recharge to aquifers and runoff to river systems. The Texas coast could receive more summer rainfall than the rest of the state. Unfortunately, much of that could come in heavy storms.A study of the Pease River on the Texas Oklahoma border near Vernon suggests that a 1 0%drop in rainfall and a 4% increase in evaporation could cut runoff in half (Nemac and Schaake, 1982). Global warming could also increase evapotranspiration from crops and landscapes. Roughly 87% of Texas' precipitation is now evaporated or transpired. An 8┬░ F temperature rise could increase evapotranspiration rates to 95% (Dudek, 1 987a), reducing water supplies.A temperature rise of 4┬░ F and a 10% drop in precipitation would decimate some of the state's rivers, according to another study (Revelle and Waggoner, 1983). Results predict the Rio Grande would suffer a 75% drop in its streamflow and other Texas rivers emptying into the gulf of Mexico could see streamflows cut in half.Global warming may reduce water quality by reducing streamflows, which are vital to dilute wastewater and other pollutants and to provide crucial freshwater flows to bays and estuaries. Without freshwater inflows, salinities in the bays could rise and species which depend on low salinity waters during certain stages of their life cycle could be threatened.Global warming also creates a twopronged dilemma in which both hurricanes and droughts could be more likely, making it more difficult to manage reservoirs. To guard against droughts, more water could be stored in Reservoirs. To protect against flooding, reservoirs could be drawn down more than usual. Choosing the wrong reservoir management strategy could increase the risk of flooding or water shortages.Impacts on Coastal Texas: Sea Level RiseSea levels could rise by 3 to 4 feet in the next century(6 to 9 inches for each┬░Frise) because polar ice caps and glaciers could melt and because seas expand as they warm. Sea level rise may permanently flood some areas, erode beaches, and result in salt water contamination of fresh water supplies. Higher sea levels may also provide a higher base for storm surges to build on making severe floods more likely.In Texas, the impact of sea level rise could be significant. Some coastal areas in Texas experienced as much as 3 feet of sinking in the 20th century because of excessive groundwater use, and some coastal cities are already near sea level. One study examined if sea level rises of more than 2 feet and storm surges would increase flooding on Galveston Island (Leatherman, 1984). Results indicate that Galveston Island could become more vulnerable to floods and that parts of Bolivar Island could suffer increased erosion. The combined impact of sea level rise and subsidence at Galveston could be as much as 8 feet by the year 2100 (Titus, 1988). An EPA study found that a 1 foot sea level rise would erode most sandy beaches along the Gulf of Mexico (Hoffman and others 1983).Sea level rise has also created a debate about the best way to preserve existing developments and wetlands. Constructing bulkheads and levees may protect coastal developments against sea level rise, but may also prevent new wetlands from forming. Building bulkheads and levees to guard against a sea level rise of 3 feet could cost as much as $111 billion nationwide (Titus, 1988). However, more than 84% of existing Texas wetlands could be lost if these barriers were erected to protect current developments. Wetlands near the Texas-Louisiana border could be especially vulnerable. Experts recommend that low-lying coastal cities and developed areas should be protected,but sparsely populated areas should adapt to changing shorelines.An EPA report (Smith and Tirpak, 1988) estimated the cost of adjusting to sea level rise. The report projected it would cost more than $83 million for Corpus Christi, TX, to adjust to a 7-foot sea level rise by building bulkheads and relocating buildings, roads and utilities. The cost of pumping sand to replace eroded beaches along the Texas coast could be more than $17.6 billion.Impacts on AgricultureGlobal warming may bring a mixed bag of blessings and curses for agricultural producers. Milder winters may reduce the risk of freezes that cripple citrus crops in the Rio Grande Valley and could expand tropical crop production into central Texas. Conversely, inland areas such as the Texas High Plains could experience significantly higher temperatures, causing more plant stress. Increased C02 concentrations may help crops use water more efficiently, boosting yields. Climate variability could increase, ruining crops in some years and creating bumper crops in others. Global warming could also create milder winter temperatures, increasing pests and plant disease problems. Droughts, hailstorms, and freezes could become more common.Dryland farming may be particularly affected because rainfall is expected to decline as plant water needs increase because of greater evapotranspiration. Some hard hit dryland farming areas will probably have to be abandoned or converted to other uses. Dryland crop yields could drop by 18 to 44% and irrigated yields could be reduced by up to 21%unless crops can be developed to take advantage of high C┬░2 levels (Smith and Tirpak, 1988).Irrigated agriculture is expected to be less affected as long as water sources are not severely impaired. The amount of water needed to irrigate crops is expected to rise by 5 to 25%, and irrigated acreage on the Texas High Plains is predicted to increase by as much as 30,000 acres (Clarkson and King, 1989). Projections suggest that sensitive aquifers such as the Ogallalla and Edwards could be overdrafted by up to 6%.In the Texas High Plains, winter wheat could replace spring wheat and grain sorghum could replace corn. As a result, grain sorghum production is expected to increase by 30% as global warming takes place. In west Texas,agricultural acreage is expected to decrease significantly, and demand for irrigation could increase by up to 25%.Ironically, higher C02 concentrations could benefit agricultural production. Plants in a C02 enriched environment may grow faster and use water more efficiently since leaf openings narrow. If C02 levels rise to 600 ppm, wheat, oats, rice, soybeans and barley could reap the greatest benefits. Grain sorghum, corn and sugar cane would be less affected (Rosenberg, 1987). Experts note that higher temperatures caused by global warming may occur prior to an actual doubling of atmospheric C02 levels.One study suggested that crop yields could increase by 5 to 30% as a result of doubled C02 levels (Dudek, 1 987b). However, the study also said crop yields could drop 5% for every 2┬░ F rise in temperature and net farm income in the southern U.S. could decline by up to $7 billion annually.University ResearchScientists with the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station (TAES) are investigating issues associated with climate change. C. Allan Jones, a researcher at the Blackland Research Center in Temple, TX, is utilizing computer models to predict the impacts of global warming and increased C02 levels on existing agricultural systems, and hopes to recommend alternative farming systems that could adapt to future climates.Bruce McCarl of the Texas A&M University Agricultural Economics Department is modeling the impact of climate change on irrigated and dryland agricultural production and crop prices as part of a multi-university study sponsored by the EPA (Adams and others, 1988). Results suggest that precipitation could drop by as much as 8% and water supplies could decrease by 3%. Evapotranspiration could increase by as much as 7%. A major part of this study was to consider the combined effects of higher temperatures and increased C02 levels. When increased C02 concentrations were included in the analyses, dryland corn yields increased by up to 28%, dryland and irrigated soybean yields both dropped by as much as 30%; and dryland wheat yields were cut in half. Projected agricultural acreage decreased by as much as 36%, even when the impact of heightened C02 levels was considered.Rice University researchers are also studying the greenhouse effect. John Anderson of Rice's Geology Department has been analyzing Gulf Coast sediments that are up to 18,000 years old to determine the rate of sea level rise in ancient times. Anderson believes that current rates of sea level rise are roughly 20 times less than they were 7,000 years ago. He thinks sea levels may rise more slowly in the future than is currently being predicted. Ron Sass of Rice's Biology Department has been measuring methane levels at rice fields in Texas and Louisiana to determine if methane emissions are increasing. Tamara Ledley of Rice's Space Physics Department is studying how changes in the size of polar ice sheets affect the amount of light that is reflected back into space and how that impacts global warming.Two efforts to better understand the role of oceans in climate change are underway at Texas A&M University. Worth Nowlin of the Oceanography Department is coordinating the efforts of U.S. scientists in the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE). The WOCE program, an international effort involving scientists from 40 nations, is utilizing satellites and is taking on-site measurements to record information on surface winds, sea surface elevations, and other environmental factors. The program hopes that the increased data on ocean processes may lead to more accurate climate simulations. In another project, Robert Bidigare of the Geochemical and Environmental Research Group is part of the Global Ocean Flux Study that is analyzing pigments in minute plant life in the sea called plankton. He recently returned from a voyage that deployed moorings and light sensors off the coast of Iceland to gather data on how much C02 plankton absorb.Researchers at Texas Tech University are trying to increase rainfall through cloud seeding. Gerald Jurica (Jurica, 1988) of Texas Tech's Atmospheric Science Group estimates that 560 trillion gallons of atmospheric water vapor flow over the western third of Texas each year, but only 5% of it falls as rain for the region. He thinks that it may be possible to increase rainfall in areas that would otherwise be dry, and boost the amount of water released in storms.A multi-university study is being proposed by the Houston Area Research Center to examine the impact of global warming on flows of the Trinity,Colorado,and Rio Grande rivers and would explore policy options.Responses to Global WarmingVarious strategies have been suggested to slow the rate of global warming. These include increased usage of natural gas, which emits less CO2 than other fossil fuels; expanded use of nuclear energy; more efficient energy use; increased use of renewable forms of energy such as solar and wind power; and reforestation. Methods to adapt to higher temperatures include irrigation strategies and technologies that save water; flexible reservoir operation strategies; and rainfall enhancement (Clarkson and King, 1989). Farmers may adjust to climate change by growing full-season and heat resistant crop species, altering planting dates, increasing irrigation, and harvesting earlier.Because agriculture uses so much water, some policy makers view water marketing as a way to make up deficits caused by climate change. As global warming reduces water supplies, urban areas may try to acquire agricultural water rights. Interbasin transfers could also become more politically acceptable.SummaryAlthough global climate change isn't a "sure thing" - scientists can't guarantee that these consequences will take place - the current scientific consensus is that some global warming is on the way.Climate change may have direct impacts on Texas' water supplies. Droughts could be more common, coastal areas may be threatened by more violent storms and increased flooding and erosion. There could be less water for irrigation at a time when demands will increase. Agriculture could be severely impacted in arid areas of the state and dryland farming regions.Research may be the best defense to cope with the effects of climate change or to delay its coming. Water-saving strategies and technologies that make water use more efficient could help Texas cope with global warming. Studies in reservoir management may develop strategies that satisfy both the needs of flood control and water storage. Research to develop alternative fuels and improve long-term weather forecasting could also help solve the global warming problem.ReferencesAdams, Richard, Bruce McCarl, J.D. Glyer, and D. Dudek, "Implications of Global Climate Change for Western Agriculture," Western Journal of Agricultural Economics, Lincoln, NE, December, 1988.Begley, Sharon, "Heat Waves: Inside the Greenhouse," Newsweek New York, NY, July 11, 1988.Changing Climate, National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1983.Clarkson, Judith, and Robert King, Global Warming and the Future of Texas Agriculture: Impacts and Policy, Texas Department of Agriculture, Austin, TX, 1989.Dudek, Daniel, "Assessing the Implications of Changes in Carbon Dioxide Concentrations and Climate for Agriculture in the U.S.," paper presented at First North American Conference on Climate Change, Washington, DC, 1987a.Dudek, Daniel, "Economic Implications of Climate Change Impacts on Southern Agricultural," in Proceedings of the Symposium on Climate Change in the Southem U.S.: Future Impacts and Present Policy Issues, US EPA, Washington, DC, 1 987b.Hoffman, John, Dale Keyes and Dennis Tirpak, The Potential Effects of Global Climate Change on the United States: Draft Report to Congress, Executive Summary, US EPA, Washington, DC, 1983.Jurica, Gerald M., Summary of Recent Research on Rainfall Enhancement in West Texas, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 1988.Leatherman, Stephen, "Coastal Geomorphic Responses to Sea Level Rise: Galveston Bay, Texas," in Greenhouse Effects and Sea Level Rise, Von Nostrand Reinhold, New York, NY, 1984.Machado, Sheila, and Rick Piltz, Reducing the Rate of Global Warming: The States' Role, Renew America, Washington, DC, 1988.Nemac, J., and J. Schaake, "Sensitivity of Water Resource Systems to Climate Variation," Hydrological Sciences Journal, Oxford, United Kingdom, September, 1982.Postel, Sandra, Altering the Earth's Chemistry)/:Assessing the Risks, Worldwatch Institute, Washington, DC, 1986.Revelle R.R., and P.E. Waggoner, '~Effects of Carbon Dioxide-Induced Climate Change on Water Supplies in the Western U.S.," in Changing Climate, National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1983.Revkin, Andrew C., "Clouds in the Greenhouse," Discover, June, 1 989.Rosenberg, Norman, "Drought and Climate Change: For Better or Worse?", in Planning for Drought: Toward a Reduction in Societal Vulnerability, Westview Press, Boulder, CO, 1987.Smith, Joel, and Dennis Tirpak, Potential Effects of Global Climate Change on the United States (Draft), EPA, Washington, DC, 1 988.Titus, James, Greenhouse Effect, Sea Level Rise, and Coastal Wetlands, US EPA, Washington, DC, 1988.Jensen, Ric. "Are Things Warming Up?" Texas Water Resources. Vol.15, No. 1. Spring 1989.</text>
