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- [Daniel Sears passed this on for inclusion in the VideoToolbox. dgp 11/94]
-
- AV Macs & Framegrabbing - the inside story.
- ----------------------------------------
-
- Please feel free to correct any points in this message you know to be wrong.
-
- Over the past two months I have been agonising over whether to buy an AV Mac for
- the Physics Lab I work in. The aim would be to grab greyscale images of
- diffraction patterns and analyse the relative intensities of diffraction spots.
- This requires digitising into 256 grey levels to provide the necessary greyscale
- resolution.
-
- In order to see whether the AVs were suitable for this I looked in detail at the
- hardware specs of these machines as described in Apple's developer note. This
- note gives a circuit diagram of the digitiser hardware, including chip numbers.
- They have used a number of Philips chips to handle the digitisation. I went out
- and bought myself the Philips technical notes for these chips, and what follows
- is a summary of the AV Macs digitisers. It may be that Apple are using these
- chips in a non-standard way that might invalidate some of the comments I am going
- to make, but there appears to be no detailed information, other than that found
- in the developer note, on the built-in digitiser's hardware and performance.
-
- (1) The chip set used for digitisation in the AV Macs are primarily used in
- standard TV applications where quality and faithful rendition of the digitised
- image are governed by the response of the human eye which is fairly tolerant.
-
- (2) The 8-bit (256 levels) analog-to-digital converters (ADC) (Philips chips
- TDA8708 & TDA8709) that digitise the incoming video signal also digitise the
- synchronisation pulses in the video signal. In particular the first 64 levels of
- grey are used for the sync pulses, and the top 16 levels of grey are never used.
- This means that the effective resolution available for video digitisation is only
- 176 levels. This may be OK for TV applications but is only suitable for a limited
- range of scientific purposes.
-
- (3) The ADC's have an automatic gain control (AGC) feature which appears to be
- enabled. This will automatically alter the gain of the ADCs depending on the
- average level of the video signal. So as the images get darker the gain goes up,
- as they get lighter the gain goes down. There appears to be no way to adjust the
- gain or contrast of the digitised image from software (see Apple's own
- VideoMonitor where the brightness & contrast controls have little or no effect).
-
- (4) The digitised video is then passed to another Philips chip (SAA7191) for
- converting the input digital video standard (PAL, NTSC, SECAM etc) into a
- standard YUV 4:2:2 signal as defined by the CCIR-601 standard. During this
- process it maps the digitised luminance (brightness) levels from 64 -> 240 (as
- produced by the ADCs) to 16 -> 235 which will correspond to the black -> white
- level range. In other words it interpolates from 170 levels of grey to 220
- levels of grey. This is definitely bad news for scientific image grabbing where
- true 8-bit images are required. The chrominance (colour) levels are mapped in a
- similar way, however the chrominance is unimportant for greyscale images.
-
- (5) The final chip (Philips SAA7186) converts the YUV 4:2:2 digital signal into
- RGB suitable for stuffing into video memory. It can apply an optional gamma
- correction of 1.4 to the digitised image, thus changing the linearity of the
- luminance signal. The gamma correction may be turned off, but this depends on
- the software being used.
-
- Conclusions:
-
- (1) The built-in digitisers of the AV Macs are not suitable for scientific image
- grabbing where a true rendition of the images' INTENSITY is required at 8-bit
- resolution. However, it is suitable for scientific applications which are not
- sensitive to brightness levels eg: finding shapes, areas, sizes of objects,
- detecting particles and counting them, recognising markings etc.
-
- (2) There is no hardware or software solution to these problems, other than
- buying a suitable NuBus frame grabber card.
-
- Suggestions for scientists:
-
- MAKE SURE YOU KNOW EXACTLY WHAT YOUR DIGITISER DOES WHEN IT DIGITISES YOUR VIDEO
- SIGNAL.
-
- If it is an 8-bit digitiser then its digitisation range must be from the video
- signal's black level voltage to its white level voltage giving a 0 -> 255 digital
- range. If it digitises the sync pulses, it will reduce the black -> white level
- digitisation range. Any gamma correction will degrade the quality of your data
- (unless you can turn it off).
-
- Any AGC will degrade the quality of your data (unless you can turn it off).
-
- This summary has been based on a great deal of investigation into the hardware
- that the AV Macs use for digitisation. I hope it all correct, but I'm more than
- happy to be corrected if its not. Please mail me with any comments you may have
- that might clarify or add to those described above.
-
- Thanks to Nick Safford for his comments and corrections.
-
- Cyrus Daboo,
- University of Cambridge,
- UK.
-
- Tel: +44 223 337006
- e-mail: cd102@phy.cam.ac.uk
-