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- Fleming shared a Nobel prize with Ernst Chain and Howard
- Florey for discovering and developing penicillin, the first of
- the antibiotics which were to transform the medical practice
- of the twentieth century. It was in 1928 at St Mary's
- Hospital, London, that Fleming noticed that a mould had
- contaminated a culture of staphylococci, bacteria that cause
- skin and other infections. The mould seemed to have
- produced something that had attacked the bacteria. Fleming
- concluded that the unidentified substance, which he named
- penicillin, could be used to inhibit the growth of sensitive
- bacteria. Unfortunately, the chemists he approached were
- unable to purify the material, and it was not until a decade
- later that the idea of administering penicillin to treat
- infections was taken up vigorously by Florey and Chain (a
- refugee from Hitler's Germany). In a project led by Florey,
- Chain together with Norman Heatley succeeded at last in
- extracting and purifying penicillin. It was shown to be