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- Title : Harmonograms, Spirographs, and Lissajous Figures
- Author : AR
- Base : http://EncycloZine.com/Mathematics/Graphs/Encyclo/
- Xlinks :
- @(/WD/Java/,Java), @Mathematics, @Science,
- @(/Illusion/,Optical Illusions and Moiré Patterns)
- +++
-
- & Math/51.34-33.65c_t.gif /Gallery/Math/
- Icons/java_registered.gif http://jars.com/ &
- [Intro
- @(800x600.html,Encyclogram)
- draws _harmonograms, spirographs_, and _Lissajous figures_.
- The decaying motion of the plot fills in the shapes with their
- spiralling-in echo.
- Encyclogram can also draw the curves in varying colors against a black
- background, resulting in breath-taking works of art that can be as
- beautiful as @fractals. See the @(/Gallery/Math/,gallery of examples).
- ]
- +
- *Harmonograms* are mathematically the sums of several harmonic motions
- in the _x_ and _y_ directions, decayed over time.
- If the decay is removed, and there are only two harmonic motions
- (sinusoids), one in x and one in y, then the graphs are
- _Lissajous figures_. If another harmonic motion is added to each
- axis, and they are all in a specific phase relationship, then
- _spirographs_ can be generated. These are better-known as the result of
- rolling a (toothed) wheel around inside another wheel, with a pencil
- point through a hole in the rolling wheel.
- %
- You don't have to know any mathematics to use *Encyclogram*
- (though if you're studying trigonometry you'll find this applet is
- an interesting example of what can be done with _sine_ curves!).
- Simply move the sliders around, and try the check boxes.
- Here's how it works:
- %
- For a quick start, click the *Random* button a few times;
- then check the *Spiro* box and click on *Random* a few times more.
- Check the *Color* button (and wait - it'll be slower).
- %
- At the left of the applet are two sets of x-pendulum controls;
- at the right of the applet are two sets of y-pendulum controls.
- *x* is the horizontal direction in the drawing area, and
- *y* is the vertical direction.
- Each pendulum (2 per axis) has an _amplitude, frequency,_ and
- _phase_.
- -
- <table align="left" cellpadding="16">
- <caption>@(640x480.html,640x480), @(800x600.html,800x600), @(1024x768.html,1024x768)
- </caption>
- <tr><th>
- <applet code = "Encyclo.class"
- archive = "Encyclo.zip"
- width = "400"
- height = "250">
- </applet>
- </th></tr>
- </table>
- +
- *Frequency* generally has the greatest effect, controlling the
- number of lobes.
- *Amplitude* controls the lobe sizes.
- *Phase* controls lobe orientations.
- *Spiro* gangs the x and y amplitude and frequency controls,
- and sets the phases for symmetric spirographs.
- *Decay* makes the curve spiral inwards.
- *Color* sets a black background, and draws the picture in color.
- WARNING: selecting the color option slows down the picture drawing.
- *Thick* draws a thick line. This also slows the drawing speed.
- %
- *Harmonograms:*
- select the _decay_ option.
- %
- *Spirographs:*
- select the _spiro_ option.
- Leave the _phases_ alone for true spirographs.
- You can change them for interesting effects,
- but the pictures won't then generally be spirographs.
- %
- *Lissajous:*
- unselect _spiro_ and _decay_.
- Set one amplitude on each side to zero;
- adjust the sliders in the non-zero groups
- (e.g. if you set the top sliders each side to zero,
- adjust the _bottom_ three sliders).
- -
- 2 @(Encyclo.zip,FREE for your website!)
- +
- Click on the above link to download a zip file of the classes and HTML.
- %
- After conducting several searches, I believe this applet is unique in
- being the only one that makes it easy to draw spirographs and Lissajous
- figures, as special cases of harmonograms. The most popular applet for
- drawing so-called spirographs actually approximates them with overly
- long straight line segments, and has a few other weaknesses which
- Encyclogram remedies.
- There are very few applets drawing these kinds of curves.
- %
- Encyclogram will appeal to mathematicians and physicists,
- as an example of the resultant trace of perpendicular damped harmonic
- motions; to artists
- and graphic designers as a tool for exploring patterns in curves;
- and to almost everyone as a fun visual toy. Web designers may add it
- to their sites for visitors' use and entertainment. Teachers especially
- could use it to illustrate aspects of physics, maths, and art.
- -
- 2 Future Plans:
- (
- * Add an animation mode.
- * Display the curve's equation?
- * Allow to change the rate of decay?
- * Allow to select some preset curves?
- * Allow variation of the drawing increment?
- * Document the mathematics of harmonograms etc.
- * Allow initial display to be set by external parameters.
- * Create a version w/o explicit controls, e.g. for page decor.
- )
- 2 A Little Math
- 3 Harmonograph
- +
- Mathematically, a typical 4-pendulum harmonograph may be modelled by
- -
- `
- x = ( Ax1 * sin ( Fx1 * t + Px1 ) + Ax2 * sin ( Fx2 * t + Px2 ) ) * dk
- y = ( Ay1 * sin ( Fy1 * t + Py1 ) + Ay2 * sin ( Fy2 * t + Py2 ) ) * dk
- '
- +
- where the As are amplitudes,
- the Fs are frequencies,
- the Ps are phases, and
- ~dk = exp ( -k * t )~, for some constant k.
- -
- 3 Spirograph
- +
- The spirograph is
- -
- `
- x = ( R + r ) * cos ( t ) - ( r + O ) * cos ( ( (R + r ) / r ) * t )
- y = ( R + r ) * sin ( t ) - ( r + O ) * sin ( ( (R + r ) / r ) * t )
- '
- +
- which is a harmonogram, by setting the decay constant to zero,
- ~Ax1 = R + r~, etc, and adjusting the phase offsets to transform
- sine to cosine and to switch + to -.
- -
- 3 Lissajous
- +
- Lissajous is simply
- -
- `
- x = sin ( n * t + c )
- y = cos ( t )
- '
- +
- which again, can be derived from the harmonogram by suitable choice of
- parameters.
- %
- A Lissajous figure is a path traced out in the plane by a particle each
- of whose coordinates are under simple harmonic motion.
- Such trajectories are often encountered in physics.
- %
- Lissajous figures are sometimes called _Bowditch curves_ after
- _Nathaniel Bowditch_ who considered them in 1815.
- They were studied in more detail (independently) by
- _Jules-Antoine Lissajous_ in 1857.
- -
- 2 Harmonographs
- +
- Typically found in science museums,
- there are two basic forms:
- one comprises a large, heavy, rectangular platform suspended at all
- four corners by wires. The platform can be swung and twisted, and
- it can wobble forwards and backwards, side to side, and rotate a bit too.
- The other basic form comprises two or more pendula (or pendulums...)
- whose top ends extend a little bit above their axis, and are coupled
- to a pen suspended resting on a piece of paper placed on the platform
- of the Harmonograph.
- %
- The platform or the pendula are set in motion by hand.
- The oscillations decay,
- with the resulting curves getting smaller and smaller,
- spiralling in in a highly wobbly way.
-
- Weights are often located at various positions on
- the table to produce different oscillatory patterns,
- or the pendula lengths are adjusted.
- %
- The harmonograph was pioneered by the French physicist,
- _Jules Antoine Lissajous_ in 1857.
- The first harmonograph actually used a light beam on a screen instead
- of the pens on paper that are used today.
- You can make your own by suspending a pencil flashlight from the ceiling
- by a number (e.g. 3) of strings (connect the flashlight by a few feet
- of string to the knot where you join the ceiling strings).
- Place a camera under the flashlight, darken the room and open the
- lens shutter for several seconds, and set the flashlight swinging
- in an arc.
- %
- Following the invention of the harmonograph it became a very popular
- device and was found in many homes.
- After the early 1900s it decreased in popularity and is rarely seen
- today.
- -
- 3 References
- +
- Cundy, H. and Rollett, A. <br />
- The Harmonograph <br />
- Mathematical Models, 3rd ed. Stradbroke, <br />
- England: Tarquin Pub., pp. 244-248, 1989.
- %
- Wells, D. <br />
- The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Interesting Geometry. <br />
- London: Penguin, pp. 92-93, 1991.
- -
-