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Copyright © 1990-1995 Pete Keleher. All Rights Reserved The Author(s) of this product are in no way liable for any direct or indirect damage caused by the product. You may freely copy and distribute ALPHA, but please bear in mind that ALPHA is Shareware. If you decide to keep it, please register your copy by sending $25 to the author. Site licences are $200. Source licenses are also available, inquire with the author. If you include an internet (or Compuserve) address with your registration, I will notify you when new versions become available. E-mail address: pete@cs.rice.edu Snail-mail address: Pete Keleher 1658 Bonnie Brae #2 Houston, TX 77006 I am collecting user-written Tcl procs and XTCLs in public/Alpha/contrib on cs.rice.edu. If you have written anything that you think may be of general interest, please send it to me and I will make it available. Alpha contains source from main places, but in particular I'm grateful to Ray Johnson and Tim Endres for their working on porting TCL to the mac, and to Tom Scavo and Tom Pollard for their Tcl code contributions. The following people have also provided considerable code and/or help debugging the one or two bugs Alpha has had: Masatsugu Nagata, Karl J. Smith, Eric Sink, David C. Black, Richard T. Austin, Henry Spencer, and Jerry Fowler. What to do: USE THE MARKS MENU IN THIS FILE!. This file contains "marks" in a popup menu above the vertical scrollbar on the right, that let you jump to different sections of this file. Mouse-down on the curly braces. Alpha is a very powerful, multi-purpose editor that allows any program- or user-defined function to be bound to any keystroke, or placed into user-defined menus. Every menu is defined in the macro language Tcl by one of the startup files ("AlphaBits.tcl" or one of the files sourced from inside it). Alpha uses Dr. Ousterhout's Tool Command Language (Tcl) as an extension language. See the "Help" menu for a complete definition of the language. Alpha uses a port of Tcl done by Tim Endres for his "Tickle" application, and supports many of the same extensions. Many of the functions bound to keystrokes, as well as many of the functions in the user-defined menus, are written in Tcl. Callable functions in Alpha come in three different flavors. First, there are the basic Alpha editor functions; these are discussed in the section entitled "Simple Cmds" below. These functions take no arguments and do not return values. Second, there are additional Tcl extensions discussed in the "Alpha Tcl Extensions" help file (look in the "Help" menu). Most of these functions either take arguments or return values. Finally, there are the Tcl functions defined with "proc". Most of Alpha's predefined functions are in "procs.tcl", some are in "shell.tcl". The only way to get to know the editor and the language is to try different things out. Play around. Choose "Misc:List Bindings" to get a listing of all the current keystoke bindings. Look in "procs.tcl" for definitions of the routines. Look in "AlphaBits.tcl" for definitions of the last six menus. And finally, please feel free to send suggestions/"feature" reports/questions to me at pete@cs.rice.edu. I am not able to answer US postal mail, but if you send it to me I will at least read it. Have fun! Colorizing Version 5.80 and up support automatic "colorizing" of text. This is controlled by the function 'regModeKeywords', which registers keywords to colorize in a specific mode. By default, color schemes are supplied for C, C++, Tcl, and TeX. Colorizing can be turned off via the 'coloring' flag. File Detritus The primary method of either reading or storing files with Alpha, or any other Mac editor, is through the GetFile and PutFile dialogs. However, Alpha's dialogs are not exactly like those of other applications. The GetFile dialog has two additional items: a "Read-only" checkbox and an "All Files" checkbox. The first allows you to open a file as read only. Files in the read-only state can not be modified, only read. A read-only file is indicated by a lock icon replacing the grow zone icon. Read-only status can be toggled by command-clicking on the icon. The second checkbox, "All Files", allows Alpha to open any file rather than just those of type 'TEXT'. The type of a file can be determined by using the 'll' alias in the Tcl shell. The PutFile dialog is used to prompt the user for a new name under which to save the contents of a window. This dialog has been enhanced by two popup menus: "State" and "Format". "State" allows you to specify how much information should be saved in the resource fork of files that you use. If the state is set to "MPW", window position, current selection, tab sizes, and font information are saved into the resource fork of your application every time you open and close it, *even if you don't modify the file*. Alpha still manages to coexist with build or make files because saving this information does not change the modification date of the file. If the state is set to "Think", neither the window position nor the current selection are saved. If state is set to "None", no information is saved. The default value for saved state can by changed by setting the Alpha variable 'savedState' to "mpw", "think", or "none". Note that if a given file already has mpw information in it when the file is open, Alpha will always update that information when the file is closed. Note also that "marks" are always saved in the resource fork whenever a file is saved, regardless of the setting of the 'savedState' variable. The "Format" menus allows the way Alpha terminates lines to be changed. The Mac uses a carriage return to mark the end of a line, Unix uses a linefeed, and IBM uses both (of course). Alpha can read and write any of these formats, and can convert between them just by opening a file, choosing "Save As", and changing the selection in this menu. Note that if you are going to be sharing files with a Unix or IBM machine, you probably don't want anything in your resource fork, so you'd probably want to set 'savedState' to 'none' in your AlphaBits.tcl file. Windows Alpha's windows have several non-standard features. First, the horizontal scrollbar can be turned on and off via the window menu. The default for subsequent windows is controlled via the Utils:Flags:horScrollBar flag. Secondly, above the vertical scrollbar on the right are at least three icons. The bottom-most icon is the "Mode Vars" popup menu (see the Mode section of this file). The next icon is the "Mode" popup menu, which shows the window's current mode and allows it to be changed. The next icon shows all marks for the current window, and allows them to be cleared or automatically created (through the Tcl proc 'markFile' that calls mode-specific routines). Finally, above this icon a red disk icon appears if the window is currently dirty. Clicking on this icon saves the file. Command-clicking inside a window also brings up the mark menu. The grow region in the lower right corner is replaced by a lock icon if the file is read-only. Read-only status can be changed by command-clicking in this area. Marks Alpha allows the user to use "marks" to remember positions in files. Marks "float". That is, if a mark is initially at position 312 and then five characters are inserted at location 297, the mark's new value will be 317. Alpha uses three different types of marks. The first is generically referred to as "the mark". The mark is set to the current insertion point by the command 'setMark' (control-space by default). The position in the file indicated by the blinking cursor is referred to as the current insertion point. Many commands (such as "cut" and "copy") can operate either on the currently selected (hilighted) text, or the text between the current insertion point and "the mark". For example, if you move the cursor to the beginning of the work "allybaba", hit command-space (the status bar should say "Mark set"), move to the end of the word and hit option-w (the status bar should say "Region copied"), the effect is the same as if you had used the mouse to select the text and then selected the "Copy" command from the "Edit" menu. The second type of mark are the permanent marks. Permanent marks are set, removed, and moved-to through the three corresponding menu items in the "Search" menu. Permanent marks differ from the generic mark in that they have names, there can be any number of them, and they are saved in the resource fork if the file is subsequently saved. Permanent marks can be access via the "Search:Named Marks" menu items, by a popup menu called by mousing down on the curly braces above a vertical scrollbar, or by command-mousing on a window's titlebar. The third type of mark is the temporary mark. Like permanent marks, temporary marks can be named and there can be any number of them. Unlike permanent marks, temporary marks do not "dirty" the file, and they aren't saved. So far, temporary marks are used exclusively to implement higher order functions in TCL procedures. In the 5.0 release, temporary marks are used to implement a "mark stack" and a for loop template. At the time a file is saved, the marks for that file are stored into the file's resource fork in an order determined by the variable 'markSorting'. The choices are either 0 (no sorting), 1 (sort by file position), or 2 (sort alphabetically). Mark Stack The mark stack is a last-in-first-out (LIFO) stack of temporary marks managed by the TCL procedures 'pushMark' and 'popMark'. 'pushMark' creates a new temporary mark of the current insertion point and adds it on to the top of the stack. 'popMark' removes the top mark from the stack and goes toit. A typical use of the mark stack is a 'pushMark' at the current position, go look somewhere else in the file, and then 'popMark' to get back to where you were. However, the stack is recursive, so there can be any number of 'pushMarks' before the marks start to be popped back off the stack. Templates Temporary marks can also be used to with language construct templates. The file "template.tcl" contains an example implementing a template for C's 'for' command. Depressing control-i will insert a template for the "for" command into the current window. Five temporary marks are defined in the for structure, three inside the parenthesis, one where the "for" body text will be inserted, and one after outside the for body entirely. Depressing control-shift-i moves the cursor to the next of the five temporary marks allowing quick entry of the entire command. TCL See the Tcl manual page under the 'Help' menu for a complete description of Tcl, the Tcl shell, and it's commands. Each of the Tcl commands and several sections have a mark defined, so you can use the "Mark" menu to navigate through the manual page. If you define the file ":Tcl:UserCode:userStartup.tcl", Alpha will load it at startup. Key Bindings Any TCL command can be bound to any single keystroke. One way to bind a function is with a statement such as: bind 'c' <modifier string> funcName [<mode>] where c is a character, <modifier string> is an optional string containing one or more of: c - command modifier o - option modifier s - shift modifier z - control modifier e - escape modifier Additionally, the modifier string can contain a capital letter specifying that the binding is only activated if preceded by control and the lowercase version of that letter. This feature allows multiple-key combinations ala Emacs. The following line binds cmd-shift-f to the function 'forwardChar': bind 'f' <cs> forwardChar The next line would bind the same function to C-x C-f: bind 'f' <cX> forwardChar 'mode' is an optional parameter that specifies, when present, that the binding is only active in a given mode, where the current mode is the parameter to the last call of 'displayMode' (look in "procs.tcl"). Note that given a general binding (no mode specification) and a binding specific to the current mode, the last binding to have been created is the one found first. Additionally, most keyboards have keypads and/or Function Keys. These keys can be bound using case-insensitive numeric labels using the same bind command as above, with the label replacing the character. For example, to bind F1 to function 'funcName', the following would work: bind F1 funcName As above, the binding can include a modifier string. The following labels are defined for US keyboards: Esc F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 F10 F11 F12 F13 F14 F15 Help Home Pgup Del End Pgdn Left Right Up Down Clear Kpad0 Kpad1 Kpad2 Kpad3 Kpad4 Kpad5 Kpad6 Kpad7 Kpad8 Kpad9 Kpad= Kpad/ Kpad* Kpad- Kpad+ Enter Kpad. The function 'listBindings' will list all of the bindings currently in effect in a format suitable for re-loading. The above labels may not be sufficient for all keyboards (attention international users). If a hex number is used instead of a character inside the single quotes, the binding is done to key codes instead of ascii values. The following is a key code version of the same binding: bind 0x03 <cs> forwardChar The key code for any given key can be obtained by using the 'keyCode' function. Also, there is an alternate form that allows the specification of an ascii code directly: ascii 0x20 <z> setMark Binds control-space to 'setMark'. Note that menu item command equivalents take precedence over bindings, and that the 'bind' command does not affect the command equivalents displayed in the menus. Command equivalents can only be changed by using an external tool like 'ResEdit'. Also note that key code bindings take precedence over ascii bindings. Finally, there are 'unbind' and 'unascii' functions, with identical arguments to their counterparts. Menus Alpha's menus are completely reconfigurable. Some of the menu items are internal alpha commands, while others are Tcl procs defined in one of the files of the "Tcl" subdirectory. Most of these procs are defined in "procs.tcl". The following is an explanation of the default menus. The explanations of items that are defined as Tcl procs are implemented by the Tcl proc specified by "(proc <name>)", and can be found in one of the .tcl files. All others are internal functions. File New New file. Open… Open file. Close Close file. Save Save file. SaveAs… Prompt for name to same file under. Revert Revert to last saved version, throw away undo history. Shell Start up command-line shell that interprets Tcl commands. The shell has a few csh-type features, such as 'ls', 'rm', etc. commands, as well as file completion with the TAB key. Page Setup… Set print options. Print… Print file. Quit Quit Alpha. Edit Undo Undo. Redo Redo. Load Execute either the window or the selection as Tcl source. Cut Cut selection to scrap. Copy Copy selection to scrap. Paste Paste from scrap. Paste Pop Immediately after a paste, use a previous paste instead. Yank Paste last deleted text. Concatenates together consecutive, adjoining deletions. Select All Select entire file. Clear Delete selection. Shift Left Shift selection left one tab. Shift Right Shift selection right one tab. Balance Select text out to the next set of matching braces. Search Find.. Present a search dialog. Repeat Search Forward Search forward again w/ same settings. Repeat Search Backward Search backward again w/ same settings. Find in Next File Restart multiple-file search in next file after stopping at a match. Search Start Set mark at current position and return to where the last incremental or normal search started. Enter Selection Make the current selection the text to be searched for. Replace Replace the selection. Replace and Find Again. Replace the selection and search again forward. Replace All Replace all of occurances of the search string in the rest of the file. Goto Line… Go to specific line. Named Marks Set… Goto… Remove… Unnamed Marks Set… Exchange Point and Mark Hilite Select text between current insertion and the generic "mark". Or, if there is already a selection, unselect the text, place the insertion at the beginning of the unselection, and place the "mark" at the end of the unselection. The function 'exchangePointAndMark' (by default mapped to the "5" on the keypad and control-x,control-x) exchanges the character positions of the insertion and the "mark". Mark Stack Push Push current pos onto a "stack". Pop Pop last pos from stack and go to it. Registers Point To Register Create a single-char-named temporary mark at insertion. Jump To Register Jump to mark made as above. Utils File Utils Insert Path Name… Prompt for a file and insert complete pathname in window. Insert File… Insert the text of another file. File Remove… Remove a file. File Info… Display/edit info about a file. Word Count Count lines, words, chars in window (proc wordCount). Compare Windows Compare top two windows, sending output to a third. Selecting a line in the third window and hitting return (or enter) moves that line to the top of the window. Files Same as above, but prompts for files. Directories As above, but works for entire directories. Evaluate… Evaluate complex command. Kbd Macros Start Keyboard Macro Start creating anonymous macro. End Keyboard Macro Finish. Execute Keyboard Macro Execute. Dump Macro Dump to current file. Sort Lines Sort selected lines (proc sortLines). Matching Lines Grab all lines from current position on that match a regular expression and dump in new buffer (proc matchingLines). Goto Match If cursor on line in output of batch search or "Matching Lines", goto the match specified by that line. Spellcheck Window Select Paragraph Named Clipboards Copy… Cut… Paste… Install Electric Alias Loads David Black's "electric alias" routines, see the appropriate help file. Mac Perl Permanently loads the Tom Pollard's perl mode. HTML Permanently loads the Scott Brim's HTML mode. Mode Flags A submenu of Tcl flags to be turned on and off. Look under "Variables" for explanations of individual flags (proc editFlag). Vars Same as Flags, except these variables may be arbitrary integers or strings (proc editVar). Describe Binding… Wait for a keystroke, then display that keystroke's binding. List Bindings Create a new file containing all current key bindings. Ascii Etc Key Code… Wait for key press and insert keycode and modifier string suitable for key binding. Key Ascii… Same as above, but use ascii form. Get Ascii… Display ascii code for char to right of insertion. Insert Ascii… Prompt for ascii code and insert character. Set Font Tabs… Change font and/or tabs for current file. Switch To Bring other apps to front. ToolServer Shell Start a window that sends 'DOSC' events to Apple's toolserver. Convert Fill Region "Fill" selection subject to 'leftFillColumn' and 'fillColumn', (proc fillRegion). Fill Paragraph "Fill" paragraph that contains the insertion (proc fillParagraph). Wrap Region Break lines longer than 'fillColumn' in selection (proc wrapRegion). Wrap Paragraph Break lines longer than 'fillColumn' in paragraph containing insertion pt (proc wrapParagraph). Zap Invisibles Delete all chars in file w/ ASCII code < 32, except for LF, TAB and CR. Tabs To Spaces Convert tabs to space runs. Spaces To Tabs Convert space runs to tabs. Strings Insert Prefix Prepend string 'prefixString' to every line in selection (proc insertPrefix). Insert Suffix Append string 'suffixString' to every line in selection (proc insertSuffix). Remove Prefix Remove prefix string from lines in selection (proc removePrefix). Remove Suffix Remove suffix string from lines in selection (proc removeSuffix). Set Prefix… Change prefix string (proc setPrefix). Set Suffix… Change suffix string (proc setSuffix). Comment Transpose Chars Transpose two chars around cursor. Transpose Words Transpose two words around cursor. Comment Box Create a comment box around selected text. UnComment Box Remove such a comment box. Filters Replace In Region Filter Lines Filter Paragraphs Sort Paragraphs Fill Region By Par Line To Paragraph Convert long line to paragraph, useful for importing text from word processors (proc lineToParagraph). Paragraph To Line Convert paragraph to single long line, useful for exporting text to word processors (proc paragraphToLine). Downcase Region Downcase all chars in region. Upcase Region Upcase all chars in region. Help Editor help files (proc helpMenu). Wins (an icon with three windows) Arrange Rearrange open windows. Zoom Zoom windows in and out. Iconify Replace window w/ small icon (proc iconify). Toggle Scrollbar Toggle the horizontal scrollbar on the frontmost window. The scrollbar can be enabled/disabled on subsequent variables by changing the value of the 'horScrollBar' flag. Next Window Select next window (proc nextWindow). Swap With Next Swap topmost two windows (proc swapWithNext). Choose A Window Choose window to select from list (proc chooseAWindow). Close All Close all windows (proc closeAll). Save All Save all dirty windows (proc saveAll). File Sets (hierarchical menus containing fileset and their files, select file to edit) Utilities Choose Set current fileset. Create Fileset Create a fileset on the fly. Create Think Fileset Create a fileset containing the source files of a THINK 7.0 project. Dump Fileset Dump a fileset definition into the current window. Edit File Edit a file from one of the filesets. Find Tag Find a function definition. Create Tag File Create a "tag" file specifying where functions are defined. Menus, User-Defined All of Alpha's menus are defined in the initialization files that Alpha loads on startup. They can be altered or discarded at well. Alpha's menu commands allow the the user to build custom menus which contain names of functions, macros, or arbitary TCL commands that just HAVE to be in the menus, as opposed to being merely callable through the bindings. The syntax is dead simple. Menus can be nested, allowing heirachical menus to be defined. See the 'AlphaBits.tcl' file for examples (only the first three Alpha menus are hard-coded into the Application, the others are set up through the AlphaBits file). The following meta characters can be embedded in the strings: Meta-character Usage -------------- ----- ; or Return Separates multiple items. ^ Followed by an icon number, adds that icon to the item. ! Followed by a character, marks the item with that character. < Followed by B, I, U, O, or S, sets the character style of the item. / Followed by a character, sets up a keyboard equivalent. ( Disables the item. The menu creation syntax is : menu <-n name> <-i num> [-p procName] [-m] "Tcl list of items" Where the arguments have the followings meanings: '-i <num>' Resource id of icon suite to use for menu title. '-n <name>' Name of menu. '-m' No menu form. If not supplied, each menu item is split into words at each capitalized letter. '-p <pname>' Rather that having alpha call a Tcl proc named by the menu item's text, this option tells Alpha to call the tcl proc named by 'pname' with two arguments: the menu name, and the text of the menu item chosen. Once the menus are created, they can be inserted and deleted from the menu bar by the syntax: insertMenu "name" deleteMenu "name" as well as through macros. As alluded to above, Alpha attempts to make procedure names readable in the menus by separating words at any capitalized letter. For example, 'findFile' becomes "Find File". This function is turned off by the '-m' option. Menu items can be enabled and disabled through the TCL command 'enableMenuItem'. Menu items checkmarks can be turned on and off via 'markMenuItem'. Menu items can be appended via 'addMenuItem' and deleted via 'deleteMenuItem'. See the "Alpha Tcl Extensions" help file for syntax. If an ellipsis ('…') is the last character in a menu item, it is stripped off before searching for the function corresponding to the chosen item. #================================================================================ # Just for the heck of it, the following is a script that I put in my # userStartup.tcl file. It creates a menu for all the .tex files in my # thesis directory, minus the dirname and .tex extension. # set THESIS "Internal:Textures:thesis" proc thesisMenuProc {menu item} { global THESIS edit -r -m $THESIS:$item.tex } set files "" foreach f [glob $THESIS:*.tex] { lappend files [file rootname [file tail $f]] } menu -n Thesis -m -p thesisMenuProc $files unset files #================================================================================ Event Hooks Alpha calls the TCL procs "openHook", "saveHook", "saveasHook", "closeHook", "activateHook", "deactivateHook", "suspendHook", and "resumeHook" when the corresponding events occur. With the exception of "saveasHook", the proc are all called with the complete pathname as the sole argument. "saveasHook" is called with the old pathname as the first argument and the new pathname as the second argument. Default implementations for these commands are in the file 'proc.tcl'. These commands can be modified to perform arbitrary commands, including saving of files, backups, implementations of per-window variables, etc. Searches ALPHA has a full repertoire of searching commands. The 'find' command brings up a dialog allowing the search and replacement text to be specified. The dialog also allows 'Forward', 'Ignore Case', 'Reg Expr', and 'Word Match' options to be set. These options can be toggled via the keyboard by clover-<first letter of option>. For example, clover-w toggles the 'Word Match' option. The 'Mult Files' option tells Alpha to search through all files in a given file set. Filesets can be specified in 'procs.tcl' (see the section on filesets) or on the fly, via the "Add Fileset…" item of the "Utils" menu. Filesets can be chosen via the popup fileset menu. In addition to the current filesets, the fileset menu has an entry called "Directory Scan". Selecting this menu item enables the "Scan Options" button. This button, in turn, allows the specification of a directory and a file pattern to be searched instead of a fileset. To set the directory, hit the "Dir:" button. The pattern is used to select files of the selected directory. The '*' wildcard character can be used to replace any sequence of characters. For example, the pattern '*.c' will select any file ending with ".c". If this doesn't work, be sure that you executed all of the following steps: 1) select "Directory Scan" in the popup menu of the find dialog 2) Hit the "Scan Options" button. 3) Select a directory via the "Dir:" button. All multiple searches can be "Batch" searches, a list of all matches in the fileset are displayed in a new window. A particular match can be displayed by moving the cursor to a line in the file of matches and selecting "Goto Match" from the Utils menu (also bound to control-c control-c). And finally, Alpha allows a library of useful search and replace texts to be defined as a tcl list of lists (each sublist containing a name, search text, and replacement text). This list, the 'patternLibrary' variable defined at the end of 'procs.tcl', is used to create a popup menu in the find dialog allowing these patterns to be easily entered. Once the text and options have been set, the 'Search' menu contains several commands for repeated searching, replacing, etc. Regular Expressions If the variable 'regExpr' is true, the search functions interpret the search text as regular expressions, which have the following elements: c literal char. ^ beginning of line. $ end of line. . any character except carriage return. [...] character class, can use ranges such as '0-9'. inside classes. Matches one character of the enclosed choices. Ex: '[ac0-2]' matches 'a', 'c', '0', '1', or '2'. [^...] negated character class, matches anything but the enclosed characters. ']' can be included by putting it immediately after the '^'. \t tab. \r carriage return or line break. * zero or more occurrences of the previous pattern. Ex: 'ab*' matches 'a', 'ab', 'abb', 'abbb' etc. + one or more occurrences of the previous pattern. ? zero or one occurrences of the previous pattern. Ex: 'ab?' matches 'a' or 'ab'. a|b matches either a or b. If enclosed in parenthesis, the extent of the alternated expressions is limited. Ex: (pete|bob) matches either 'pete' or 'bob'. (...) The interior elements are grouped together. Regular expressions constructed from the above elements can be concatenated to create larger expressions. The parenthesis also define substrings of the total matched string that can be used either later during substitution. The substring delimited by the pair of parenthesis that includes the nth left paren is denoted \n, where n is 1, 2, .... 9. '\0' and '&' both refer to the matched text. EXAMPLE: The following regular expression will match either 'aabox' or 'bbbox': (aa|bb)box Regular expressions can be very difficult to master, but they the following section shows how useful they can be. Searches, Incremental Emacs users will be happy that both forward and backward incremental searches are implemented. Incremental searches bypass the normal search dialog and search for the current text after each keystroke. The result is often much faster and less intrusive. Executing either while an incremental search is in progress causes the search to proceed to the next instance of the current text. Incremental search mode is exited when any other command (executed through the menus or through bindings that include at least one of the control key and the option key) is executed, or when the escape or delete key is used. Typing control-w while incremental search is active causes all the characters to the end of the next word boundary to be added to the search. Tags, 'C' ALPHA supports the use of tags to find declarations of functions. When searching for a tag, ALPHA looks for the tag file specified by the "tagFile" string variable. ALPHA's tag generating routines use the regular expression in the string variable "funcExpr" to look for function declarations. In other words, we don't parse the text. If you declare your functions differently, you can change " funcExpr" to suit your own style. Alpha currently uses the following regular expression to find C function declarations: ^[^ \t#\r/@][^\r]*$[^\r]*$$ (NOTE: the above expressions won't pick up many C++ method definitions. To pick them up, add a question mark '?' after the last right parenthesis.) Although complicated, this expression makes sense if you slowly wade through it. The string that we are looking for must take up an entire line. It must begin with a character other than '\t', '#', '\r', '/', ' ', or '@'. There must be a set of parenthesis. Note that not only can you customize this to your style of 'C' declarations, you could also use it to generate tags for other languages. The only thing you need to bear in mind is that the tag routines use the complete word previous to the first '(' in the selected line as the function's name. If there is no '(' in the selected line, the last word in the line is used. Therefore, Pascal procedures w/ or w/o parameters can be identified. Backups If the 'backup' variable is set in userStartup.tcl, or from the Utils:Flags menu, Alpha backs up each file before saving new modifications. By default, the backup file is in the same directory, and its name is formed by suffixing a tilde to the name of the saved file. Backups are actually performed in the 'saveHook' proc (see above), in the file procs.tcl. The Tcl variables 'backDir' and 'backExtension' can be used to modify this behavior. Fill Routines The "fill" and "wrap" routines reformat text to specified line lengths. This is useful in two case. First, word processors such as Microsoft Word only insert carriage returns at the end of paragraphs. Secondly, while typing and inserting text into pre-existing paragraphs, the line lengths become unequal. The "wrap" routine handles word processor documents quickly by merely inserting carriage returns as necessary to ensure all lines in the selected region are shorter than specified by the variable 'fillColumn'. Alpha asks the user if wrapping should be done whenever the user opens files that have lines longer than 'paraColumn' characters. The TCL routines 'fillRegion' and 'fillParagraph' go further. Not only do they break lines, but they also coalesce lines to eliminate short lines. Both routines work by stripping the relevent text of white space, then re-inserting white space and carriage returns so that no line extends past 'fillColumn' characters in length and begins with 'leftFillColumn' spaces characters. Both routines are implemented in the file 'procs.tcl', and therefore different definitions of paragraphs can be accomodated by modifying the appropriate TCL procedures. Word Breaking Alpha allows you to redefine it's internal notion of what a word is, through the variables 'wordBreak', and 'wordBreakPreface'. 'wordBreak' is set to a regular expression that defines a word to you. 'wordBreakPreface' should be a regular expression that matches exactly one of any characters that are not in your word definition. For instance, the default definition of 'wordBreak' is '[a-zA-Z0-9_]+'. This matches any contiguous sequence of contiguous alphanumeric characters, plus underscore. The default value for wordBreakPreface is '[^a-zA-Z0-9_]', basically just the negation of any any of the characters in your 'wordBreak' definition. The need for both these variables in backward searches can be seen as follows. Suppose your window's text is "hey hello", and the current insertion is between the two 'l's. Now, searching backwards for the above 'wordBreak' definition will take the insertion to between the 'e' and the first 'l', not really where we want to say is the start of the word. By contrast, if we search backwards for 'wordBreak' and 'wordBreakPreface' concatenated together, and then move forward one character after a successful search, we end up right before the 'h' in 'hello', just where we want to be. File Sets File Sets are lists of files that Alpha uses for multiple-file searches and tag searches, among other things. Typically, a user will set up several different file sets in the AlphaBits.tcl file, perhaps one specifying all the source files in a project, another specifying all the Mac include files, and another specifying all the UNIX include files. When a command using file sets is initiated, Alpha evaluates the command "getCurrFileSet", which returns a list of complete pathnames to search. Some of the lists are set up explicitly (see the 'noGlobNecessary' definition in "procs.tcl"), while other file sets are defined at startup time through the use of file globbing. See the TCL manual page for a definition of "glob"ing. The definition of the variable "globNecessary" in "procs.tcl" shows how to to this. Functions that use file sets operate on the "current" fileset, which is specified by the 'fileSet' variable. The current file set can also be switched by using the "File Set" heirarchical menu. 5.02 includes a new Tcl proc 'addFileset', which allows a fileset to be created on the fly. This fileset remains usable until Alpha is restarted. It should be quite simple to use Tcl to make this new fileset permanent. A Tcl proc could also be written to create a heirarchical menus that has a submenu for each fileset, the items of each submenu being the files for that fileset. However, I'm not going to write everything... Macros, Keyboard Defining and Using Keyboard Macros ALPHA supports keyboard macros which record a sequence of keystrokes to be played back later w/ the function 'executeKeyboardMacro' (this function is also in the 'Utilities' menu) or written into a buffer by selecting 'Dump Macro' from the 'Utilities' menu. The dump function prompts you for a macro name, which must consist only of letters of the alphabet, digits, and '_'. These macro declarations can then be edited, loaded, and bound to keystrokes. Loading a macro or a binding is accomplished by hiliting the text and selecting the "Load Selection" item of the 'Customize' window. If no text is hilited, the entire window is loaded by the same command. Macros can be bound to keys in exactly the same manner as functions (see above). Undo + Redo ALPHA supports unlimited undo and redo. This means that most changes can be undone, and then redone, at will. Bear in mind that once you create new modifications, all changes that you have undone but not redone are lost. Another point to bear in mind is that saving a buffer to disk currently flushes the undo buffer. THINK and Alpha Yes! Finally Think has support for external editors (7.0 or better). To make this work, put an alias of Alpha in the "Tools" subdirectory of the directory the project manager is in, and name the alias "Editor". Secondly, check the "Use External Editor" button in the project manager's option dialog. You do not have to check the "Always Check File Dates" button. Any open window events will now be vectored to Alpha, and from within Alpha you can initiate compiles, disassembles, makes, etc. Errors are reported back to Alpha. Look in :Tcl:SystemCode:"think.tcl" for the code controlling much of the interactions between THINK and Alpha. If you improve anything, please send it back to me. If a window contains a file that is part of the a project that is currently open in the Think Project Manager, selecting "Open Header" from the Think menu will put up a list of include files. The same files can be accessed by option-clicking on the window's title-bar. A fileset consisting of the source to a think project can be created through the "File:File Sets" menu. Rectangular Editing If the option key is pressed while the mouse is dragged, a rectangular section of text is selected instead of the normal selection. This rectangular selection may extend over multiple lines, but contains only text between the column of the drag start and the column of the drag end. The drag cannot end on a column or row less than the start. This selection can be extended by option-shift-mouse, but not dragged further. The rectangular selection can be deleted, copied, and pasted. This is very useful for tables and arrays, such as in LaTeX. Usually, the operation will be intuitive. However, if you use proportional fonts the selection may appear ragged. If some of the line contain tabs, the result may not be want you want. Converting tabs to spaces in the desired region before attempting rectangular selection usually fixes the problems. The most natural semantics of rectangular selection aren't obvious. I chose to implement it in a similar fashion to that of Microsoft Word. Preditor does it in another way, and has many bugs (and it's commercial, hah!). LaTeX See the "LaTeX Help" file under the help menu. Option Key ALPHA's default setup uses the command key like any other mac application. Problems arise in ALPHA's emulation of emacs key bindings. Emacs uses an escape key and a control key. Alpha's default configuration is set up for Mac II's. Emacs's escape and control keys are emulated by the Mac's corresponding keys. For Mac+'s, however, the situation is much more complicated. They don't have an escape key, so the the backquote key, '`', must be used instead. This can be set up by uncommenting the appropriate line in the "AlphaBits.tcl" file. Also, Mac+'s don't have control keys, so the option key can be used instead. However.... Using the option key isn't quite that simple. First, the option key is already used in two contexts. There may be other option bindings. Also, if the variable 'optionIsEscape' is set, the option key is treated as if it is an escape so as to allow single keystroke calls of Alpha functions. In order to use the option key as an escape key, this variable must be set to zero in the AlphaBits file. Also, all the relevant bindings must have their modifier strings changed from using 'z' to 'o'. There are other problems. Several option combinations are "dead keys" (option-e, option-o....), they are used to create bizarre (sorry to y'all non-Amuricans) characters through multiple keystrokes. Alpha can fix this by overlaying the system 'KCHR' resource with a private modified resource. This happens at startup time if the "AlphaBits.tcl" file specifies a zero value for the variable 'noRemapOption'. Unfortunately, this is just a US version of the resource, it won't work "fur the non-Amuricans". System Software 7.0 Alpha is 32-bit clean and high-level event aware. Under 7.0, Alpha uses temporary memory to accommodate large files. This allows you to open multi-megabyte files even when Alpha's partition is set only at 512k, if the system has that much memory available. Note that using temporary memory makes that much memory unavailable to other applications. Contrary to all admonishments, Alpha does not unlock temporary memory across WaitNextEvent calls and may eventually use all the memory in your system. You can turn this feature off through 'tempMem'. Note, however, that the clipboard is allocated by the system in Alpha's heap, and therefore cannot take advantage of temporary memory. Apple Events See the Help file on AppleEvents. MPW Alpha's 'dosc' capability (see the function "dosc") can be used to send events to MPW's ToolServer. Using about ten lines of C code and the ~40 lines of Tcl code in 'mpw.tcl', I created a pseudo mpw shell (look under the "Misc" menu). This shell uses Alpha's 'dosc' function to package each shell command up into an Apple Event and send it to the ToolServer, which then evaluates the command and returns the result to be displayed in the shell. I'm rather new to Apple Events and the ToolServer, so there are probably a few rough edges. If anyone has extensive docs for ToolServer I'd appreciate looking at them. I only have the application because I am a beta tester for another product that supports ToolServer. I was given the application for the beta testing, but not any docs. And of course, I can *not* give away copies of ToolServer because it is a licensed Apple product. Finally, Tom Moertel (thor@vivaldi.psu.edu) has written and provided a set of tools that make life easier while writing code in Alpha for the MPW environment. The tools make extensive use of Apple Events, so you must be using MPW 3.3a or greater. (Earlier versions cannot receive commands via Apple Events.) With the MPW-Alpha package you can: o Send TCL commands to Alpha from MPW o Use MPW 411 from Alpha for instant access to programming help o Automagically locate source code errors from your last MPW compile o Use the MPW CDent tool to reformat (grind) C/C++ source code from within Alpha This package is available via anonymous ftp from cs.rice.edu. File Formats Alpha reads and writes files stored in three (or maybe four) different formats. The three main formats are mac (lines end with a carriage return), unix (lines end with linefeed), and IBM pc (lines end with both carriage return and linefeed. Typical, isn't it?). Alpha will transparently read and write all three of these formats. You don't have to do anything special to use different formats, but the 'SaveAs...' dialog allows you to specify the format that a file is written in through the 'Format' button. The fourth file format is just a modification of the ordinary mac format. Word processors such as Microsoft Word and MacWrite only put carriage returns at the end of paragraphs, so that they can wrap the paragraphs on the fly. This is what is referred to as 'paragraph format' in the rest of the help text. Alpha does not transparently convert to and from this format because there are valid reasons why someone might want to edit a paragraph formatted file while not in paragraph mode. Therefore, when Alpha detects reads a paragraph-mode file, it asks the user whether or not to remap it. Files can be mapped back to paragraph mode by setting 'fillColumn' to a very large number and executing 'fillRegion' on the text. Printing The current window is printed through the "Page Setup..." and "Print..." File menu items. The variable 'suppressHeader' controls whether a header is printed on each page, 'leftMargin', 'topMargin', and 'bottomMargin' control margins on the printed page. 'printerFont' and 'printerFontSize' allows the size and type of the printed font to be specified. Tips - When a window is "dirty" (has unsaved changes), a red disk icon appears just below the titlebar in the upper right corner of the window, and a diamond appears next to the corresponding item in the Windows menu. - All dialogs that have editable text can use the Cut, Copy, and Paste menu command equivalents. - In all dialogs, non-editable controls can be selected by typing Command-<first char of control>. If there are no editable controls in the dialog, simply typing the first letter of the desired control suffices. PgUp, PgDown, Home, and End keys now work for most list dialogs. - Set the flag 'undoOn' to 0 in order to speed up long replace-all and macro modifications. - After a piece of text has been yank'd or paste'd, the 'mark' is set to the beginning of the new text and the selection is at the end. 'markHilite' will now hilite the entire insertion. This is especially useful when moving code. Cut the code, insert at a new position, select the inserted text by selecting "Edit:Hilite", and then use "Edit:Shift Left" and "Edit: Shift Right" to move the text to the proper indentation. - Most help files have marks in them, which let you quickly navigate to places of interest. You can access these marks by command-clicking on the title-bar or on the "{}" icon above the vertical scrollbar. Variables There are two different kinds of variables in the Alpha world. These are internal variables and Tcl variables. You can only directly access the latter. However, the internal variables can be modified by creating a Tcl variable of the same name and "binding" it to its internal counterpart via the 'shadowVar' command (See the "Alpha Tcl Extensions" file under the "Help" menu for 'shadowVar's syntax). The following is a listing of the internal variables that can be bound using 'shadowVar': autoSave • If TRUE, buffers (except untitled buffers) are automatically saved every 'changesLim' changes. backDir • Directory in which to store backup files. backSuffix • Suffix to append to backup files. backup • if TRUE, the default Tcl proc 'saveHook' makes a backup of a file before the data is written. The default backup scheme has extension "~". blockCursor • if true, Alpha uses a block cursor instead of a vertical line. bwWindows • if true, Alpha will use 1-bit windows even if color is available. This speeds refresh quite a bit on slow color machines such as the IIsi. changesLim • number of changes to a window before garbage collection or autosave is done. currFileSet • name of currently selected file set. defaultFont • font to use on new windows and files which don't have associated font specification resources. defHeight • If 'fullScreen' set, this is default height in pixels. defWidth • If 'fullScreen' set, this is default width in pixels. elecLBrace • Electric 'C' left brace on. elecRBrace • Electric 'C' right brace on. electricSemi • Electric 'C' semicolon on. fillColumn • Number of columns use as limit for "fill" routines. See 'leftFillColumn' fontSaving • if '-1', Alpha never saves font info, if '1', Alpha always saves font info, '0', Alpha saves font info if the font or size is different than the default. fontSize • Default size of fonts used to display files. fullNames • Windows display pathnames instead of mere file names. fullScreen • If on, all windows are start in the same place, and have the dimension specified by 'defHeight' and 'defWidth'. funcPar • Used in defining the "Func" title-bar menu, see Alpha help. funcExpr • Set to the regular expression that ALPHA uses to find function declarations. funcTitle • Text to put in title-bar menu header. See the Popup-Menus section for more information. horScrollBar • If set, use horizontal scrollbar. includePath • A list of the path-names of the directories to search for include files, separated by semi-colons, such as: "Disk:C:edit;Disk:C:THINK C:include;" The current directory can be included by using consecutive semi-colons as: "Disk:C:edit;Disk:C:THINK C:inc;;" indentOnCR • Auto-indent on carriage return. leftFillColumn • Number of blanks left at beginning of lines by 'fill' routines. markLabel • If a window is opened through either 'edit' or 'fileMenu' and the '-m' option was set, this string is used as the label of the marks menu. markSorting • Controls the order in which marks are saved into a file. '0' means the order in which they are defined, '1' means file order, and '2' means alphabetical order. moveInsertion • if true, 'pageBack' and 'pageForward' move the insertion point numWinsToTile • specifies the number of windows tile commands should affect. openAllFIles • if true, or it option key down, files of all types are openable, not just 'TEXT'. optionIsMeta • If set, the key combination with escape is used instead of the option key combination. Note that some combinations with option chars are dead keys. paraColumn • Alpha automatically wraps files that contains lines longer than this. posActivate • If true, then merely moving the mouse over a window activates. For those X11-twm lovers. powerThumb • If true, vertical scrollbars have power thumbs. protoFile • name of file to dump prototypes into. replaceStr • Text for the search and replace functions. savedState • set to either "mpw", "think", or "none" depending on how much information you wish Alpha to save in the resource fork of the files you edit. See the "Files" section of this file for more information. searchStr • Text for the search and replace functions. showRowCol • if set, row and col are continuously displayed in the title bar. showMenuHeads • If set, the function and mark menus can be selected from the title bar. intelCutPaste • If enabled, cut and paste routines try to intelligently treat surrounding white space. sortColumn • column to use for sort routine. sortedIsDefault• if set, sorted is the default for function and section menus. suppressHeader • Suppress header on printed pages. tabSize • Default number of characters per tab. tagFile • complete path-name of tag file tempMem • if zero, Alpha will not use temporary memory. undoOn • used to turn undo on and off. When undo is turned off, all undo info is lost. Useful when doing global replaces, etc. wordBreak • Regular expression used to defines words for all internal operations. wordBreakPreface • Prepended to 'wordBreak' when looking backwards for a word. See the "Word Break" section of this file for more information. wordWrap • if true, lines exceeding 'fillColumn' in length are automatically wrapped during normal text insertion (typing) Spellchecking Alpha has the capability to interact with the spell-check 'Excalibur', written by Robert Gottshall and Rick Zaccone. The menu item 'Spellcheck Window' is always available in either the menu w/ Excalibur's icon, or under the Latex menu (with the OzTex menu). Selecting this item will start up Excalibur and send an OpenDoc event describing the current window. For version 1.4 and earlier, if Alpha has to launch Excalibur you will need to dismiss Excalibur's opening dialog by hitting the Cancel button. Subsequent selections of the menu item will switch right into Excalibur with the correct file displayed. In future versions, this will become even more automatic. Excalibur is free, but not in the public domain. It can be obtained from all the usual Internet ftp sites, as well as cs.rice.edu under public/Alpha. International Users Remember, if you want to use anything other than the US KCHR resource (si vous voulez ecrire en francais, par exemple), change the line: init 0 2 of :Tcl:SystemCode:AlphaBits.tcl to init 1 2 and restart. Alpha will now use your native KCHR, but the key binding labels (such as F1 etc.) may not work, and option-e etc. are now "dead keys", which means that they don't produce events and Alpha won't see them. Drag and Drop Alpha supports drag and drop cut, copy, clear, and paste. To use this feature, select some text, then move the cursor over the selected text. The cursor should then turn into an open hand. Mouse down, and move the cursor to the place you wish to paste the text. When the mouse is released, the hilited text is moved to the new location. Option-mouse does a "copy" instead. Dragging the cursor from the selected text off the edge of the window will clear it. Alpha does not currently support drag and drop editing between windows or files. Status Bar The stripe across the bottom of the screen is a floating window that displays status information, certain prompts (option-x, and see the func 'statusPrompt'), and the current row and column. You can't make this window go away. However, both 'sizeWin' and 'moveWin' accept "StatusWin" as a window specification and will act on this window, so you can move the window offscreen if you really wish. The height parameter to 'sizeWin' is ignored. The status bar can be dragged if the flag 'lockStatus' is turned off. Clicking over the row and column indicators allows you to jump to a particular line. Finally, if you turn horizontal scrollbars off (via the 'horScrollBar' flag in the "Mode:Flags" menu, you haven't lost any real estate. Furthermore, when tiling windows vertically, you actually have *more* real estate. Modes Each window in Alpha is always in a single "mode", such as the "C++" mode, or the "TeX" mode. A mode describes bindings and variable values particular to that mode. By default, the mode of the frontmost window is displayed on the status bar, and can be changed by the Mode Menu, which is accessed via the second icon above the vertical scroll bar in each window. Alpha sets modes for new windows based on file name suffixes. For instance, "files.c" is started up in mode "C" because of the ".c" suffix. Below are the standard suffixes recognized by Alpha. You can add more suffixes in your userStartup.tcl file by duplicating the lines adding these suffixes in :Tcl:SystemCode:modes.tcl. The default mode is "Text". .h, .c, .r C .cc, .cp, .cpp, .CPP, .C C++ .f .fcm .for .FOR Fort .tcl Tcl .tex, .sty, .ltx, .dtx, .ins TeX .pl Perl .html .HTML HTML Bindings for a specific mode can be specified by passing the desired mode as the last argument to a 'bind' command (see "Key Bindings"). Alpha has two different types of immediately visible flags and variables. "Global" variables don't change from mode to mode. These are listed in "Modes:Flags" and "Modes:Vars". Any change there affects every mode. "Mode" flags and variables are instantiated separately for each mode. These are inspected and set via the "Mode Vars" popup menu, called by clicking on the flag icon above the vertical scrollbar. Changing these values affects every window in that mode, but doesn't affect windows in other modes. The variables displayed in the "Mode Vars" popup menu are all the variables that the current mode cares about. The "Set Mode Menus…" item allows you to specify which of the extra menus should be present whenever the frontmost window is in that mode. Select multiple menus by shift-clicking. File Comparison Version 5.94 and above can create UNIX "diffs" of two text files. Among other things, diffs allow you to easily pinpoint what has changed between two different versions of the same file. Alpha's interface (under the "Utils" menu) allows you to compare either the two topmost windows, or two arbitrary files (later, Alpha will be able to compare entire directories). Alpha opens the two files in windows at the top of the screen with the diff file at the bottom. You can navigate between individual differences in the diff file by using the Up and Down arrows. Pressing either a carriage return or the Enter key displays the affected portions of the two files in the above windows. I'm currently using a hack of QUED's GNU diff port. My hack allows it to work as an AppleEvent server. However, it handles most errors by quitting without responding, and handles only a single message before quitting. It also doesn't deal with directories. The interface is a 'dosc' script event containing the command-line arguments that would be used in running 'diff' from a UNIX shell. The result is the diff. On the command line, file names containing spaces can be specified by delimiting the entire file name with double quotes. The source for my version of the diff application (crude though it is), is available in public/Alpha on cs.rice.edu.