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=head1 NAME perlapi - autogenerated documentation for the perl public API =head1 DESCRIPTION This file contains the documentation of the perl public API generated by embed.pl, specifically a listing of functions, macros, flags, and variables that may be used by extension writers. The interfaces of any functions that are not listed here are subject to change without notice. For this reason, blindly using functions listed in proto.h is to be avoided when writing extensions. Note that all Perl API global variables must be referenced with the C<PL_> prefix. Some macros are provided for compatibility with the older, unadorned names, but this support may be disabled in a future release. The listing is alphabetical, case insensitive. =head1 "Gimme" Values =over 8 =item GIMME A backward-compatible version of C<GIMME_V> which can only return C<G_SCALAR> or C<G_ARRAY>; in a void context, it returns C<G_SCALAR>. Deprecated. Use C<GIMME_V> instead. U32 GIMME =for hackers Found in file op.h =item GIMME_V The XSUB-writer's equivalent to Perl's C<wantarray>. Returns C<G_VOID>, C<G_SCALAR> or C<G_ARRAY> for void, scalar or list context, respectively. U32 GIMME_V =for hackers Found in file op.h =item G_ARRAY Used to indicate list context. See C<GIMME_V>, C<GIMME> and L<perlcall>. =for hackers Found in file cop.h =item G_DISCARD Indicates that arguments returned from a callback should be discarded. See L<perlcall>. =for hackers Found in file cop.h =item G_EVAL Used to force a Perl C<eval> wrapper around a callback. See L<perlcall>. =for hackers Found in file cop.h =item G_NOARGS Indicates that no arguments are being sent to a callback. See L<perlcall>. =for hackers Found in file cop.h =item G_SCALAR Used to indicate scalar context. See C<GIMME_V>, C<GIMME>, and L<perlcall>. =for hackers Found in file cop.h =item G_VOID Used to indicate void context. See C<GIMME_V> and L<perlcall>. =for hackers Found in file cop.h =back =head1 Array Manipulation Functions =over 8 =item AvFILL Same as C<av_len()>. Deprecated, use C<av_len()> instead. int AvFILL(AV* av) =for hackers Found in file av.h =item av_clear Clears an array, making it empty. Does not free the memory used by the array itself. void av_clear(AV* ar) =for hackers Found in file av.c =item av_delete Deletes the element indexed by C<key> from the array. Returns the deleted element. C<flags> is currently ignored. SV* av_delete(AV* ar, I32 key, I32 flags) =for hackers Found in file av.c =item av_exists Returns true if the element indexed by C<key> has been initialized. This relies on the fact that uninitialized array elements are set to C<&PL_sv_undef>. bool av_exists(AV* ar, I32 key) =for hackers Found in file av.c =item av_extend Pre-extend an array. The C<key> is the index to which the array should be extended. void av_extend(AV* ar, I32 key) =for hackers Found in file av.c =item av_fetch Returns the SV at the specified index in the array. The C<key> is the index. If C<lval> is set then the fetch will be part of a store. Check that the return value is non-null before dereferencing it to a C<SV*>. See L<perlguts/"Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and Arrays"> for more information on how to use this function on tied arrays. SV** av_fetch(AV* ar, I32 key, I32 lval) =for hackers Found in file av.c =item av_fill Ensure than an array has a given number of elements, equivalent to Perl's C<$#array = $fill;>. void av_fill(AV* ar, I32 fill) =for hackers Found in file av.c =item av_len Returns the highest index in the array. Returns -1 if the array is empty. I32 av_len(AV* ar) =for hackers Found in file av.c =item av_make Creates a new AV and populates it with a list of SVs. The SVs are copied into the array, so they may be freed after the call to av_make. The new AV will have a reference count of 1. AV* av_make(I32 size, SV** svp) =for hackers Found in file av.c =item av_pop Pops an SV off the end of the array. Returns C<&PL_sv_undef> if the array is empty. SV* av_pop(AV* ar) =for hackers Found in file av.c =item av_push Pushes an SV onto the end of the array. The array will grow automatically to accommodate the addition. void av_push(AV* ar, SV* val) =for hackers Found in file av.c =item av_shift Shifts an SV off the beginning of the array. SV* av_shift(AV* ar) =for hackers Found in file av.c =item av_store Stores an SV in an array. The array index is specified as C<key>. The return value will be NULL if the operation failed or if the value did not need to be actually stored within the array (as in the case of tied arrays). Otherwise it can be dereferenced to get the original C<SV*>. Note that the caller is responsible for suitably incrementing the reference count of C<val> before the call, and decrementing it if the function returned NULL. See L<perlguts/"Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and Arrays"> for more information on how to use this function on tied arrays. SV** av_store(AV* ar, I32 key, SV* val) =for hackers Found in file av.c =item av_undef Undefines the array. Frees the memory used by the array itself. void av_undef(AV* ar) =for hackers Found in file av.c =item av_unshift Unshift the given number of C<undef> values onto the beginning of the array. The array will grow automatically to accommodate the addition. You must then use C<av_store> to assign values to these new elements. void av_unshift(AV* ar, I32 num) =for hackers Found in file av.c =item get_av Returns the AV of the specified Perl array. If C<create> is set and the Perl variable does not exist then it will be created. If C<create> is not set and the variable does not exist then NULL is returned. NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated. AV* get_av(const char* name, I32 create) =for hackers Found in file perl.c =item newAV Creates a new AV. The reference count is set to 1. AV* newAV() =for hackers Found in file av.c =item Nullav Null AV pointer. =for hackers Found in file av.h =item sortsv Sort an array. Here is an example: sortsv(AvARRAY(av), av_len(av)+1, Perl_sv_cmp_locale); See lib/sort.pm for details about controlling the sorting algorithm. void sortsv(SV ** array, size_t num_elts, SVCOMPARE_t cmp) =for hackers Found in file pp_sort.c =back =head1 Callback Functions =over 8 =item call_argv Performs a callback to the specified Perl sub. See L<perlcall>. NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated. I32 call_argv(const char* sub_name, I32 flags, char** argv) =for hackers Found in file perl.c =item call_method Performs a callback to the specified Perl method. The blessed object must be on the stack. See L<perlcall>. NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated. I32 call_method(const char* methname, I32 flags) =for hackers Found in file perl.c =item call_pv Performs a callback to the specified Perl sub. See L<perlcall>. NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated. I32 call_pv(const char* sub_name, I32 flags) =for hackers Found in file perl.c =item call_sv Performs a callback to the Perl sub whose name is in the SV. See L<perlcall>. NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated. I32 call_sv(SV* sv, I32 flags) =for hackers Found in file perl.c =item ENTER Opening bracket on a callback. See C<LEAVE> and L<perlcall>. ENTER; =for hackers Found in file scope.h =item eval_pv Tells Perl to C<eval> the given string and return an SV* result. NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated. SV* eval_pv(const char* p, I32 croak_on_error) =for hackers Found in file perl.c =item eval_sv Tells Perl to C<eval> the string in the SV. NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated. I32 eval_sv(SV* sv, I32 flags) =for hackers Found in file perl.c =item FREETMPS Closing bracket for temporaries on a callback. See C<SAVETMPS> and L<perlcall>. FREETMPS; =for hackers Found in file scope.h =item LEAVE Closing bracket on a callback. See C<ENTER> and L<perlcall>. LEAVE; =for hackers Found in file scope.h =item SAVETMPS Opening bracket for temporaries on a callback. See C<FREETMPS> and L<perlcall>. SAVETMPS; =for hackers Found in file scope.h =back =head1 Character classes =over 8 =item isALNUM Returns a boolean indicating whether the C C<char> is an ASCII alphanumeric character (including underscore) or digit. bool isALNUM(char ch) =for hackers Found in file handy.h =item isALPHA Returns a boolean indicating whether the C C<char> is an ASCII alphabetic character. bool isALPHA(char ch) =for hackers Found in file handy.h =item isDIGIT Returns a boolean indicating whether the C C<char> is an ASCII digit. bool isDIGIT(char ch) =for hackers Found in file handy.h =item isLOWER Returns a boolean indicating whether the C C<char> is a lowercase character. bool isLOWER(char ch) =for hackers Found in file handy.h =item isSPACE Returns a boolean indicating whether the C C<char> is whitespace. bool isSPACE(char ch) =for hackers Found in file handy.h =item isUPPER Returns a boolean indicating whether the C C<char> is an uppercase character. bool isUPPER(char ch) =for hackers Found in file handy.h =item toLOWER Converts the specified character to lowercase. char toLOWER(char ch) =for hackers Found in file handy.h =item toUPPER Converts the specified character to uppercase. char toUPPER(char ch) =for hackers Found in file handy.h =back =head1 Cloning an interpreter =over 8 =item perl_clone Create and return a new interpreter by cloning the current one. perl_clone takes these flags as parameters: CLONEf_COPY_STACKS - is used to, well, copy the stacks also, without it we only clone the data and zero the stacks, with it we copy the stacks and the new perl interpreter is ready to run at the exact same point as the previous one. The pseudo-fork code uses COPY_STACKS while the threads->new doesn't. CLONEf_KEEP_PTR_TABLE perl_clone keeps a ptr_table with the pointer of the old variable as a key and the new variable as a value, this allows it to check if something has been cloned and not clone it again but rather just use the value and increase the refcount. If KEEP_PTR_TABLE is not set then perl_clone will kill the ptr_table using the function C<ptr_table_free(PL_ptr_table); PL_ptr_table = NULL;>, reason to keep it around is if you want to dup some of your own variable who are outside the graph perl scans, example of this code is in threads.xs create CLONEf_CLONE_HOST This is a win32 thing, it is ignored on unix, it tells perls win32host code (which is c++) to clone itself, this is needed on win32 if you want to run two threads at the same time, if you just want to do some stuff in a separate perl interpreter and then throw it away and return to the original one, you don't need to do anything. PerlInterpreter* perl_clone(PerlInterpreter* interp, UV flags) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =back =head1 CV Manipulation Functions =over 8 =item CvSTASH Returns the stash of the CV. HV* CvSTASH(CV* cv) =for hackers Found in file cv.h =item get_cv Returns the CV of the specified Perl subroutine. If C<create> is set and the Perl subroutine does not exist then it will be declared (which has the same effect as saying C). If C<create> is not set and the subroutine does not exist then NULL is returned. NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated. CV* get_cv(const char* name, I32 create) =for hackers Found in file perl.c =item Nullcv Null CV pointer. =for hackers Found in file cv.h =back =head1 Embedding Functions =over 8 =item cv_undef Clear out all the active components of a CV. This can happen either by an explicit C<undef &foo>, or by the reference count going to zero. In the former case, we keep the CvOUTSIDE pointer, so that any anonymous children can still follow the full lexical scope chain. void cv_undef(CV* cv) =for hackers Found in file op.c =item load_module Loads the module whose name is pointed to by the string part of name. Note that the actual module name, not its filename, should be given. Eg, "Foo::Bar" instead of "Foo/Bar.pm". flags can be any of PERL_LOADMOD_DENY, PERL_LOADMOD_NOIMPORT, or PERL_LOADMOD_IMPORT_OPS (or 0 for no flags). ver, if specified, provides version semantics similar to C<use Foo::Bar VERSION>. The optional trailing SV* arguments can be used to specify arguments to the module's import() method, similar to C<use Foo::Bar VERSION LIST>. void load_module(U32 flags, SV* name, SV* ver, ...) =for hackers Found in file op.c =item nothreadhook Stub that provides thread hook for perl_destruct when there are no threads. int nothreadhook() =for hackers Found in file perl.c =item perl_alloc Allocates a new Perl interpreter. See L<perlembed>. PerlInterpreter* perl_alloc() =for hackers Found in file perl.c =item perl_construct Initializes a new Perl interpreter. See L<perlembed>. void perl_construct(PerlInterpreter* interp) =for hackers Found in file perl.c =item perl_destruct Shuts down a Perl interpreter. See L<perlembed>. int perl_destruct(PerlInterpreter* interp) =for hackers Found in file perl.c =item perl_free Releases a Perl interpreter. See L<perlembed>. void perl_free(PerlInterpreter* interp) =for hackers Found in file perl.c =item perl_parse Tells a Perl interpreter to parse a Perl script. See L<perlembed>. int perl_parse(PerlInterpreter* interp, XSINIT_t xsinit, int argc, char** argv, char** env) =for hackers Found in file perl.c =item perl_run Tells a Perl interpreter to run. See L<perlembed>. int perl_run(PerlInterpreter* interp) =for hackers Found in file perl.c =item require_pv Tells Perl to C<require> the file named by the string argument. It is analogous to the Perl code C<eval "require '$file'">. It's even implemented that way; consider using load_module instead. NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated. void require_pv(const char* pv) =for hackers Found in file perl.c =back =head1 Functions in file pp_pack.c =over 8 =item packlist The engine implementing pack() Perl function. void packlist(SV *cat, char *pat, char *patend, SV **beglist, SV **endlist) =for hackers Found in file pp_pack.c =item pack_cat The engine implementing pack() Perl function. Note: parameters next_in_list and flags are not used. This call should not be used; use packlist instead. void pack_cat(SV *cat, char *pat, char *patend, SV **beglist, SV **endlist, SV ***next_in_list, U32 flags) =for hackers Found in file pp_pack.c =item unpackstring The engine implementing unpack() Perl function. C<unpackstring> puts the extracted list items on the stack and returns the number of elements. Issue C<PUTBACK> before and C<SPAGAIN> after the call to this function. I32 unpackstring(char *pat, char *patend, char *s, char *strend, U32 flags) =for hackers Found in file pp_pack.c =item unpack_str The engine implementing unpack() Perl function. Note: parameters strbeg, new_s and ocnt are not used. This call should not be used, use unpackstring instead. I32 unpack_str(char *pat, char *patend, char *s, char *strbeg, char *strend, char **new_s, I32 ocnt, U32 flags) =for hackers Found in file pp_pack.c =back =head1 Global Variables =over 8 =item PL_modglobal C<PL_modglobal> is a general purpose, interpreter global HV for use by extensions that need to keep information on a per-interpreter basis. In a pinch, it can also be used as a symbol table for extensions to share data among each other. It is a good idea to use keys prefixed by the package name of the extension that owns the data. HV* PL_modglobal =for hackers Found in file intrpvar.h =item PL_na A convenience variable which is typically used with C<SvPV> when one doesn't care about the length of the string. It is usually more efficient to either declare a local variable and use that instead or to use the C<SvPV_nolen> macro. STRLEN PL_na =for hackers Found in file thrdvar.h =item PL_sv_no This is the C<false> SV. See C<PL_sv_yes>. Always refer to this as C<&PL_sv_no>. SV PL_sv_no =for hackers Found in file intrpvar.h =item PL_sv_undef This is the C<undef> SV. Always refer to this as C<&PL_sv_undef>. SV PL_sv_undef =for hackers Found in file intrpvar.h =item PL_sv_yes This is the C<true> SV. See C<PL_sv_no>. Always refer to this as C<&PL_sv_yes>. SV PL_sv_yes =for hackers Found in file intrpvar.h =back =head1 GV Functions =over 8 =item GvSV Return the SV from the GV. SV* GvSV(GV* gv) =for hackers Found in file gv.h =item gv_fetchmeth Returns the glob with the given C<name> and a defined subroutine or C<NULL>. The glob lives in the given C<stash>, or in the stashes accessible via @ISA and UNIVERSAL::. The argument C<level> should be either 0 or -1. If C<level==0>, as a side-effect creates a glob with the given C<name> in the given C<stash> which in the case of success contains an alias for the subroutine, and sets up caching info for this glob. Similarly for all the searched stashes. This function grants C<"SUPER"> token as a postfix of the stash name. The GV returned from C<gv_fetchmeth> may be a method cache entry, which is not visible to Perl code. So when calling C<call_sv>, you should not use the GV directly; instead, you should use the method's CV, which can be obtained from the GV with the C<GvCV> macro. GV* gv_fetchmeth(HV* stash, const char* name, STRLEN len, I32 level) =for hackers Found in file gv.c =item gv_fetchmethod See L<gv_fetchmethod_autoload>. GV* gv_fetchmethod(HV* stash, const char* name) =for hackers Found in file gv.c =item gv_fetchmethod_autoload Returns the glob which contains the subroutine to call to invoke the method on the C<stash>. In fact in the presence of autoloading this may be the glob for "AUTOLOAD". In this case the corresponding variable $AUTOLOAD is already setup. The third parameter of C<gv_fetchmethod_autoload> determines whether AUTOLOAD lookup is performed if the given method is not present: non-zero means yes, look for AUTOLOAD; zero means no, don't look for AUTOLOAD. Calling C<gv_fetchmethod> is equivalent to calling C<gv_fetchmethod_autoload> with a non-zero C<autoload> parameter. These functions grant C<"SUPER"> token as a prefix of the method name. Note that if you want to keep the returned glob for a long time, you need to check for it being "AUTOLOAD", since at the later time the call may load a different subroutine due to $AUTOLOAD changing its value. Use the glob created via a side effect to do this. These functions have the same side-effects and as C<gv_fetchmeth> with C<level==0>. C<name> should be writable if contains C<':'> or C<' ''>. The warning against passing the GV returned by C<gv_fetchmeth> to C<call_sv> apply equally to these functions. GV* gv_fetchmethod_autoload(HV* stash, const char* name, I32 autoload) =for hackers Found in file gv.c =item gv_fetchmeth_autoload Same as gv_fetchmeth(), but looks for autoloaded subroutines too. Returns a glob for the subroutine. For an autoloaded subroutine without a GV, will create a GV even if C<level < 0>. For an autoloaded subroutine without a stub, GvCV() of the result may be zero. GV* gv_fetchmeth_autoload(HV* stash, const char* name, STRLEN len, I32 level) =for hackers Found in file gv.c =item gv_stashpv Returns a pointer to the stash for a specified package. C<name> should be a valid UTF-8 string. If C<create> is set then the package will be created if it does not already exist. If C<create> is not set and the package does not exist then NULL is returned. HV* gv_stashpv(const char* name, I32 create) =for hackers Found in file gv.c =item gv_stashsv Returns a pointer to the stash for a specified package, which must be a valid UTF-8 string. See C<gv_stashpv>. HV* gv_stashsv(SV* sv, I32 create) =for hackers Found in file gv.c =back =head1 Handy Values =over 8 =item HEf_SVKEY This flag, used in the length slot of hash entries and magic structures, specifies the structure contains an C<SV*> pointer where a C<char*> pointer is to be expected. (For information only--not to be used). =for hackers Found in file hv.h =item Nullch Null character pointer. =for hackers Found in file handy.h =item Nullsv Null SV pointer. =for hackers Found in file handy.h =back =head1 Hash Manipulation Functions =over 8 =item get_hv Returns the HV of the specified Perl hash. If C<create> is set and the Perl variable does not exist then it will be created. If C<create> is not set and the variable does not exist then NULL is returned. NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated. HV* get_hv(const char* name, I32 create) =for hackers Found in file perl.c =item HeHASH Returns the computed hash stored in the hash entry. U32 HeHASH(HE* he) =for hackers Found in file hv.h =item HeKEY Returns the actual pointer stored in the key slot of the hash entry. The pointer may be either C<char*> or C<SV*>, depending on the value of C<HeKLEN()>. Can be assigned to. The C<HePV()> or C<HeSVKEY()> macros are usually preferable for finding the value of a key. void* HeKEY(HE* he) =for hackers Found in file hv.h =item HeKLEN If this is negative, and amounts to C<HEf_SVKEY>, it indicates the entry holds an C<SV*> key. Otherwise, holds the actual length of the key. Can be assigned to. The C<HePV()> macro is usually preferable for finding key lengths. STRLEN HeKLEN(HE* he) =for hackers Found in file hv.h =item HePV Returns the key slot of the hash entry as a C<char*> value, doing any necessary dereferencing of possibly C<SV*> keys. The length of the string is placed in C<len> (this is a macro, so do I<not> use C<&len>). If you do not care about what the length of the key is, you may use the global variable C<PL_na>, though this is rather less efficient than using a local variable. Remember though, that hash keys in perl are free to contain embedded nulls, so using C<strlen()> or similar is not a good way to find the length of hash keys. This is very similar to the C<SvPV()> macro described elsewhere in this document. char* HePV(HE* he, STRLEN len) =for hackers Found in file hv.h =item HeSVKEY Returns the key as an C<SV*>, or C<Nullsv> if the hash entry does not contain an C<SV*> key. SV* HeSVKEY(HE* he) =for hackers Found in file hv.h =item HeSVKEY_force Returns the key as an C<SV*>. Will create and return a temporary mortal C<SV*> if the hash entry contains only a C<char*> key. SV* HeSVKEY_force(HE* he) =for hackers Found in file hv.h =item HeSVKEY_set Sets the key to a given C<SV*>, taking care to set the appropriate flags to indicate the presence of an C<SV*> key, and returns the same C<SV*>. SV* HeSVKEY_set(HE* he, SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file hv.h =item HeVAL Returns the value slot (type C<SV*>) stored in the hash entry. SV* HeVAL(HE* he) =for hackers Found in file hv.h =item HvNAME Returns the package name of a stash. See C<SvSTASH>, C<CvSTASH>. char* HvNAME(HV* stash) =for hackers Found in file hv.h =item hv_clear Clears a hash, making it empty. void hv_clear(HV* tb) =for hackers Found in file hv.c =item hv_delete Deletes a key/value pair in the hash. The value SV is removed from the hash and returned to the caller. The C<klen> is the length of the key. The C<flags> value will normally be zero; if set to G_DISCARD then NULL will be returned. SV* hv_delete(HV* tb, const char* key, I32 klen, I32 flags) =for hackers Found in file hv.c =item hv_delete_ent Deletes a key/value pair in the hash. The value SV is removed from the hash and returned to the caller. The C<flags> value will normally be zero; if set to G_DISCARD then NULL will be returned. C<hash> can be a valid precomputed hash value, or 0 to ask for it to be computed. SV* hv_delete_ent(HV* tb, SV* key, I32 flags, U32 hash) =for hackers Found in file hv.c =item hv_exists Returns a boolean indicating whether the specified hash key exists. The C<klen> is the length of the key. bool hv_exists(HV* tb, const char* key, I32 klen) =for hackers Found in file hv.c =item hv_exists_ent Returns a boolean indicating whether the specified hash key exists. C<hash> can be a valid precomputed hash value, or 0 to ask for it to be computed. bool hv_exists_ent(HV* tb, SV* key, U32 hash) =for hackers Found in file hv.c =item hv_fetch Returns the SV which corresponds to the specified key in the hash. The C<klen> is the length of the key. If C<lval> is set then the fetch will be part of a store. Check that the return value is non-null before dereferencing it to an C<SV*>. See L<perlguts/"Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and Arrays"> for more information on how to use this function on tied hashes. SV** hv_fetch(HV* tb, const char* key, I32 klen, I32 lval) =for hackers Found in file hv.c =item hv_fetch_ent Returns the hash entry which corresponds to the specified key in the hash. C<hash> must be a valid precomputed hash number for the given C<key>, or 0 if you want the function to compute it. IF C<lval> is set then the fetch will be part of a store. Make sure the return value is non-null before accessing it. The return value when C<tb> is a tied hash is a pointer to a static location, so be sure to make a copy of the structure if you need to store it somewhere. See L<perlguts/"Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and Arrays"> for more information on how to use this function on tied hashes. HE* hv_fetch_ent(HV* tb, SV* key, I32 lval, U32 hash) =for hackers Found in file hv.c =item hv_iterinit Prepares a starting point to traverse a hash table. Returns the number of keys in the hash (i.e. the same as C<HvKEYS(tb)>). The return value is currently only meaningful for hashes without tie magic. NOTE: Before version 5.004_65, C<hv_iterinit> used to return the number of hash buckets that happen to be in use. If you still need that esoteric value, you can get it through the macro C<HvFILL(tb)>. I32 hv_iterinit(HV* tb) =for hackers Found in file hv.c =item hv_iterkey Returns the key from the current position of the hash iterator. See C<hv_iterinit>. char* hv_iterkey(HE* entry, I32* retlen) =for hackers Found in file hv.c =item hv_iterkeysv Returns the key as an C<SV*> from the current position of the hash iterator. The return value will always be a mortal copy of the key. Also see C<hv_iterinit>. SV* hv_iterkeysv(HE* entry) =for hackers Found in file hv.c =item hv_iternext Returns entries from a hash iterator. See C<hv_iterinit>. You may call C<hv_delete> or C<hv_delete_ent> on the hash entry that the iterator currently points to, without losing your place or invalidating your iterator. Note that in this case the current entry is deleted from the hash with your iterator holding the last reference to it. Your iterator is flagged to free the entry on the next call to C<hv_iternext>, so you must not discard your iterator immediately else the entry will leak - call C<hv_iternext> to trigger the resource deallocation. HE* hv_iternext(HV* tb) =for hackers Found in file hv.c =item hv_iternextsv Performs an C<hv_iternext>, C<hv_iterkey>, and C<hv_iterval> in one operation. SV* hv_iternextsv(HV* hv, char** key, I32* retlen) =for hackers Found in file hv.c =item hv_iternext_flags Returns entries from a hash iterator. See C<hv_iterinit> and C<hv_iternext>. The C<flags> value will normally be zero; if HV_ITERNEXT_WANTPLACEHOLDERS is set the placeholders keys (for restricted hashes) will be returned in addition to normal keys. By default placeholders are automatically skipped over. Currently a placeholder is implemented with a value that is C<&Perl_sv_placeholder>. Note that the implementation of placeholders and restricted hashes may change, and the implementation currently is insufficiently abstracted for any change to be tidy. NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be removed without notice. HE* hv_iternext_flags(HV* tb, I32 flags) =for hackers Found in file hv.c =item hv_iterval Returns the value from the current position of the hash iterator. See C<hv_iterkey>. SV* hv_iterval(HV* tb, HE* entry) =for hackers Found in file hv.c =item hv_magic Adds magic to a hash. See C<sv_magic>. void hv_magic(HV* hv, GV* gv, int how) =for hackers Found in file hv.c =item hv_store Stores an SV in a hash. The hash key is specified as C<key> and C<klen> is the length of the key. The C<hash> parameter is the precomputed hash value; if it is zero then Perl will compute it. The return value will be NULL if the operation failed or if the value did not need to be actually stored within the hash (as in the case of tied hashes). Otherwise it can be dereferenced to get the original C<SV*>. Note that the caller is responsible for suitably incrementing the reference count of C<val> before the call, and decrementing it if the function returned NULL. Effectively a successful hv_store takes ownership of one reference to C<val>. This is usually what you want; a newly created SV has a reference count of one, so if all your code does is create SVs then store them in a hash, hv_store will own the only reference to the new SV, and your code doesn't need to do anything further to tidy up. hv_store is not implemented as a call to hv_store_ent, and does not create a temporary SV for the key, so if your key data is not already in SV form then use hv_store in preference to hv_store_ent. See L<perlguts/"Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and Arrays"> for more information on how to use this function on tied hashes. SV** hv_store(HV* tb, const char* key, I32 klen, SV* val, U32 hash) =for hackers Found in file hv.c =item hv_store_ent Stores C<val> in a hash. The hash key is specified as C<key>. The C<hash> parameter is the precomputed hash value; if it is zero then Perl will compute it. The return value is the new hash entry so created. It will be NULL if the operation failed or if the value did not need to be actually stored within the hash (as in the case of tied hashes). Otherwise the contents of the return value can be accessed using the C<He?> macros described here. Note that the caller is responsible for suitably incrementing the reference count of C<val> before the call, and decrementing it if the function returned NULL. Effectively a successful hv_store_ent takes ownership of one reference to C<val>. This is usually what you want; a newly created SV has a reference count of one, so if all your code does is create SVs then store them in a hash, hv_store will own the only reference to the new SV, and your code doesn't need to do anything further to tidy up. Note that hv_store_ent only reads the C<key>; unlike C<val> it does not take ownership of it, so maintaining the correct reference count on C<key> is entirely the caller's responsibility. hv_store is not implemented as a call to hv_store_ent, and does not create a temporary SV for the key, so if your key data is not already in SV form then use hv_store in preference to hv_store_ent. See L<perlguts/"Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and Arrays"> for more information on how to use this function on tied hashes. HE* hv_store_ent(HV* tb, SV* key, SV* val, U32 hash) =for hackers Found in file hv.c =item hv_undef Undefines the hash. void hv_undef(HV* tb) =for hackers Found in file hv.c =item newHV Creates a new HV. The reference count is set to 1. HV* newHV() =for hackers Found in file hv.c =item Nullhv Null HV pointer. =for hackers Found in file hv.h =back =head1 Magical Functions =over 8 =item mg_clear Clear something magical that the SV represents. See C<sv_magic>. int mg_clear(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file mg.c =item mg_copy Copies the magic from one SV to another. See C<sv_magic>. int mg_copy(SV* sv, SV* nsv, const char* key, I32 klen) =for hackers Found in file mg.c =item mg_find Finds the magic pointer for type matching the SV. See C<sv_magic>. MAGIC* mg_find(SV* sv, int type) =for hackers Found in file mg.c =item mg_free Free any magic storage used by the SV. See C<sv_magic>. int mg_free(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file mg.c =item mg_get Do magic after a value is retrieved from the SV. See C<sv_magic>. int mg_get(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file mg.c =item mg_length Report on the SV's length. See C<sv_magic>. U32 mg_length(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file mg.c =item mg_magical Turns on the magical status of an SV. See C<sv_magic>. void mg_magical(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file mg.c =item mg_set Do magic after a value is assigned to the SV. See C<sv_magic>. int mg_set(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file mg.c =item SvGETMAGIC Invokes C<mg_get> on an SV if it has 'get' magic. This macro evaluates its argument more than once. void SvGETMAGIC(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvLOCK Arranges for a mutual exclusion lock to be obtained on sv if a suitable module has been loaded. void SvLOCK(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvSETMAGIC Invokes C<mg_set> on an SV if it has 'set' magic. This macro evaluates its argument more than once. void SvSETMAGIC(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvSetMagicSV Like C<SvSetSV>, but does any set magic required afterwards. void SvSetMagicSV(SV* dsb, SV* ssv) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvSetMagicSV_nosteal Like C<SvSetMagicSV>, but does any set magic required afterwards. void SvSetMagicSV_nosteal(SV* dsv, SV* ssv) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvSetSV Calls C<sv_setsv> if dsv is not the same as ssv. May evaluate arguments more than once. void SvSetSV(SV* dsb, SV* ssv) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvSetSV_nosteal Calls a non-destructive version of C<sv_setsv> if dsv is not the same as ssv. May evaluate arguments more than once. void SvSetSV_nosteal(SV* dsv, SV* ssv) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvSHARE Arranges for sv to be shared between threads if a suitable module has been loaded. void SvSHARE(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =back =head1 Memory Management =over 8 =item Copy The XSUB-writer's interface to the C C<memcpy> function. The C<src> is the source, C<dest> is the destination, C<nitems> is the number of items, and C<type> is the type. May fail on overlapping copies. See also C<Move>. void Copy(void* src, void* dest, int nitems, type) =for hackers Found in file handy.h =item Move The XSUB-writer's interface to the C C<memmove> function. The C<src> is the source, C<dest> is the destination, C<nitems> is the number of items, and C<type> is the type. Can do overlapping moves. See also C<Copy>. void Move(void* src, void* dest, int nitems, type) =for hackers Found in file handy.h =item New The XSUB-writer's interface to the C C<malloc> function. void New(int id, void* ptr, int nitems, type) =for hackers Found in file handy.h =item Newc The XSUB-writer's interface to the C C<malloc> function, with cast. void Newc(int id, void* ptr, int nitems, type, cast) =for hackers Found in file handy.h =item NEWSV Creates a new SV. A non-zero C<len> parameter indicates the number of bytes of preallocated string space the SV should have. An extra byte for a tailing NUL is also reserved. (SvPOK is not set for the SV even if string space is allocated.) The reference count for the new SV is set to 1. C<id> is an integer id between 0 and 1299 (used to identify leaks). SV* NEWSV(int id, STRLEN len) =for hackers Found in file handy.h =item Newz The XSUB-writer's interface to the C C<malloc> function. The allocated memory is zeroed with C<memzero>. void Newz(int id, void* ptr, int nitems, type) =for hackers Found in file handy.h =item Poison Fill up memory with a pattern (byte 0xAB over and over again) that hopefully catches attempts to access uninitialized memory. void Poison(void* dest, int nitems, type) =for hackers Found in file handy.h =item Renew The XSUB-writer's interface to the C C<realloc> function. void Renew(void* ptr, int nitems, type) =for hackers Found in file handy.h =item Renewc The XSUB-writer's interface to the C C<realloc> function, with cast. void Renewc(void* ptr, int nitems, type, cast) =for hackers Found in file handy.h =item Safefree The XSUB-writer's interface to the C C<free> function. void Safefree(void* ptr) =for hackers Found in file handy.h =item savepv Perl's version of C<strdup()>. Returns a pointer to a newly allocated string which is a duplicate of C<pv>. The size of the string is determined by C<strlen()>. The memory allocated for the new string can be freed with the C<Safefree()> function. char* savepv(const char* pv) =for hackers Found in file util.c =item savepvn Perl's version of what C<strndup()> would be if it existed. Returns a pointer to a newly allocated string which is a duplicate of the first C<len> bytes from C<pv>. The memory allocated for the new string can be freed with the C<Safefree()> function. char* savepvn(const char* pv, I32 len) =for hackers Found in file util.c =item savesharedpv A version of C<savepv()> which allocates the duplicate string in memory which is shared between threads. char* savesharedpv(const char* pv) =for hackers Found in file util.c =item StructCopy This is an architecture-independent macro to copy one structure to another. void StructCopy(type src, type dest, type) =for hackers Found in file handy.h =item Zero The XSUB-writer's interface to the C C<memzero> function. The C<dest> is the destination, C<nitems> is the number of items, and C<type> is the type. void Zero(void* dest, int nitems, type) =for hackers Found in file handy.h =back =head1 Miscellaneous Functions =over 8 =item fbm_compile Analyses the string in order to make fast searches on it using fbm_instr() -- the Boyer-Moore algorithm. void fbm_compile(SV* sv, U32 flags) =for hackers Found in file util.c =item fbm_instr Returns the location of the SV in the string delimited by C<str> and C<strend>. It returns C<Nullch> if the string can't be found. The C<sv> does not have to be fbm_compiled, but the search will not be as fast then. char* fbm_instr(unsigned char* big, unsigned char* bigend, SV* littlesv, U32 flags) =for hackers Found in file util.c =item form Takes a sprintf-style format pattern and conventional (non-SV) arguments and returns the formatted string. (char *) Perl_form(pTHX_ const char* pat, ...) can be used any place a string (char *) is required: char * s = Perl_form("%d.%d",major,minor); Uses a single private buffer so if you want to format several strings you must explicitly copy the earlier strings away (and free the copies when you are done). char* form(const char* pat, ...) =for hackers Found in file util.c =item getcwd_sv Fill the sv with current working directory int getcwd_sv(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file util.c =item strEQ Test two strings to see if they are equal. Returns true or false. bool strEQ(char* s1, char* s2) =for hackers Found in file handy.h =item strGE Test two strings to see if the first, C<s1>, is greater than or equal to the second, C<s2>. Returns true or false. bool strGE(char* s1, char* s2) =for hackers Found in file handy.h =item strGT Test two strings to see if the first, C<s1>, is greater than the second, C<s2>. Returns true or false. bool strGT(char* s1, char* s2) =for hackers Found in file handy.h =item strLE Test two strings to see if the first, C<s1>, is less than or equal to the second, C<s2>. Returns true or false. bool strLE(char* s1, char* s2) =for hackers Found in file handy.h =item strLT Test two strings to see if the first, C<s1>, is less than the second, C<s2>. Returns true or false. bool strLT(char* s1, char* s2) =for hackers Found in file handy.h =item strNE Test two strings to see if they are different. Returns true or false. bool strNE(char* s1, char* s2) =for hackers Found in file handy.h =item strnEQ Test two strings to see if they are equal. The C<len> parameter indicates the number of bytes to compare. Returns true or false. (A wrapper for C<strncmp>). bool strnEQ(char* s1, char* s2, STRLEN len) =for hackers Found in file handy.h =item strnNE Test two strings to see if they are different. The C<len> parameter indicates the number of bytes to compare. Returns true or false. (A wrapper for C<strncmp>). bool strnNE(char* s1, char* s2, STRLEN len) =for hackers Found in file handy.h =item sv_nolocking Dummy routine which "locks" an SV when there is no locking module present. Exists to avoid test for a NULL function pointer and because it could potentially warn under some level of strict-ness. void sv_nolocking(SV *) =for hackers Found in file util.c =item sv_nosharing Dummy routine which "shares" an SV when there is no sharing module present. Exists to avoid test for a NULL function pointer and because it could potentially warn under some level of strict-ness. void sv_nosharing(SV *) =for hackers Found in file util.c =item sv_nounlocking Dummy routine which "unlocks" an SV when there is no locking module present. Exists to avoid test for a NULL function pointer and because it could potentially warn under some level of strict-ness. void sv_nounlocking(SV *) =for hackers Found in file util.c =back =head1 Numeric functions =over 8 =item grok_bin converts a string representing a binary number to numeric form. On entry I<start> and I<*len> give the string to scan, I<*flags> gives conversion flags, and I<result> should be NULL or a pointer to an NV. The scan stops at the end of the string, or the first invalid character. On return I<*len> is set to the length scanned string, and I<*flags> gives output flags. If the value is <= UV_MAX it is returned as a UV, the output flags are clear, and nothing is written to I<*result>. If the value is > UV_MAX C<grok_bin> returns UV_MAX, sets C<PERL_SCAN_GREATER_THAN_UV_MAX> in the output flags, and writes the value to I<*result> (or the value is discarded if I<result> is NULL). The hex number may optionally be prefixed with "0b" or "b" unless C<PERL_SCAN_DISALLOW_PREFIX> is set in I<*flags> on entry. If C<PERL_SCAN_ALLOW_UNDERSCORES> is set in I<*flags> then the binary number may use '_' characters to separate digits. UV grok_bin(char* start, STRLEN* len, I32* flags, NV *result) =for hackers Found in file numeric.c =item grok_hex converts a string representing a hex number to numeric form. On entry I<start> and I<*len> give the string to scan, I<*flags> gives conversion flags, and I<result> should be NULL or a pointer to an NV. The scan stops at the end of the string, or the first non-hex-digit character. On return I<*len> is set to the length scanned string, and I<*flags> gives output flags. If the value is <= UV_MAX it is returned as a UV, the output flags are clear, and nothing is written to I<*result>. If the value is > UV_MAX C<grok_hex> returns UV_MAX, sets C<PERL_SCAN_GREATER_THAN_UV_MAX> in the output flags, and writes the value to I<*result> (or the value is discarded if I<result> is NULL). The hex number may optionally be prefixed with "0x" or "x" unless C<PERL_SCAN_DISALLOW_PREFIX> is set in I<*flags> on entry. If C<PERL_SCAN_ALLOW_UNDERSCORES> is set in I<*flags> then the hex number may use '_' characters to separate digits. UV grok_hex(char* start, STRLEN* len, I32* flags, NV *result) =for hackers Found in file numeric.c =item grok_number Recognise (or not) a number. The type of the number is returned (0 if unrecognised), otherwise it is a bit-ORed combination of IS_NUMBER_IN_UV, IS_NUMBER_GREATER_THAN_UV_MAX, IS_NUMBER_NOT_INT, IS_NUMBER_NEG, IS_NUMBER_INFINITY, IS_NUMBER_NAN (defined in perl.h). If the value of the number can fit an in UV, it is returned in the *valuep IS_NUMBER_IN_UV will be set to indicate that *valuep is valid, IS_NUMBER_IN_UV will never be set unless *valuep is valid, but *valuep may have been assigned to during processing even though IS_NUMBER_IN_UV is not set on return. If valuep is NULL, IS_NUMBER_IN_UV will be set for the same cases as when valuep is non-NULL, but no actual assignment (or SEGV) will occur. IS_NUMBER_NOT_INT will be set with IS_NUMBER_IN_UV if trailing decimals were seen (in which case *valuep gives the true value truncated to an integer), and IS_NUMBER_NEG if the number is negative (in which case *valuep holds the absolute value). IS_NUMBER_IN_UV is not set if e notation was used or the number is larger than a UV. int grok_number(const char *pv, STRLEN len, UV *valuep) =for hackers Found in file numeric.c =item grok_numeric_radix Scan and skip for a numeric decimal separator (radix). bool grok_numeric_radix(const char **sp, const char *send) =for hackers Found in file numeric.c =item grok_oct UV grok_oct(char* start, STRLEN* len, I32* flags, NV *result) =for hackers Found in file numeric.c =item scan_bin For backwards compatibility. Use C<grok_bin> instead. NV scan_bin(char* start, STRLEN len, STRLEN* retlen) =for hackers Found in file numeric.c =item scan_hex For backwards compatibility. Use C<grok_hex> instead. NV scan_hex(char* start, STRLEN len, STRLEN* retlen) =for hackers Found in file numeric.c =item scan_oct For backwards compatibility. Use C<grok_oct> instead. NV scan_oct(char* start, STRLEN len, STRLEN* retlen) =for hackers Found in file numeric.c =back =head1 Optree Manipulation Functions =over 8 =item cv_const_sv If C<cv> is a constant sub eligible for inlining. returns the constant value returned by the sub. Otherwise, returns NULL. Constant subs can be created with C<newCONSTSUB> or as described in L<perlsub/"Constant Functions">. SV* cv_const_sv(CV* cv) =for hackers Found in file op.c =item newCONSTSUB Creates a constant sub equivalent to Perl C which is eligible for inlining at compile-time. CV* newCONSTSUB(HV* stash, char* name, SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file op.c =item newXS Used by C<xsubpp> to hook up XSUBs as Perl subs. =for hackers Found in file op.c =back =head1 Pad Data Structures =over 8 =item pad_sv Get the value at offset po in the current pad. Use macro PAD_SV instead of calling this function directly. SV* pad_sv(PADOFFSET po) =for hackers Found in file pad.c =back =head1 Stack Manipulation Macros =over 8 =item dMARK Declare a stack marker variable, C, for the XSUB. See C and C<dORIGMARK>. dMARK; =for hackers Found in file pp.h =item dORIGMARK Saves the original stack mark for the XSUB. See C<ORIGMARK>. dORIGMARK; =for hackers Found in file pp.h =item dSP Declares a local copy of perl's stack pointer for the XSUB, available via the C<SP> macro. See C<SP>. dSP; =for hackers Found in file pp.h =item EXTEND Used to extend the argument stack for an XSUB's return values. Once used, guarantees that there is room for at least C<nitems> to be pushed onto the stack. void EXTEND(SP, int nitems) =for hackers Found in file pp.h =item MARK Stack marker variable for the XSUB. See C<dMARK>. =for hackers Found in file pp.h =item ORIGMARK The original stack mark for the XSUB. See C<dORIGMARK>. =for hackers Found in file pp.h =item POPi Pops an integer off the stack. IV POPi =for hackers Found in file pp.h =item POPl Pops a long off the stack. long POPl =for hackers Found in file pp.h =item POPn Pops a double off the stack. NV POPn =for hackers Found in file pp.h =item POPp Pops a string off the stack. Deprecated. New code should provide a STRLEN n_a and use POPpx. char* POPp =for hackers Found in file pp.h =item POPpbytex Pops a string off the stack which must consist of bytes i.e. characters < 256. Requires a variable STRLEN n_a in scope. char* POPpbytex =for hackers Found in file pp.h =item POPpx Pops a string off the stack. Requires a variable STRLEN n_a in scope. char* POPpx =for hackers Found in file pp.h =item POPs Pops an SV off the stack. SV* POPs =for hackers Found in file pp.h =item PUSHi Push an integer onto the stack. The stack must have room for this element. Handles 'set' magic. See C<XPUSHi>. void PUSHi(IV iv) =for hackers Found in file pp.h =item PUSHMARK Opening bracket for arguments on a callback. See C<PUTBACK> and L<perlcall>. PUSHMARK; =for hackers Found in file pp.h =item PUSHn Push a double onto the stack. The stack must have room for this element. Handles 'set' magic. See C<XPUSHn>. void PUSHn(NV nv) =for hackers Found in file pp.h =item PUSHp Push a string onto the stack. The stack must have room for this element. The C<len> indicates the length of the string. Handles 'set' magic. See C<XPUSHp>. void PUSHp(char* str, STRLEN len) =for hackers Found in file pp.h =item PUSHs Push an SV onto the stack. The stack must have room for this element. Does not handle 'set' magic. See C<XPUSHs>. void PUSHs(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file pp.h =item PUSHu Push an unsigned integer onto the stack. The stack must have room for this element. See C<XPUSHu>. void PUSHu(UV uv) =for hackers Found in file pp.h =item PUTBACK Closing bracket for XSUB arguments. This is usually handled by C<xsubpp>. See C<PUSHMARK> and L<perlcall> for other uses. PUTBACK; =for hackers Found in file pp.h =item SP Stack pointer. This is usually handled by C<xsubpp>. See C<dSP> and C<SPAGAIN>. =for hackers Found in file pp.h =item SPAGAIN Refetch the stack pointer. Used after a callback. See L<perlcall>. SPAGAIN; =for hackers Found in file pp.h =item XPUSHi Push an integer onto the stack, extending the stack if necessary. Handles 'set' magic. See C<PUSHi>. void XPUSHi(IV iv) =for hackers Found in file pp.h =item XPUSHn Push a double onto the stack, extending the stack if necessary. Handles 'set' magic. See C<PUSHn>. void XPUSHn(NV nv) =for hackers Found in file pp.h =item XPUSHp Push a string onto the stack, extending the stack if necessary. The C<len> indicates the length of the string. Handles 'set' magic. See C<PUSHp>. void XPUSHp(char* str, STRLEN len) =for hackers Found in file pp.h =item XPUSHs Push an SV onto the stack, extending the stack if necessary. Does not handle 'set' magic. See C<PUSHs>. void XPUSHs(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file pp.h =item XPUSHu Push an unsigned integer onto the stack, extending the stack if necessary. See C<PUSHu>. void XPUSHu(UV uv) =for hackers Found in file pp.h =item XSRETURN Return from XSUB, indicating number of items on the stack. This is usually handled by C<xsubpp>. void XSRETURN(int nitems) =for hackers Found in file XSUB.h =item XSRETURN_IV Return an integer from an XSUB immediately. Uses C<XST_mIV>. void XSRETURN_IV(IV iv) =for hackers Found in file XSUB.h =item XSRETURN_NO Return C<&PL_sv_no> from an XSUB immediately. Uses C<XST_mNO>. XSRETURN_NO; =for hackers Found in file XSUB.h =item XSRETURN_NV Return a double from an XSUB immediately. Uses C<XST_mNV>. void XSRETURN_NV(NV nv) =for hackers Found in file XSUB.h =item XSRETURN_PV Return a copy of a string from an XSUB immediately. Uses C<XST_mPV>. void XSRETURN_PV(char* str) =for hackers Found in file XSUB.h =item XSRETURN_UNDEF Return C<&PL_sv_undef> from an XSUB immediately. Uses C<XST_mUNDEF>. XSRETURN_UNDEF; =for hackers Found in file XSUB.h =item XSRETURN_UV Return an integer from an XSUB immediately. Uses C<XST_mUV>. void XSRETURN_UV(IV uv) =for hackers Found in file XSUB.h =item XSRETURN_YES Return C<&PL_sv_yes> from an XSUB immediately. Uses C<XST_mYES>. XSRETURN_YES; =for hackers Found in file XSUB.h =item XST_mIV Place an integer into the specified position C<pos> on the stack. The value is stored in a new mortal SV. void XST_mIV(int pos, IV iv) =for hackers Found in file XSUB.h =item XST_mNO Place C<&PL_sv_no> into the specified position C<pos> on the stack. void XST_mNO(int pos) =for hackers Found in file XSUB.h =item XST_mNV Place a double into the specified position C<pos> on the stack. The value is stored in a new mortal SV. void XST_mNV(int pos, NV nv) =for hackers Found in file XSUB.h =item XST_mPV Place a copy of a string into the specified position C<pos> on the stack. The value is stored in a new mortal SV. void XST_mPV(int pos, char* str) =for hackers Found in file XSUB.h =item XST_mUNDEF Place C<&PL_sv_undef> into the specified position C<pos> on the stack. void XST_mUNDEF(int pos) =for hackers Found in file XSUB.h =item XST_mYES Place C<&PL_sv_yes> into the specified position C<pos> on the stack. void XST_mYES(int pos) =for hackers Found in file XSUB.h =back =head1 SV Flags =over 8 =item svtype An enum of flags for Perl types. These are found in the file B<sv.h> in the C<svtype> enum. Test these flags with the C<SvTYPE> macro. =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SVt_IV Integer type flag for scalars. See C<svtype>. =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SVt_NV Double type flag for scalars. See C<svtype>. =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SVt_PV Pointer type flag for scalars. See C<svtype>. =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SVt_PVAV Type flag for arrays. See C<svtype>. =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SVt_PVCV Type flag for code refs. See C<svtype>. =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SVt_PVHV Type flag for hashes. See C<svtype>. =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SVt_PVMG Type flag for blessed scalars. See C<svtype>. =for hackers Found in file sv.h =back =head1 SV Manipulation Functions =over 8 =item get_sv Returns the SV of the specified Perl scalar. If C<create> is set and the Perl variable does not exist then it will be created. If C<create> is not set and the variable does not exist then NULL is returned. NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated. SV* get_sv(const char* name, I32 create) =for hackers Found in file perl.c =item looks_like_number Test if the content of an SV looks like a number (or is a number). C<Inf> and C<Infinity> are treated as numbers (so will not issue a non-numeric warning), even if your atof() doesn't grok them. I32 looks_like_number(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item newRV_inc Creates an RV wrapper for an SV. The reference count for the original SV is incremented. SV* newRV_inc(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item newRV_noinc Creates an RV wrapper for an SV. The reference count for the original SV is B<not> incremented. SV* newRV_noinc(SV *sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item newSV Create a new null SV, or if len > 0, create a new empty SVt_PV type SV with an initial PV allocation of len+1. Normally accessed via the C<NEWSV> macro. SV* newSV(STRLEN len) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item newSViv Creates a new SV and copies an integer into it. The reference count for the SV is set to 1. SV* newSViv(IV i) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item newSVnv Creates a new SV and copies a floating point value into it. The reference count for the SV is set to 1. SV* newSVnv(NV n) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item newSVpv Creates a new SV and copies a string into it. The reference count for the SV is set to 1. If C<len> is zero, Perl will compute the length using strlen(). For efficiency, consider using C<newSVpvn> instead. SV* newSVpv(const char* s, STRLEN len) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item newSVpvf Creates a new SV and initializes it with the string formatted like C<sprintf>. SV* newSVpvf(const char* pat, ...) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item newSVpvn Creates a new SV and copies a string into it. The reference count for the SV is set to 1. Note that if C<len> is zero, Perl will create a zero length string. You are responsible for ensuring that the source string is at least C<len> bytes long. SV* newSVpvn(const char* s, STRLEN len) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item newSVpvn_share Creates a new SV with its SvPVX pointing to a shared string in the string table. If the string does not already exist in the table, it is created first. Turns on READONLY and FAKE. The string's hash is stored in the UV slot of the SV; if the C<hash> parameter is non-zero, that value is used; otherwise the hash is computed. The idea here is that as the string table is used for shared hash keys these strings will have SvPVX == HeKEY and hash lookup will avoid string compare. SV* newSVpvn_share(const char* s, I32 len, U32 hash) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item newSVrv Creates a new SV for the RV, C<rv>, to point to. If C<rv> is not an RV then it will be upgraded to one. If C<classname> is non-null then the new SV will be blessed in the specified package. The new SV is returned and its reference count is 1. SV* newSVrv(SV* rv, const char* classname) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item newSVsv Creates a new SV which is an exact duplicate of the original SV. (Uses C<sv_setsv>). SV* newSVsv(SV* old) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item newSVuv Creates a new SV and copies an unsigned integer into it. The reference count for the SV is set to 1. SV* newSVuv(UV u) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item SvCUR Returns the length of the string which is in the SV. See C<SvLEN>. STRLEN SvCUR(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvCUR_set Set the length of the string which is in the SV. See C<SvCUR>. void SvCUR_set(SV* sv, STRLEN len) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvEND Returns a pointer to the last character in the string which is in the SV. See C<SvCUR>. Access the character as *(SvEND(sv)). char* SvEND(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvGROW Expands the character buffer in the SV so that it has room for the indicated number of bytes (remember to reserve space for an extra trailing NUL character). Calls C<sv_grow> to perform the expansion if necessary. Returns a pointer to the character buffer. char * SvGROW(SV* sv, STRLEN len) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvIOK Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains an integer. bool SvIOK(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvIOKp Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains an integer. Checks the B<private> setting. Use C<SvIOK>. bool SvIOKp(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvIOK_notUV Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains a signed integer. void SvIOK_notUV(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvIOK_off Unsets the IV status of an SV. void SvIOK_off(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvIOK_on Tells an SV that it is an integer. void SvIOK_on(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvIOK_only Tells an SV that it is an integer and disables all other OK bits. void SvIOK_only(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvIOK_only_UV Tells and SV that it is an unsigned integer and disables all other OK bits. void SvIOK_only_UV(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvIOK_UV Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains an unsigned integer. void SvIOK_UV(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvIsCOW Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV is Copy-On-Write. (either shared hash key scalars, or full Copy On Write scalars if 5.9.0 is configured for COW) bool SvIsCOW(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvIsCOW_shared_hash Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV is Copy-On-Write shared hash key scalar. bool SvIsCOW_shared_hash(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvIV Coerces the given SV to an integer and returns it. See C<SvIVx> for a version which guarantees to evaluate sv only once. IV SvIV(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvIVx Coerces the given SV to an integer and returns it. Guarantees to evaluate sv only once. Use the more efficient C<SvIV> otherwise. IV SvIVx(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvIVX Returns the raw value in the SV's IV slot, without checks or conversions. Only use when you are sure SvIOK is true. See also C<SvIV()>. IV SvIVX(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvLEN Returns the size of the string buffer in the SV, not including any part attributable to C<SvOOK>. See C<SvCUR>. STRLEN SvLEN(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvNIOK Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains a number, integer or double. bool SvNIOK(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvNIOKp Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains a number, integer or double. Checks the B<private> setting. Use C<SvNIOK>. bool SvNIOKp(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvNIOK_off Unsets the NV/IV status of an SV. void SvNIOK_off(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvNOK Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains a double. bool SvNOK(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvNOKp Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains a double. Checks the B<private> setting. Use C<SvNOK>. bool SvNOKp(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvNOK_off Unsets the NV status of an SV. void SvNOK_off(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvNOK_on Tells an SV that it is a double. void SvNOK_on(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvNOK_only Tells an SV that it is a double and disables all other OK bits. void SvNOK_only(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvNV Coerce the given SV to a double and return it. See C<SvNVx> for a version which guarantees to evaluate sv only once. NV SvNV(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvNVX Returns the raw value in the SV's NV slot, without checks or conversions. Only use when you are sure SvNOK is true. See also C<SvNV()>. NV SvNVX(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvNVx Coerces the given SV to a double and returns it. Guarantees to evaluate sv only once. Use the more efficient C<SvNV> otherwise. NV SvNVx(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvOK Returns a boolean indicating whether the value is an SV. bool SvOK(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvOOK Returns a boolean indicating whether the SvIVX is a valid offset value for the SvPVX. This hack is used internally to speed up removal of characters from the beginning of a SvPV. When SvOOK is true, then the start of the allocated string buffer is really (SvPVX - SvIVX). bool SvOOK(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvPOK Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains a character string. bool SvPOK(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvPOKp Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains a character string. Checks the B<private> setting. Use C<SvPOK>. bool SvPOKp(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvPOK_off Unsets the PV status of an SV. void SvPOK_off(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvPOK_on Tells an SV that it is a string. void SvPOK_on(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvPOK_only Tells an SV that it is a string and disables all other OK bits. Will also turn off the UTF-8 status. void SvPOK_only(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvPOK_only_UTF8 Tells an SV that it is a string and disables all other OK bits, and leaves the UTF-8 status as it was. void SvPOK_only_UTF8(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvPV Returns a pointer to the string in the SV, or a stringified form of the SV if the SV does not contain a string. The SV may cache the stringified version becoming C<SvPOK>. Handles 'get' magic. See also C<SvPVx> for a version which guarantees to evaluate sv only once. char* SvPV(SV* sv, STRLEN len) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvPVbyte Like C<SvPV>, but converts sv to byte representation first if necessary. char* SvPVbyte(SV* sv, STRLEN len) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvPVbytex Like C<SvPV>, but converts sv to byte representation first if necessary. Guarantees to evaluate sv only once; use the more efficient C<SvPVbyte> otherwise. char* SvPVbytex(SV* sv, STRLEN len) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvPVbytex_force Like C<SvPV_force>, but converts sv to byte representation first if necessary. Guarantees to evaluate sv only once; use the more efficient C<SvPVbyte_force> otherwise. char* SvPVbytex_force(SV* sv, STRLEN len) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvPVbyte_force Like C<SvPV_force>, but converts sv to byte representation first if necessary. char* SvPVbyte_force(SV* sv, STRLEN len) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvPVbyte_nolen Like C<SvPV_nolen>, but converts sv to byte representation first if necessary. char* SvPVbyte_nolen(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvPVutf8 Like C<SvPV>, but converts sv to utf8 first if necessary. char* SvPVutf8(SV* sv, STRLEN len) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvPVutf8x Like C<SvPV>, but converts sv to utf8 first if necessary. Guarantees to evaluate sv only once; use the more efficient C<SvPVutf8> otherwise. char* SvPVutf8x(SV* sv, STRLEN len) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvPVutf8x_force Like C<SvPV_force>, but converts sv to utf8 first if necessary. Guarantees to evaluate sv only once; use the more efficient C<SvPVutf8_force> otherwise. char* SvPVutf8x_force(SV* sv, STRLEN len) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvPVutf8_force Like C<SvPV_force>, but converts sv to utf8 first if necessary. char* SvPVutf8_force(SV* sv, STRLEN len) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvPVutf8_nolen Like C<SvPV_nolen>, but converts sv to utf8 first if necessary. char* SvPVutf8_nolen(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvPVx A version of C<SvPV> which guarantees to evaluate sv only once. char* SvPVx(SV* sv, STRLEN len) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvPVX Returns a pointer to the physical string in the SV. The SV must contain a string. char* SvPVX(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvPV_force Like C<SvPV> but will force the SV into containing just a string (C<SvPOK_only>). You want force if you are going to update the C<SvPVX> directly. char* SvPV_force(SV* sv, STRLEN len) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvPV_force_nomg Like C<SvPV> but will force the SV into containing just a string (C<SvPOK_only>). You want force if you are going to update the C<SvPVX> directly. Doesn't process magic. char* SvPV_force_nomg(SV* sv, STRLEN len) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvPV_nolen Returns a pointer to the string in the SV, or a stringified form of the SV if the SV does not contain a string. The SV may cache the stringified form becoming C<SvPOK>. Handles 'get' magic. char* SvPV_nolen(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvREFCNT Returns the value of the object's reference count. U32 SvREFCNT(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvREFCNT_dec Decrements the reference count of the given SV. void SvREFCNT_dec(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvREFCNT_inc Increments the reference count of the given SV. SV* SvREFCNT_inc(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvROK Tests if the SV is an RV. bool SvROK(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvROK_off Unsets the RV status of an SV. void SvROK_off(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvROK_on Tells an SV that it is an RV. void SvROK_on(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvRV Dereferences an RV to return the SV. SV* SvRV(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvSTASH Returns the stash of the SV. HV* SvSTASH(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvTAINT Taints an SV if tainting is enabled. void SvTAINT(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvTAINTED Checks to see if an SV is tainted. Returns TRUE if it is, FALSE if not. bool SvTAINTED(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvTAINTED_off Untaints an SV. Be I<very> careful with this routine, as it short-circuits some of Perl's fundamental security features. XS module authors should not use this function unless they fully understand all the implications of unconditionally untainting the value. Untainting should be done in the standard perl fashion, via a carefully crafted regexp, rather than directly untainting variables. void SvTAINTED_off(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvTAINTED_on Marks an SV as tainted if tainting is enabled. void SvTAINTED_on(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvTRUE Returns a boolean indicating whether Perl would evaluate the SV as true or false, defined or undefined. Does not handle 'get' magic. bool SvTRUE(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvTYPE Returns the type of the SV. See C<svtype>. svtype SvTYPE(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvUNLOCK Releases a mutual exclusion lock on sv if a suitable module has been loaded. void SvUNLOCK(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvUOK Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains an unsigned integer. void SvUOK(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvUPGRADE Used to upgrade an SV to a more complex form. Uses C<sv_upgrade> to perform the upgrade if necessary. See C<svtype>. void SvUPGRADE(SV* sv, svtype type) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvUTF8 Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains UTF-8 encoded data. void SvUTF8(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvUTF8_off Unsets the UTF-8 status of an SV. void SvUTF8_off(SV *sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvUTF8_on Turn on the UTF-8 status of an SV (the data is not changed, just the flag). Do not use frivolously. void SvUTF8_on(SV *sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvUV Coerces the given SV to an unsigned integer and returns it. See C<SvUVx> for a version which guarantees to evaluate sv only once. UV SvUV(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvUVX Returns the raw value in the SV's UV slot, without checks or conversions. Only use when you are sure SvIOK is true. See also C<SvUV()>. UV SvUVX(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item SvUVx Coerces the given SV to an unsigned integer and returns it. Guarantees to evaluate sv only once. Use the more efficient C<SvUV> otherwise. UV SvUVx(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.h =item sv_2bool This function is only called on magical items, and is only used by sv_true() or its macro equivalent. bool sv_2bool(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_2cv Using various gambits, try to get a CV from an SV; in addition, try if possible to set C<*st> and C<*gvp> to the stash and GV associated with it. CV* sv_2cv(SV* sv, HV** st, GV** gvp, I32 lref) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_2io Using various gambits, try to get an IO from an SV: the IO slot if its a GV; or the recursive result if we're an RV; or the IO slot of the symbol named after the PV if we're a string. IO* sv_2io(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_2iv Return the integer value of an SV, doing any necessary string conversion, magic etc. Normally used via the C<SvIV(sv)> and C<SvIVx(sv)> macros. IV sv_2iv(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_2mortal Marks an existing SV as mortal. The SV will be destroyed "soon", either by an explicit call to FREETMPS, or by an implicit call at places such as statement boundaries. See also C<sv_newmortal> and C<sv_mortalcopy>. SV* sv_2mortal(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_2nv Return the num value of an SV, doing any necessary string or integer conversion, magic etc. Normally used via the C<SvNV(sv)> and C<SvNVx(sv)> macros. NV sv_2nv(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_2pvbyte Return a pointer to the byte-encoded representation of the SV, and set *lp to its length. May cause the SV to be downgraded from UTF-8 as a side-effect. Usually accessed via the C<SvPVbyte> macro. char* sv_2pvbyte(SV* sv, STRLEN* lp) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_2pvbyte_nolen Return a pointer to the byte-encoded representation of the SV. May cause the SV to be downgraded from UTF-8 as a side-effect. Usually accessed via the C<SvPVbyte_nolen> macro. char* sv_2pvbyte_nolen(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_2pvutf8 Return a pointer to the UTF-8-encoded representation of the SV, and set *lp to its length. May cause the SV to be upgraded to UTF-8 as a side-effect. Usually accessed via the C<SvPVutf8> macro. char* sv_2pvutf8(SV* sv, STRLEN* lp) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_2pvutf8_nolen Return a pointer to the UTF-8-encoded representation of the SV. May cause the SV to be upgraded to UTF-8 as a side-effect. Usually accessed via the C<SvPVutf8_nolen> macro. char* sv_2pvutf8_nolen(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_2pv_flags Returns a pointer to the string value of an SV, and sets *lp to its length. If flags includes SV_GMAGIC, does an mg_get() first. Coerces sv to a string if necessary. Normally invoked via the C<SvPV_flags> macro. C<sv_2pv()> and C<sv_2pv_nomg> usually end up here too. char* sv_2pv_flags(SV* sv, STRLEN* lp, I32 flags) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_2pv_nolen Like C<sv_2pv()>, but doesn't return the length too. You should usually use the macro wrapper C<SvPV_nolen(sv)> instead. char* sv_2pv_nolen(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_2uv Return the unsigned integer value of an SV, doing any necessary string conversion, magic etc. Normally used via the C<SvUV(sv)> and C<SvUVx(sv)> macros. UV sv_2uv(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_backoff Remove any string offset. You should normally use the C<SvOOK_off> macro wrapper instead. int sv_backoff(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_bless Blesses an SV into a specified package. The SV must be an RV. The package must be designated by its stash (see C<gv_stashpv()>). The reference count of the SV is unaffected. SV* sv_bless(SV* sv, HV* stash) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_catpv Concatenates the string onto the end of the string which is in the SV. If the SV has the UTF-8 status set, then the bytes appended should be valid UTF-8. Handles 'get' magic, but not 'set' magic. See C<sv_catpv_mg>. void sv_catpv(SV* sv, const char* ptr) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_catpvf Processes its arguments like C<sprintf> and appends the formatted output to an SV. If the appended data contains "wide" characters (including, but not limited to, SVs with a UTF-8 PV formatted with %s, and characters >255 formatted with %c), the original SV might get upgraded to UTF-8. Handles 'get' magic, but not 'set' magic. C<SvSETMAGIC()> must typically be called after calling this function to handle 'set' magic. void sv_catpvf(SV* sv, const char* pat, ...) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_catpvf_mg Like C<sv_catpvf>, but also handles 'set' magic. void sv_catpvf_mg(SV *sv, const char* pat, ...) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_catpvn Concatenates the string onto the end of the string which is in the SV. The C<len> indicates number of bytes to copy. If the SV has the UTF-8 status set, then the bytes appended should be valid UTF-8. Handles 'get' magic, but not 'set' magic. See C<sv_catpvn_mg>. void sv_catpvn(SV* sv, const char* ptr, STRLEN len) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_catpvn_flags Concatenates the string onto the end of the string which is in the SV. The C<len> indicates number of bytes to copy. If the SV has the UTF-8 status set, then the bytes appended should be valid UTF-8. If C<flags> has C<SV_GMAGIC> bit set, will C<mg_get> on C<dsv> if appropriate, else not. C<sv_catpvn> and C<sv_catpvn_nomg> are implemented in terms of this function. void sv_catpvn_flags(SV* sv, const char* ptr, STRLEN len, I32 flags) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_catpvn_mg Like C<sv_catpvn>, but also handles 'set' magic. void sv_catpvn_mg(SV *sv, const char *ptr, STRLEN len) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_catpv_mg Like C<sv_catpv>, but also handles 'set' magic. void sv_catpv_mg(SV *sv, const char *ptr) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_catsv Concatenates the string from SV C<ssv> onto the end of the string in SV C<dsv>. Modifies C<dsv> but not C<ssv>. Handles 'get' magic, but not 'set' magic. See C<sv_catsv_mg>. void sv_catsv(SV* dsv, SV* ssv) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_catsv_flags Concatenates the string from SV C<ssv> onto the end of the string in SV C<dsv>. Modifies C<dsv> but not C<ssv>. If C<flags> has C<SV_GMAGIC> bit set, will C<mg_get> on the SVs if appropriate, else not. C<sv_catsv> and C<sv_catsv_nomg> are implemented in terms of this function. void sv_catsv_flags(SV* dsv, SV* ssv, I32 flags) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_catsv_mg Like C<sv_catsv>, but also handles 'set' magic. void sv_catsv_mg(SV *dstr, SV *sstr) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_chop Efficient removal of characters from the beginning of the string buffer. SvPOK(sv) must be true and the C<ptr> must be a pointer to somewhere inside the string buffer. The C<ptr> becomes the first character of the adjusted string. Uses the "OOK hack". Beware: after this function returns, C<ptr> and SvPVX(sv) may no longer refer to the same chunk of data. void sv_chop(SV* sv, char* ptr) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_clear Clear an SV: call any destructors, free up any memory used by the body, and free the body itself. The SV's head is I<not> freed, although its type is set to all 1's so that it won't inadvertently be assumed to be live during global destruction etc. This function should only be called when REFCNT is zero. Most of the time you'll want to call C<sv_free()> (or its macro wrapper C<SvREFCNT_dec>) instead. void sv_clear(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_cmp Compares the strings in two SVs. Returns -1, 0, or 1 indicating whether the string in C<sv1> is less than, equal to, or greater than the string in C<sv2>. Is UTF-8 and 'use bytes' aware, handles get magic, and will coerce its args to strings if necessary. See also C<sv_cmp_locale>. I32 sv_cmp(SV* sv1, SV* sv2) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_cmp_locale Compares the strings in two SVs in a locale-aware manner. Is UTF-8 and 'use bytes' aware, handles get magic, and will coerce its args to strings if necessary. See also C<sv_cmp_locale>. See also C<sv_cmp>. I32 sv_cmp_locale(SV* sv1, SV* sv2) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_collxfrm Add Collate Transform magic to an SV if it doesn't already have it. Any scalar variable may carry PERL_MAGIC_collxfrm magic that contains the scalar data of the variable, but transformed to such a format that a normal memory comparison can be used to compare the data according to the locale settings. char* sv_collxfrm(SV* sv, STRLEN* nxp) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_copypv Copies a stringified representation of the source SV into the destination SV. Automatically performs any necessary mg_get and coercion of numeric values into strings. Guaranteed to preserve UTF-8 flag even from overloaded objects. Similar in nature to sv_2pv[_flags] but operates directly on an SV instead of just the string. Mostly uses sv_2pv_flags to do its work, except when that would lose the UTF-8'ness of the PV. void sv_copypv(SV* dsv, SV* ssv) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_dec Auto-decrement of the value in the SV, doing string to numeric conversion if necessary. Handles 'get' magic. void sv_dec(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_derived_from Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV is derived from the specified class. This is the function that implements C<UNIVERSAL::isa>. It works for class names as well as for objects. bool sv_derived_from(SV* sv, const char* name) =for hackers Found in file universal.c =item sv_eq Returns a boolean indicating whether the strings in the two SVs are identical. Is UTF-8 and 'use bytes' aware, handles get magic, and will coerce its args to strings if necessary. I32 sv_eq(SV* sv1, SV* sv2) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_force_normal Undo various types of fakery on an SV: if the PV is a shared string, make a private copy; if we're a ref, stop refing; if we're a glob, downgrade to an xpvmg. See also C<sv_force_normal_flags>. void sv_force_normal(SV *sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_force_normal_flags Undo various types of fakery on an SV: if the PV is a shared string, make a private copy; if we're a ref, stop refing; if we're a glob, downgrade to an xpvmg. The C<flags> parameter gets passed to C<sv_unref_flags()> when unrefing. C<sv_force_normal> calls this function with flags set to 0. void sv_force_normal_flags(SV *sv, U32 flags) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_free Decrement an SV's reference count, and if it drops to zero, call C<sv_clear> to invoke destructors and free up any memory used by the body; finally, deallocate the SV's head itself. Normally called via a wrapper macro C<SvREFCNT_dec>. void sv_free(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_gets Get a line from the filehandle and store it into the SV, optionally appending to the currently-stored string. char* sv_gets(SV* sv, PerlIO* fp, I32 append) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_grow Expands the character buffer in the SV. If necessary, uses C<sv_unref> and upgrades the SV to C<SVt_PV>. Returns a pointer to the character buffer. Use the C<SvGROW> wrapper instead. char* sv_grow(SV* sv, STRLEN newlen) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_inc Auto-increment of the value in the SV, doing string to numeric conversion if necessary. Handles 'get' magic. void sv_inc(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_insert Inserts a string at the specified offset/length within the SV. Similar to the Perl substr() function. void sv_insert(SV* bigsv, STRLEN offset, STRLEN len, char* little, STRLEN littlelen) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_isa Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV is blessed into the specified class. This does not check for subtypes; use C<sv_derived_from> to verify an inheritance relationship. int sv_isa(SV* sv, const char* name) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_isobject Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV is an RV pointing to a blessed object. If the SV is not an RV, or if the object is not blessed, then this will return false. int sv_isobject(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_iv A private implementation of the C<SvIVx> macro for compilers which can't cope with complex macro expressions. Always use the macro instead. IV sv_iv(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_len Returns the length of the string in the SV. Handles magic and type coercion. See also C<SvCUR>, which gives raw access to the xpv_cur slot. STRLEN sv_len(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_len_utf8 Returns the number of characters in the string in an SV, counting wide UTF-8 bytes as a single character. Handles magic and type coercion. STRLEN sv_len_utf8(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_magic Adds magic to an SV. First upgrades C<sv> to type C<SVt_PVMG> if necessary, then adds a new magic item of type C<how> to the head of the magic list. void sv_magic(SV* sv, SV* obj, int how, const char* name, I32 namlen) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_magicext Adds magic to an SV, upgrading it if necessary. Applies the supplied vtable and returns pointer to the magic added. Note that sv_magicext will allow things that sv_magic will not. In particular you can add magic to SvREADONLY SVs and and more than one instance of the same 'how' I C<namelen> is greater then zero then a savepvn() I<copy> of C<name> is stored, if C<namelen> is zero then C<name> is stored as-is and - as another special case - if C<(name && namelen == HEf_SVKEY)> then C<name> is assumed to contain an C<SV*> and has its REFCNT incremented (This is now used as a subroutine by sv_magic.) MAGIC * sv_magicext(SV* sv, SV* obj, int how, MGVTBL *vtbl, const char* name, I32 namlen ) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_mortalcopy Creates a new SV which is a copy of the original SV (using C<sv_setsv>). The new SV is marked as mortal. It will be destroyed "soon", either by an explicit call to FREETMPS, or by an implicit call at places such as statement boundaries. See also C<sv_newmortal> and C<sv_2mortal>. SV* sv_mortalcopy(SV* oldsv) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_newmortal Creates a new null SV which is mortal. The reference count of the SV is set to 1. It will be destroyed "soon", either by an explicit call to FREETMPS, or by an implicit call at places such as statement boundaries. See also C<sv_mortalcopy> and C<sv_2mortal>. SV* sv_newmortal() =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_newref Increment an SV's reference count. Use the C<SvREFCNT_inc()> wrapper instead. SV* sv_newref(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_nv A private implementation of the C<SvNVx> macro for compilers which can't cope with complex macro expressions. Always use the macro instead. NV sv_nv(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_pos_b2u Converts the value pointed to by offsetp from a count of bytes from the start of the string, to a count of the equivalent number of UTF-8 chars. Handles magic and type coercion. void sv_pos_b2u(SV* sv, I32* offsetp) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_pos_u2b Converts the value pointed to by offsetp from a count of UTF-8 chars from the start of the string, to a count of the equivalent number of bytes; if lenp is non-zero, it does the same to lenp, but this time starting from the offset, rather than from the start of the string. Handles magic and type coercion. void sv_pos_u2b(SV* sv, I32* offsetp, I32* lenp) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_pv Use the C<SvPV_nolen> macro instead char* sv_pv(SV *sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_pvbyte Use C<SvPVbyte_nolen> instead. char* sv_pvbyte(SV *sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_pvbyten A private implementation of the C<SvPVbyte> macro for compilers which can't cope with complex macro expressions. Always use the macro instead. char* sv_pvbyten(SV *sv, STRLEN *len) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_pvbyten_force A private implementation of the C<SvPVbytex_force> macro for compilers which can't cope with complex macro expressions. Always use the macro instead. char* sv_pvbyten_force(SV* sv, STRLEN* lp) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_pvn A private implementation of the C<SvPV> macro for compilers which can't cope with complex macro expressions. Always use the macro instead. char* sv_pvn(SV *sv, STRLEN *len) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_pvn_force Get a sensible string out of the SV somehow. A private implementation of the C<SvPV_force> macro for compilers which can't cope with complex macro expressions. Always use the macro instead. char* sv_pvn_force(SV* sv, STRLEN* lp) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_pvn_force_flags Get a sensible string out of the SV somehow. If C<flags> has C<SV_GMAGIC> bit set, will C<mg_get> on C<sv> if appropriate, else not. C<sv_pvn_force> and C<sv_pvn_force_nomg> are implemented in terms of this function. You normally want to use the various wrapper macros instead: see C<SvPV_force> and C<SvPV_force_nomg> char* sv_pvn_force_flags(SV* sv, STRLEN* lp, I32 flags) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_pvutf8 Use the C<SvPVutf8_nolen> macro instead char* sv_pvutf8(SV *sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_pvutf8n A private implementation of the C<SvPVutf8> macro for compilers which can't cope with complex macro expressions. Always use the macro instead. char* sv_pvutf8n(SV *sv, STRLEN *len) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_pvutf8n_force A private implementation of the C<SvPVutf8_force> macro for compilers which can't cope with complex macro expressions. Always use the macro instead. char* sv_pvutf8n_force(SV* sv, STRLEN* lp) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_reftype Returns a string describing what the SV is a reference to. char* sv_reftype(SV* sv, int ob) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_replace Make the first argument a copy of the second, then delete the original. The target SV physically takes over ownership of the body of the source SV and inherits its flags; however, the target keeps any magic it owns, and any magic in the source is discarded. Note that this is a rather specialist SV copying operation; most of the time you'll want to use C<sv_setsv> or one of its many macro front-ends. void sv_replace(SV* sv, SV* nsv) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_report_used Dump the contents of all SVs not yet freed. (Debugging aid). void sv_report_used() =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_reset Underlying implementation for the C<reset> Perl function. Note that the perl-level function is vaguely deprecated. void sv_reset(char* s, HV* stash) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_rvweaken Weaken a reference: set the C<SvWEAKREF> flag on this RV; give the referred-to SV C<PERL_MAGIC_backref> magic if it hasn't already; and push a back-reference to this RV onto the array of backreferences associated with that magic. SV* sv_rvweaken(SV *sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_setiv Copies an integer into the given SV, upgrading first if necessary. Does not handle 'set' magic. See also C<sv_setiv_mg>. void sv_setiv(SV* sv, IV num) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_setiv_mg Like C<sv_setiv>, but also handles 'set' magic. void sv_setiv_mg(SV *sv, IV i) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_setnv Copies a double into the given SV, upgrading first if necessary. Does not handle 'set' magic. See also C<sv_setnv_mg>. void sv_setnv(SV* sv, NV num) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_setnv_mg Like C<sv_setnv>, but also handles 'set' magic. void sv_setnv_mg(SV *sv, NV num) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_setpv Copies a string into an SV. The string must be null-terminated. Does not handle 'set' magic. See C<sv_setpv_mg>. void sv_setpv(SV* sv, const char* ptr) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_setpvf Processes its arguments like C<sprintf> and sets an SV to the formatted output. Does not handle 'set' magic. See C<sv_setpvf_mg>. void sv_setpvf(SV* sv, const char* pat, ...) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_setpvf_mg Like C<sv_setpvf>, but also handles 'set' magic. void sv_setpvf_mg(SV *sv, const char* pat, ...) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_setpviv Copies an integer into the given SV, also updating its string value. Does not handle 'set' magic. See C<sv_setpviv_mg>. void sv_setpviv(SV* sv, IV num) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_setpviv_mg Like C<sv_setpviv>, but also handles 'set' magic. void sv_setpviv_mg(SV *sv, IV iv) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_setpvn Copies a string into an SV. The C<len> parameter indicates the number of bytes to be copied. Does not handle 'set' magic. See C<sv_setpvn_mg>. void sv_setpvn(SV* sv, const char* ptr, STRLEN len) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_setpvn_mg Like C<sv_setpvn>, but also handles 'set' magic. void sv_setpvn_mg(SV *sv, const char *ptr, STRLEN len) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_setpv_mg Like C<sv_setpv>, but also handles 'set' magic. void sv_setpv_mg(SV *sv, const char *ptr) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_setref_iv Copies an integer into a new SV, optionally blessing the SV. The C<rv> argument will be upgraded to an RV. That RV will be modified to point to the new SV. The C<classname> argument indicates the package for the blessing. Set C<classname> to C<Nullch> to avoid the blessing. The new SV will have a reference count of 1, and the RV will be returned. SV* sv_setref_iv(SV* rv, const char* classname, IV iv) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_setref_nv Copies a double into a new SV, optionally blessing the SV. The C<rv> argument will be upgraded to an RV. That RV will be modified to point to the new SV. The C<classname> argument indicates the package for the blessing. Set C<classname> to C<Nullch> to avoid the blessing. The new SV will have a reference count of 1, and the RV will be returned. SV* sv_setref_nv(SV* rv, const char* classname, NV nv) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_setref_pv Copies a pointer into a new SV, optionally blessing the SV. The C<rv> argument will be upgraded to an RV. That RV will be modified to point to the new SV. If the C<pv> argument is NULL then C<PL_sv_undef> will be placed into the SV. The C<classname> argument indicates the package for the blessing. Set C<classname> to C<Nullch> to avoid the blessing. The new SV will have a reference count of 1, and the RV will be returned. Do not use with other Perl types such as HV, AV, SV, CV, because those objects will become corrupted by the pointer copy process. Note that C<sv_setref_pvn> copies the string while this copies the pointer. SV* sv_setref_pv(SV* rv, const char* classname, void* pv) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_setref_pvn Copies a string into a new SV, optionally blessing the SV. The length of the string must be specified with C<n>. The C<rv> argument will be upgraded to an RV. That RV will be modified to point to the new SV. The C<classname> argument indicates the package for the blessing. Set C<classname> to C<Nullch> to avoid the blessing. The new SV will have a reference count of 1, and the RV will be returned. Note that C<sv_setref_pv> copies the pointer while this copies the string. SV* sv_setref_pvn(SV* rv, const char* classname, char* pv, STRLEN n) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_setref_uv Copies an unsigned integer into a new SV, optionally blessing the SV. The C<rv> argument will be upgraded to an RV. That RV will be modified to point to the new SV. The C<classname> argument indicates the package for the blessing. Set C<classname> to C<Nullch> to avoid the blessing. The new SV will have a reference count of 1, and the RV will be returned. SV* sv_setref_uv(SV* rv, const char* classname, UV uv) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_setsv Copies the contents of the source SV C<ssv> into the destination SV C<dsv>. The source SV may be destroyed if it is mortal, so don't use this function if the source SV needs to be reused. Does not handle 'set' magic. Loosely speaking, it performs a copy-by-value, obliterating any previous content of the destination. You probably want to use one of the assortment of wrappers, such as C<SvSetSV>, C<SvSetSV_nosteal>, C<SvSetMagicSV> and C<SvSetMagicSV_nosteal>. void sv_setsv(SV* dsv, SV* ssv) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_setsv_flags Copies the contents of the source SV C<ssv> into the destination SV C<dsv>. The source SV may be destroyed if it is mortal, so don't use this function if the source SV needs to be reused. Does not handle 'set' magic. Loosely speaking, it performs a copy-by-value, obliterating any previous content of the destination. If the C<flags> parameter has the C<SV_GMAGIC> bit set, will C<mg_get> on C<ssv> if appropriate, else not. C<sv_setsv> and C<sv_setsv_nomg> are implemented in terms of this function. You probably want to use one of the assortment of wrappers, such as C<SvSetSV>, C<SvSetSV_nosteal>, C<SvSetMagicSV> and C<SvSetMagicSV_nosteal>. This is the primary function for copying scalars, and most other copy-ish functions and macros use this underneath. void sv_setsv_flags(SV* dsv, SV* ssv, I32 flags) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_setsv_mg Like C<sv_setsv>, but also handles 'set' magic. void sv_setsv_mg(SV *dstr, SV *sstr) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_setuv Copies an unsigned integer into the given SV, upgrading first if necessary. Does not handle 'set' magic. See also C<sv_setuv_mg>. void sv_setuv(SV* sv, UV num) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_setuv_mg Like C<sv_setuv>, but also handles 'set' magic. void sv_setuv_mg(SV *sv, UV u) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_taint Taint an SV. Use C<SvTAINTED_on> instead. void sv_taint(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_tainted Test an SV for taintedness. Use C<SvTAINTED> instead. bool sv_tainted(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_true Returns true if the SV has a true value by Perl's rules. Use the C<SvTRUE> macro instead, which may call C<sv_true()> or may instead use an in-line version. I32 sv_true(SV *sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_unmagic Removes all magic of type C<type> from an SV. int sv_unmagic(SV* sv, int type) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_unref Unsets the RV status of the SV, and decrements the reference count of whatever was being referenced by the RV. This can almost be thought of as a reversal of C<newSVrv>. This is C<sv_unref_flags> with the C<flag> being zero. See C<SvROK_off>. void sv_unref(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_unref_flags Unsets the RV status of the SV, and decrements the reference count of whatever was being referenced by the RV. This can almost be thought of as a reversal of C<newSVrv>. The C<cflags> argument can contain C<SV_IMMEDIATE_UNREF> to force the reference count to be decremented (otherwise the decrementing is conditional on the reference count being different from one or the reference being a readonly SV). See C<SvROK_off>. void sv_unref_flags(SV* sv, U32 flags) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_untaint Untaint an SV. Use C<SvTAINTED_off> instead. void sv_untaint(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_upgrade Upgrade an SV to a more complex form. Generally adds a new body type to the SV, then copies across as much information as possible from the old body. You generally want to use the C<SvUPGRADE> macro wrapper. See also C<svtype>. bool sv_upgrade(SV* sv, U32 mt) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_usepvn Tells an SV to use C<ptr> to find its string value. Normally the string is stored inside the SV but sv_usepvn allows the SV to use an outside string. The C<ptr> should point to memory that was allocated by C<malloc>. The string length, C<len>, must be supplied. This function will realloc the memory pointed to by C<ptr>, so that pointer should not be freed or used by the programmer after giving it to sv_usepvn. Does not handle 'set' magic. See C<sv_usepvn_mg>. void sv_usepvn(SV* sv, char* ptr, STRLEN len) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_usepvn_mg Like C<sv_usepvn>, but also handles 'set' magic. void sv_usepvn_mg(SV *sv, char *ptr, STRLEN len) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_utf8_decode Convert the octets in the PV from UTF-8 to chars. Scan for validity and then turn off SvUTF8 if needed so that we see characters. Used as a building block for decode_utf8 in Encode.xs NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be removed without notice. bool sv_utf8_decode(SV *sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_utf8_downgrade Attempt to convert the PV of an SV from UTF-8-encoded to byte encoding. This may not be possible if the PV contains non-byte encoding characters; if this is the case, either returns false or, if C<fail_ok> is not true, croaks. This is not as a general purpose Unicode to byte encoding interface: use the Encode extension for that. NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be removed without notice. bool sv_utf8_downgrade(SV *sv, bool fail_ok) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_utf8_encode Convert the PV of an SV to UTF-8-encoded, but then turn off the C<SvUTF8> flag so that it looks like octets again. Used as a building block for encode_utf8 in Encode.xs void sv_utf8_encode(SV *sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_utf8_upgrade Convert the PV of an SV to its UTF-8-encoded form. Forces the SV to string form if it is not already. Always sets the SvUTF8 flag to avoid future validity checks even if all the bytes have hibit clear. This is not as a general purpose byte encoding to Unicode interface: use the Encode extension for that. STRLEN sv_utf8_upgrade(SV *sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_utf8_upgrade_flags Convert the PV of an SV to its UTF-8-encoded form. Forces the SV to string form if it is not already. Always sets the SvUTF8 flag to avoid future validity checks even if all the bytes have hibit clear. If C<flags> has C<SV_GMAGIC> bit set, will C<mg_get> on C<sv> if appropriate, else not. C<sv_utf8_upgrade> and C<sv_utf8_upgrade_nomg> are implemented in terms of this function. This is not as a general purpose byte encoding to Unicode interface: use the Encode extension for that. STRLEN sv_utf8_upgrade_flags(SV *sv, I32 flags) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_uv A private implementation of the C<SvUVx> macro for compilers which can't cope with complex macro expressions. Always use the macro instead. UV sv_uv(SV* sv) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_vcatpvfn Processes its arguments like C<vsprintf> and appends the formatted output to an SV. Uses an array of SVs if the C style variable argument list is missing (NULL). When running with taint checks enabled, indicates via C<maybe_tainted> if results are untrustworthy (often due to the use of locales). Usually used via one of its frontends C<sv_catpvf> and C<sv_catpvf_mg>. void sv_vcatpvfn(SV* sv, const char* pat, STRLEN patlen, va_list* args, SV** svargs, I32 svmax, bool *maybe_tainted) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_vsetpvfn Works like C<vcatpvfn> but copies the text into the SV instead of appending it. Usually used via one of its frontends C<sv_setpvf> and C<sv_setpvf_mg>. void sv_vsetpvfn(SV* sv, const char* pat, STRLEN patlen, va_list* args, SV** svargs, I32 svmax, bool *maybe_tainted) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =back =head1 Unicode Support =over 8 =item bytes_from_utf8 Converts a string C<s> of length C<len> from UTF-8 into byte encoding. Unlike <utf8_to_bytes> but like C<bytes_to_utf8>, returns a pointer to the newly-created string, and updates C<len> to contain the new length. Returns the original string if no conversion occurs, C<len> is unchanged. Do nothing if C<is_utf8> points to 0. Sets C<is_utf8> to 0 if C<s> is converted or contains all 7bit characters. NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be removed without notice. U8* bytes_from_utf8(U8 *s, STRLEN *len, bool *is_utf8) =for hackers Found in file utf8.c =item bytes_to_utf8 Converts a string C<s> of length C<len> from ASCII into UTF-8 encoding. Returns a pointer to the newly-created string, and sets C<len> to reflect the new length. If you want to convert to UTF-8 from other encodings than ASCII, see sv_recode_to_utf8(). NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be removed without notice. U8* bytes_to_utf8(U8 *s, STRLEN *len) =for hackers Found in file utf8.c =item ibcmp_utf8 Return true if the strings s1 and s2 differ case-insensitively, false if not (if they are equal case-insensitively). If u1 is true, the string s1 is assumed to be in UTF-8-encoded Unicode. If u2 is true, the string s2 is assumed to be in UTF-8-encoded Unicode. If u1 or u2 are false, the respective string is assumed to be in native 8-bit encoding. If the pe1 and pe2 are non-NULL, the scanning pointers will be copied in there (they will point at the beginning of the I<next> character). If the pointers behind pe1 or pe2 are non-NULL, they are the end pointers beyond which scanning will not continue under any circustances. If the byte lengths l1 and l2 are non-zero, s1+l1 and s2+l2 will be used as goal end pointers that will also stop the scan, and which qualify towards defining a successful match: all the scans that define an explicit length must reach their goal pointers for a match to succeed). For case-insensitiveness, the "casefolding" of Unicode is used instead of upper/lowercasing both the characters, see http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr21/ (Case Mappings). I32 ibcmp_utf8(const char* a, char **pe1, UV l1, bool u1, const char* b, char **pe2, UV l2, bool u2) =for hackers Found in file utf8.c =item is_utf8_char Tests if some arbitrary number of bytes begins in a valid UTF-8 character. Note that an INVARIANT (i.e. ASCII) character is a valid UTF-8 character. The actual number of bytes in the UTF-8 character will be returned if it is valid, otherwise 0. STRLEN is_utf8_char(U8 *p) =for hackers Found in file utf8.c =item is_utf8_string Returns true if first C<len> bytes of the given string form a valid UTF-8 string, false otherwise. Note that 'a valid UTF-8 string' does not mean 'a string that contains code points above 0x7F encoded in UTF-8' because a valid ASCII string is a valid UTF-8 string. bool is_utf8_string(U8 *s, STRLEN len) =for hackers Found in file utf8.c =item is_utf8_string_loc Like is_ut8_string but store the location of the failure in the last argument. bool is_utf8_string_loc(U8 *s, STRLEN len, U8 **p) =for hackers Found in file utf8.c =item pv_uni_display Build to the scalar dsv a displayable version of the string spv, length len, the displayable version being at most pvlim bytes long (if longer, the rest is truncated and "..." will be appended). The flags argument can have UNI_DISPLAY_ISPRINT set to display isPRINT()able characters as themselves, UNI_DISPLAY_BACKSLASH to display the \\[nrfta\\] as the backslashed versions (like '\n') (UNI_DISPLAY_BACKSLASH is preferred over UNI_DISPLAY_ISPRINT for \\). UNI_DISPLAY_QQ (and its alias UNI_DISPLAY_REGEX) have both UNI_DISPLAY_BACKSLASH and UNI_DISPLAY_ISPRINT turned on. The pointer to the PV of the dsv is returned. char* pv_uni_display(SV *dsv, U8 *spv, STRLEN len, STRLEN pvlim, UV flags) =for hackers Found in file utf8.c =item sv_cat_decode The encoding is assumed to be an Encode object, the PV of the ssv is assumed to be octets in that encoding and decoding the input starts from the position which (PV + *offset) pointed to. The dsv will be concatenated the decoded UTF-8 string from ssv. Decoding will terminate when the string tstr appears in decoding output or the input ends on the PV of the ssv. The value which the offset points will be modified to the last input position on the ssv. Returns TRUE if the terminator was found, else returns FALSE. bool sv_cat_decode(SV* dsv, SV *encoding, SV *ssv, int *offset, char* tstr, int tlen) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_recode_to_utf8 The encoding is assumed to be an Encode object, on entry the PV of the sv is assumed to be octets in that encoding, and the sv will be converted into Unicode (and UTF-8). If the sv already is UTF-8 (or if it is not POK), or if the encoding is not a reference, nothing is done to the sv. If the encoding is not an C<Encode::XS> Encoding object, bad things will happen. (See F<lib/encoding.pm> and L<Encode>). The PV of the sv is returned. char* sv_recode_to_utf8(SV* sv, SV *encoding) =for hackers Found in file sv.c =item sv_uni_display Build to the scalar dsv a displayable version of the scalar sv, the displayable version being at most pvlim bytes long (if longer, the rest is truncated and "..." will be appended). The flags argument is as in pv_uni_display(). The pointer to the PV of the dsv is returned. char* sv_uni_display(SV *dsv, SV *ssv, STRLEN pvlim, UV flags) =for hackers Found in file utf8.c =item to_utf8_case The "p" contains the pointer to the UTF-8 string encoding the character that is being converted. The "ustrp" is a pointer to the character buffer to put the conversion result to. The "lenp" is a pointer to the length of the result. The "swashp" is a pointer to the swash to use. Both the special and normal mappings are stored lib/unicore/To/Foo.pl, and loaded by SWASHGET, using lib/utf8_heavy.pl. The special (usually, but not always, a multicharacter mapping), is tried first. The "special" is a string like "utf8::ToSpecLower", which means the hash %utf8::ToSpecLower. The access to the hash is through Perl_to_utf8_case(). The "normal" is a string like "ToLower" which means the swash %utf8::ToLower. UV to_utf8_case(U8 *p, U8* ustrp, STRLEN *lenp, SV **swash, char *normal, char *special) =for hackers Found in file utf8.c =item to_utf8_fold Convert the UTF-8 encoded character at p to its foldcase version and store that in UTF-8 in ustrp and its length in bytes in lenp. Note that the ustrp needs to be at least UTF8_MAXLEN_FOLD+1 bytes since the foldcase version may be longer than the original character (up to three characters). The first character of the foldcased version is returned (but note, as explained above, that there may be more.) UV to_utf8_fold(U8 *p, U8* ustrp, STRLEN *lenp) =for hackers Found in file utf8.c =item to_utf8_lower Convert the UTF-8 encoded character at p to its lowercase version and store that in UTF-8 in ustrp and its length in bytes in lenp. Note that the ustrp needs to be at least UTF8_MAXLEN_UCLC+1 bytes since the lowercase version may be longer than the original character (up to two characters). The first character of the lowercased version is returned (but note, as explained above, that there may be more.) UV to_utf8_lower(U8 *p, U8* ustrp, STRLEN *lenp) =for hackers Found in file utf8.c =item to_utf8_title Convert the UTF-8 encoded character at p to its titlecase version and store that in UTF-8 in ustrp and its length in bytes in lenp. Note that the ustrp needs to be at least UTF8_MAXLEN_UCLC+1 bytes since the titlecase version may be longer than the original character (up to two characters). The first character of the titlecased version is returned (but note, as explained above, that there may be more.) UV to_utf8_title(U8 *p, U8* ustrp, STRLEN *lenp) =for hackers Found in file utf8.c =item to_utf8_upper Convert the UTF-8 encoded character at p to its uppercase version and store that in UTF-8 in ustrp and its length in bytes in lenp. Note that the ustrp needs to be at least UTF8_MAXLEN_UCLC+1 bytes since the uppercase version may be longer than the original character (up to two characters). The first character of the uppercased version is returned (but note, as explained above, that there may be more.) UV to_utf8_upper(U8 *p, U8* ustrp, STRLEN *lenp) =for hackers Found in file utf8.c =item utf8n_to_uvchr Returns the native character value of the first character in the string C<s> which is assumed to be in UTF-8 encoding; C<retlen> will be set to the length, in bytes, of that character. Allows length and flags to be passed to low level routine. UV utf8n_to_uvchr(U8 *s, STRLEN curlen, STRLEN* retlen, U32 flags) =for hackers Found in file utf8.c =item utf8n_to_uvuni Bottom level UTF-8 decode routine. Returns the unicode code point value of the first character in the string C<s> which is assumed to be in UTF-8 encoding and no longer than C<curlen>; C<retlen> will be set to the length, in bytes, of that character. If C<s> does not point to a well-formed UTF-8 character, the behaviour is dependent on the value of C<flags>: if it contains UTF8_CHECK_ONLY, it is assumed that the caller will raise a warning, and this function will silently just set C<retlen> to C<-1> and return zero. If the C<flags> does not contain UTF8_CHECK_ONLY, warnings about malformations will be given, C<retlen> will be set to the expected length of the UTF-8 character in bytes, and zero will be returned. The C<flags> can also contain various flags to allow deviations from the strict UTF-8 encoding (see F<utf8.h>). Most code should use utf8_to_uvchr() rather than call this directly. UV utf8n_to_uvuni(U8 *s, STRLEN curlen, STRLEN* retlen, U32 flags) =for hackers Found in file utf8.c =item utf8_distance Returns the number of UTF-8 characters between the UTF-8 pointers C<a> and C. WARNING: use only if you *know* that the pointers point inside the same UTF-8 buffer. IV utf8_distance(U8 *a, U8 *b) =for hackers Found in file utf8.c =item utf8_hop Return the UTF-8 pointer C<s> displaced by C<off> characters, either forward or backward. WARNING: do not use the following unless you *know* C<off> is within the UTF-8 data pointed to by C<s> *and* that on entry C<s> is aligned on the first byte of character or just after the last byte of a character. U8* utf8_hop(U8 *s, I32 off) =for hackers Found in file utf8.c =item utf8_length Return the length of the UTF-8 char encoded string C<s> in characters. Stops at C<e> (inclusive). If C<e E<lt> s> or if the scan would end up past C<e>, croaks. STRLEN utf8_length(U8* s, U8 *e) =for hackers Found in file utf8.c =item utf8_to_bytes Converts a string C<s> of length C<len> from UTF-8 into byte encoding. Unlike C<bytes_to_utf8>, this over-writes the original string, and updates len to contain the new length. Returns zero on failure, setting C<len> to -1. NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be removed without notice. U8* utf8_to_bytes(U8 *s, STRLEN *len) =for hackers Found in file utf8.c =item utf8_to_uvchr Returns the native character value of the first character in the string C<s> which is assumed to be in UTF-8 encoding; C<retlen> will be set to the length, in bytes, of that character. If C<s> does not point to a well-formed UTF-8 character, zero is returned and retlen is set, if possible, to -1. UV utf8_to_uvchr(U8 *s, STRLEN* retlen) =for hackers Found in file utf8.c =item utf8_to_uvuni Returns the Unicode code point of the first character in the string C<s> which is assumed to be in UTF-8 encoding; C<retlen> will be set to the length, in bytes, of that character. This function should only be used when returned UV is considered an index into the Unicode semantic tables (e.g. swashes). If C<s> does not point to a well-formed UTF-8 character, zero is returned and retlen is set, if possible, to -1. UV utf8_to_uvuni(U8 *s, STRLEN* retlen) =for hackers Found in file utf8.c =item uvchr_to_utf8 Adds the UTF-8 representation of the Native codepoint C<uv> to the end of the string C<d>; C<d> should be have at least C<UTF8_MAXLEN+1> free bytes available. The return value is the pointer to the byte after the end of the new character. In other words, d = uvchr_to_utf8(d, uv); is the recommended wide native character-aware way of saying *(d++) = uv; U8* uvchr_to_utf8(U8 *d, UV uv) =for hackers Found in file utf8.c =item uvuni_to_utf8_flags Adds the UTF-8 representation of the Unicode codepoint C<uv> to the end of the string C<d>; C<d> should be have at least C<UTF8_MAXLEN+1> free bytes available. The return value is the pointer to the byte after the end of the new character. In other words, d = uvuni_to_utf8_flags(d, uv, flags); or, in most cases, d = uvuni_to_utf8(d, uv); (which is equivalent to) d = uvuni_to_utf8_flags(d, uv, 0); is the recommended Unicode-aware way of saying *(d++) = uv; U8* uvuni_to_utf8_flags(U8 *d, UV uv, UV flags) =for hackers Found in file utf8.c =back =head1 Variables created by C<xsubpp> and C<xsubpp> internal functions =over 8 =item ax Variable which is setup by C<xsubpp> to indicate the stack base offset, used by the C<ST>, C<XSprePUSH> and C<XSRETURN> macros. The C<dMARK> macro must be called prior to setup the C variable. I32 ax =for hackers Found in file XSUB.h =item CLASS Variable which is setup by C<xsubpp> to indicate the class name for a C++ XS constructor. This is always a C<char*>. See C<THIS>. char* CLASS =for hackers Found in file XSUB.h =item dAX Sets up the C<ax> variable. This is usually handled automatically by C<xsubpp> by calling C<dXSARGS>. dAX; =for hackers Found in file XSUB.h =item dITEMS Sets up the C<items> variable. This is usually handled automatically by C<xsubpp> by calling C<dXSARGS>. dITEMS; =for hackers Found in file XSUB.h =item dXSARGS Sets up stack and mark pointers for an XSUB, calling dSP and dMARK. Sets up the C<ax> and C<items> variables by calling C<dAX> and C<dITEMS>. This is usually handled automatically by C<xsubpp>. dXSARGS; =for hackers Found in file XSUB.h =item dXSI32 Sets up the C<ix> variable for an XSUB which has aliases. This is usually handled automatically by C<xsubpp>. dXSI32; =for hackers Found in file XSUB.h =item items Variable which is setup by C<xsubpp> to indicate the number of items on the stack. See L<perlxs/"Variable-length Parameter Lists">. I32 items =for hackers Found in file XSUB.h =item ix Variable which is setup by C<xsubpp> to indicate which of an XSUB's aliases was used to invoke it. See L<perlxs/"The ALIAS: Keyword">. I32 ix =for hackers Found in file XSUB.h =item newXSproto Used by C<xsubpp> to hook up XSUBs as Perl subs. Adds Perl prototypes to the subs. =for hackers Found in file XSUB.h =item RETVAL Variable which is setup by C<xsubpp> to hold the return value for an XSUB. This is always the proper type for the XSUB. See L<perlxs/"The RETVAL Variable">. (whatever) RETVAL =for hackers Found in file XSUB.h =item ST Used to access elements on the XSUB's stack. SV* ST(int ix) =for hackers Found in file XSUB.h =item THIS Variable which is setup by C<xsubpp> to designate the object in a C++ XSUB. This is always the proper type for the C++ object. See C<CLASS> and L<perlxs/"Using XS With C++">. (whatever) THIS =for hackers Found in file XSUB.h =item XS Macro to declare an XSUB and its C parameter list. This is handled by C<xsubpp>. =for hackers Found in file XSUB.h =item XSRETURN_EMPTY Return an empty list from an XSUB immediately. XSRETURN_EMPTY; =for hackers Found in file XSUB.h =item XS_VERSION The version identifier for an XS module. This is usually handled automatically by C<ExtUtils::MakeMaker>. See C<XS_VERSION_BOOTCHECK>. =for hackers Found in file XSUB.h =item XS_VERSION_BOOTCHECK Macro to verify that a PM module's $VERSION variable matches the XS module's C<XS_VERSION> variable. This is usually handled automatically by C<xsubpp>. See L<perlxs/"The VERSIONCHECK: Keyword">. XS_VERSION_BOOTCHECK; =for hackers Found in file XSUB.h =back =head1 Warning and Dieing =over 8 =item croak This is the XSUB-writer's interface to Perl's C<die> function. Normally use this function the same way you use the C C<printf> function. See C<warn>. If you want to throw an exception object, assign the object to C<$@> and then pass C<Nullch> to croak(): errsv = get_sv("@", TRUE); sv_setsv(errsv, exception_object); croak(Nullch); void croak(const char* pat, ...) =for hackers Found in file util.c =item warn This is the XSUB-writer's interface to Perl's C<warn> function. Use this function the same way you use the C C<printf> function. See C<croak>. void warn(const char* pat, ...) =for hackers Found in file util.c =back =head1 AUTHORS Until May 1997, this document was maintained by Jeff Okamoto <okamoto@corp.hp.com>. It is now maintained as part of Perl itself. With lots of help and suggestions from Dean Roehrich, Malcolm Beattie, Andreas Koenig, Paul Hudson, Ilya Zakharevich, Paul Marquess, Neil Bowers, Matthew Green, Tim Bunce, Spider Boardman, Ulrich Pfeifer, Stephen McCamant, and Gurusamy Sarathy. API Listing originally by Dean Roehrich <roehrich@cray.com>. Updated to be autogenerated from comments in the source by Benjamin Stuhl. =head1 SEE ALSO perlguts(1), perlxs(1), perlxstut(1), perlintern(1)