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- =head1 NAME
-
- Encode::PerlIO -- a detailed document on Encode and PerlIO
-
- =head1 Overview
-
- It is very common to want to do encoding transformations when
- reading or writing files, network connections, pipes etc.
- If Perl is configured to use the new 'perlio' IO system then
- C<Encode> provides a "layer" (see L<PerlIO>) which can transform
- data as it is read or written.
-
- Here is how the blind poet would modernise the encoding:
-
- use Encode;
- open(my $iliad,'<:encoding(iso-8859-7)','iliad.greek');
- open(my $utf8,'>:utf8','iliad.utf8');
- my @epic = <$iliad>;
- print $utf8 @epic;
- close($utf8);
- close($illiad);
-
- In addition, the new IO system can also be configured to read/write
- UTF-8 encoded characters (as noted above, this is efficient):
-
- open(my $fh,'>:utf8','anything');
- print $fh "Any \x{0021} string \N{SMILEY FACE}\n";
-
- Either of the above forms of "layer" specifications can be made the default
- for a lexical scope with the C<use open ...> pragma. See L<open>.
-
- Once a handle is open, its layers can be altered using C<binmode>.
-
- Without any such configuration, or if Perl itself is built using the
- system's own IO, then write operations assume that the file handle
- accepts only I<bytes> and will C<die> if a character larger than 255 is
- written to the handle. When reading, each octet from the handle becomes
- a byte-in-a-character. Note that this default is the same behaviour
- as bytes-only languages (including Perl before v5.6) would have,
- and is sufficient to handle native 8-bit encodings e.g. iso-8859-1,
- EBCDIC etc. and any legacy mechanisms for handling other encodings
- and binary data.
-
- In other cases, it is the program's responsibility to transform
- characters into bytes using the API above before doing writes, and to
- transform the bytes read from a handle into characters before doing
- "character operations" (e.g. C<lc>, C</\W+/>, ...).
-
- You can also use PerlIO to convert larger amounts of data you don't
- want to bring into memory. For example, to convert between ISO-8859-1
- (Latin 1) and UTF-8 (or UTF-EBCDIC in EBCDIC machines):
-
- open(F, "<:encoding(iso-8859-1)", "data.txt") or die $!;
- open(G, ">:utf8", "data.utf") or die $!;
- while (<F>) { print G }
-
- # Could also do "print G <F>" but that would pull
- # the whole file into memory just to write it out again.
-
- More examples:
-
- open(my $f, "<:encoding(cp1252)")
- open(my $g, ">:encoding(iso-8859-2)")
- open(my $h, ">:encoding(latin9)") # iso-8859-15
-
- See also L<encoding> for how to change the default encoding of the
- data in your script.
-
- =head1 How does it work?
-
- Here is a crude diagram of how filehandle, PerlIO, and Encode
- interact.
-
- filehandle <-> PerlIO PerlIO <-> scalar (read/printed)
- \ /
- Encode
-
- When PerlIO receives data from either direction, it fills a buffer
- (currently with 1024 bytes) and passes the buffer to Encode.
- Encode tries to convert the valid part and passes it back to PerlIO,
- leaving invalid parts (usually a partial character) in the buffer.
- PerlIO then appends more data to the buffer, calls Encode again,
- and so on until the data stream ends.
-
- To do so, PerlIO always calls (de|en)code methods with CHECK set to 1.
- This ensures that the method stops at the right place when it
- encounters partial character. The following is what happens when
- PerlIO and Encode tries to encode (from utf8) more than 1024 bytes
- and the buffer boundary happens to be in the middle of a character.
-
- A B C .... ~ \x{3000} ....
- 41 42 43 .... 7E e3 80 80 ....
- <- buffer --------------->
- << encoded >>>>>>>>>>
- <- next buffer ------
-
- Encode converts from the beginning to \x7E, leaving \xe3 in the buffer
- because it is invalid (partial character).
-
- Unfortunately, this scheme does not work well with escape-based
- encodings such as ISO-2022-JP.
-
- =head1 Line Buffering
-
- Now let's see what happens when you try to decode from ISO-2022-JP and
- the buffer ends in the middle of a character.
-
- JIS208-ESC \x{5f3e}
- A B C .... ~ \e $ B |DAN | ....
- 41 42 43 .... 7E 1b 24 41 43 46 ....
- <- buffer --------------------------->
- << encoded >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
-
- As you see, the next buffer begins with \x43. But \x43 is 'C' in
- ASCII, which is wrong in this case because we are now in JISX 0208
- area so it has to convert \x43\x46, not \x43. Unlike utf8 and EUC,
- in escape-based encodings you can't tell if a given octet is a whole
- character or just part of it.
-
- Fortunately PerlIO also supports line buffer if you tell PerlIO to use
- one instead of fixed buffer. Since ISO-2022-JP is guaranteed to revert to ASCII at the end of the line, partial
- character will never happen when line buffer is used.
-
- To tell PerlIO to use line buffer, implement -E<gt>needs_lines method
- for your encoding object. See L<Encode::Encoding> for details.
-
- Thanks to these efforts most encodings that come with Encode support
- PerlIO but that still leaves following encodings.
-
- iso-2022-kr
- MIME-B
- MIME-Header
- MIME-Q
-
- Fortunately iso-2022-kr is hardly used (according to Jungshik) and
- MIME-* are very unlikely to be fed to PerlIO because they are for mail
- headers. See L<Encode::MIME::Header> for details.
-
- =head2 How can I tell whether my encoding fully supports PerlIO ?
-
- As of this writing, any encoding whose class belongs to Encode::XS and
- Encode::Unicode works. The Encode module has a C<perlio_ok> method
- which you can use before appling PerlIO encoding to the filehandle.
- Here is an example:
-
- my $use_perlio = perlio_ok($enc);
- my $layer = $use_perlio ? "<:raw" : "<:encoding($enc)";
- open my $fh, $layer, $file or die "$file : $!";
- while(<$fh>){
- $_ = decode($enc, $_) unless $use_perlio;
- # ....
- }
-
- =head1 SEE ALSO
-
- L<Encode::Encoding>,
- L<Encode::Supported>,
- L<Encode::PerlIO>,
- L<encoding>,
- L<perlebcdic>,
- L<perlfunc/open>,
- L<perlunicode>,
- L<utf8>,
- the Perl Unicode Mailing List E<lt>perl-unicode@perl.orgE<gt>
-
- =cut
-
-