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- package open;
- use warnings;
- use Carp;
- $open::hint_bits = 0x20000;
-
- our $VERSION = '1.01';
-
- my $locale_encoding;
-
- sub in_locale { $^H & ($locale::hint_bits || 0)}
-
- sub _get_locale_encoding {
- unless (defined $locale_encoding) {
- # I18N::Langinfo isn't available everywhere
- eval {
- require I18N::Langinfo;
- I18N::Langinfo->import(qw(langinfo CODESET));
- $locale_encoding = langinfo(CODESET());
- };
- my $country_language;
-
- no warnings 'uninitialized';
-
- if (not $locale_encoding && in_locale()) {
- if ($ENV{LC_ALL} =~ /^([^.]+)\.([^.]+)$/) {
- ($country_language, $locale_encoding) = ($1, $2);
- } elsif ($ENV{LANG} =~ /^([^.]+)\.([^.]+)$/) {
- ($country_language, $locale_encoding) = ($1, $2);
- }
- # LANGUAGE affects only LC_MESSAGES only on glibc
- } elsif (not $locale_encoding) {
- if ($ENV{LC_ALL} =~ /\butf-?8\b/i ||
- $ENV{LANG} =~ /\butf-?8\b/i) {
- $locale_encoding = 'utf8';
- }
- # Could do more heuristics based on the country and language
- # parts of LC_ALL and LANG (the parts before the dot (if any)),
- # since we have Locale::Country and Locale::Language available.
- # TODO: get a database of Language -> Encoding mappings
- # (the Estonian database at http://www.eki.ee/letter/
- # would be excellent!) --jhi
- }
- if (defined $locale_encoding &&
- $locale_encoding eq 'euc' &&
- defined $country_language) {
- if ($country_language =~ /^ja_JP|japan(?:ese)?$/i) {
- $locale_encoding = 'euc-jp';
- } elsif ($country_language =~ /^ko_KR|korean?$/i) {
- $locale_encoding = 'euc-kr';
- } elsif ($country_language =~ /^zh_CN|chin(?:a|ese)?$/i) {
- $locale_encoding = 'euc-cn';
- } elsif ($country_language =~ /^zh_TW|taiwan(?:ese)?$/i) {
- $locale_encoding = 'euc-tw';
- }
- croak "Locale encoding 'euc' too ambiguous"
- if $locale_encoding eq 'euc';
- }
- }
- }
-
- sub import {
- my ($class,@args) = @_;
- croak("`use open' needs explicit list of PerlIO layers") unless @args;
- my $std;
- $^H |= $open::hint_bits;
- my ($in,$out) = split(/\0/,(${^OPEN} || "\0"), -1);
- while (@args) {
- my $type = shift(@args);
- my $dscp;
- if ($type =~ /^:?(utf8|locale|encoding\(.+\))$/) {
- $type = 'IO';
- $dscp = ":$1";
- } elsif ($type eq ':std') {
- $std = 1;
- next;
- } else {
- $dscp = shift(@args) || '';
- }
- my @val;
- foreach my $layer (split(/\s+/,$dscp)) {
- $layer =~ s/^://;
- if ($layer eq 'locale') {
- use Encode;
- _get_locale_encoding()
- unless defined $locale_encoding;
- (warnings::warnif("layer", "Cannot figure out an encoding to use"), last)
- unless defined $locale_encoding;
- if ($locale_encoding =~ /^utf-?8$/i) {
- $layer = "utf8";
- } else {
- $layer = "encoding($locale_encoding)";
- }
- $std = 1;
- } else {
- my $target = $layer; # the layer name itself
- $target =~ s/^(\w+)\(.+\)$/$1/; # strip parameters
-
- unless(PerlIO::Layer::->find($target)) {
- warnings::warnif("layer", "Unknown PerlIO layer '$layer'");
- }
- }
- push(@val,":$layer");
- if ($layer =~ /^(crlf|raw)$/) {
- $^H{"open_$type"} = $layer;
- }
- }
- if ($type eq 'IN') {
- $in = join(' ',@val);
- }
- elsif ($type eq 'OUT') {
- $out = join(' ',@val);
- }
- elsif ($type eq 'IO') {
- $in = $out = join(' ',@val);
- }
- else {
- croak "Unknown PerlIO layer class '$type'";
- }
- }
- ${^OPEN} = join("\0",$in,$out) if $in or $out;
- if ($std) {
- if ($in) {
- if ($in =~ /:utf8\b/) {
- binmode(STDIN, ":utf8");
- } elsif ($in =~ /(\w+\(.+\))/) {
- binmode(STDIN, ":$1");
- }
- }
- if ($out) {
- if ($out =~ /:utf8\b/) {
- binmode(STDOUT, ":utf8");
- binmode(STDERR, ":utf8");
- } elsif ($out =~ /(\w+\(.+\))/) {
- binmode(STDOUT, ":$1");
- binmode(STDERR, ":$1");
- }
- }
- }
- }
-
- 1;
- __END__
-
- =head1 NAME
-
- open - perl pragma to set default PerlIO layers for input and output
-
- =head1 SYNOPSIS
-
- use open IN => ":crlf", OUT => ":bytes";
- use open OUT => ':utf8';
- use open IO => ":encoding(iso-8859-7)";
-
- use open IO => ':locale';
-
- use open ':utf8';
- use open ':locale';
- use open ':encoding(iso-8859-7)';
-
- use open ':std';
-
- =head1 DESCRIPTION
-
- Full-fledged support for I/O layers is now implemented provided
- Perl is configured to use PerlIO as its IO system (which is now the
- default).
-
- The C<open> pragma serves as one of the interfaces to declare default
- "layers" (also known as "disciplines") for all I/O. Any open(),
- readpipe() (aka qx//) and similar operators found within the lexical
- scope of this pragma will use the declared defaults.
-
- With the C<IN> subpragma you can declare the default layers
- of input streams, and with the C<OUT> subpragma you can declare
- the default layers of output streams. With the C<IO> subpragma
- you can control both input and output streams simultaneously.
-
- If you have a legacy encoding, you can use the C<:encoding(...)> tag.
-
- if you want to set your encoding layers based on your
- locale environment variables, you can use the C<:locale> tag.
- For example:
-
- $ENV{LANG} = 'ru_RU.KOI8-R';
- # the :locale will probe the locale environment variables like LANG
- use open OUT => ':locale';
- open(O, ">koi8");
- print O chr(0x430); # Unicode CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER A = KOI8-R 0xc1
- close O;
- open(I, "<koi8");
- printf "%#x\n", ord(<I>), "\n"; # this should print 0xc1
- close I;
-
- These are equivalent
-
- use open ':utf8';
- use open IO => ':utf8';
-
- as are these
-
- use open ':locale';
- use open IO => ':locale';
-
- and these
-
- use open ':encoding(iso-8859-7)';
- use open IO => ':encoding(iso-8859-7)';
-
- The matching of encoding names is loose: case does not matter, and
- many encodings have several aliases. See L<Encode::Supported> for
- details and the list of supported locales.
-
- Note that C<:utf8> PerlIO layer must always be specified exactly like
- that, it is not subject to the loose matching of encoding names.
-
- When open() is given an explicit list of layers they are appended to
- the list declared using this pragma.
-
- The C<:std> subpragma on its own has no effect, but if combined with
- the C<:utf8> or C<:encoding> subpragmas, it converts the standard
- filehandles (STDIN, STDOUT, STDERR) to comply with encoding selected
- for input/output handles. For example, if both input and out are
- chosen to be C<:utf8>, a C<:std> will mean that STDIN, STDOUT, and
- STDERR are also in C<:utf8>. On the other hand, if only output is
- chosen to be in C<< :encoding(koi8r) >>, a C<:std> will cause only the
- STDOUT and STDERR to be in C<koi8r>. The C<:locale> subpragma
- implicitly turns on C<:std>.
-
- The logic of C<:locale> is as follows:
-
- =over 4
-
- =item 1.
-
- If the platform supports the langinfo(CODESET) interface, the codeset
- returned is used as the default encoding for the open pragma.
-
- =item 2.
-
- If 1. didn't work but we are under the locale pragma, the environment
- variables LC_ALL and LANG (in that order) are matched for encodings
- (the part after C<.>, if any), and if any found, that is used
- as the default encoding for the open pragma.
-
- =item 3.
-
- If 1. and 2. didn't work, the environment variables LC_ALL and LANG
- (in that order) are matched for anything looking like UTF-8, and if
- any found, C<:utf8> is used as the default encoding for the open
- pragma.
-
- =back
-
- If your locale environment variables (LC_ALL, LC_CTYPE, LANG)
- contain the strings 'UTF-8' or 'UTF8' (case-insensitive matching),
- the default encoding of your STDIN, STDOUT, and STDERR, and of
- B<any subsequent file open>, is UTF-8.
-
- Directory handles may also support PerlIO layers in the future.
-
- =head1 NONPERLIO FUNCTIONALITY
-
- If Perl is not built to use PerlIO as its IO system then only the two
- pseudo-layers C<:bytes> and C<:crlf> are available.
-
- The C<:bytes> layer corresponds to "binary mode" and the C<:crlf>
- layer corresponds to "text mode" on platforms that distinguish
- between the two modes when opening files (which is many DOS-like
- platforms, including Windows). These two layers are no-ops on
- platforms where binmode() is a no-op, but perform their functions
- everywhere if PerlIO is enabled.
-
- =head1 IMPLEMENTATION DETAILS
-
- There is a class method in C<PerlIO::Layer> C<find> which is
- implemented as XS code. It is called by C<import> to validate the
- layers:
-
- PerlIO::Layer::->find("perlio")
-
- The return value (if defined) is a Perl object, of class
- C<PerlIO::Layer> which is created by the C code in F<perlio.c>. As
- yet there is nothing useful you can do with the object at the perl
- level.
-
- =head1 SEE ALSO
-
- L<perlfunc/"binmode">, L<perlfunc/"open">, L<perlunicode>, L<PerlIO>,
- L<encoding>
-
- =cut
-