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- # GetOpt::Long.pm -- Universal options parsing
-
- package Getopt::Long;
-
- # RCS Status : $Id: GetoptLong.pm,v 2.58 2002-06-20 09:32:09+02 jv Exp $
- # Author : Johan Vromans
- # Created On : Tue Sep 11 15:00:12 1990
- # Last Modified By: Johan Vromans
- # Last Modified On: Thu Jun 20 07:48:05 2002
- # Update Count : 1083
- # Status : Released
-
- ################ Copyright ################
-
- # This program is Copyright 1990,2002 by Johan Vromans.
- # This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
- # modify it under the terms of the Perl Artistic License or the
- # GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
- # Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any
- # later version.
- #
- # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
- # but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
- # MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
- # GNU General Public License for more details.
- #
- # If you do not have a copy of the GNU General Public License write to
- # the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge,
- # MA 02139, USA.
-
- ################ Module Preamble ################
-
- use 5.004;
-
- use strict;
-
- use vars qw($VERSION);
- $VERSION = 2.32;
- # For testing versions only.
- use vars qw($VERSION_STRING);
- $VERSION_STRING = "2.32";
-
- use Exporter;
-
- use vars qw(@ISA @EXPORT @EXPORT_OK %EXPORT_TAGS);
- @ISA = qw(Exporter);
- %EXPORT_TAGS = qw();
- BEGIN {
- # Init immediately so their contents can be used in the 'use vars' below.
- @EXPORT = qw(&GetOptions $REQUIRE_ORDER $PERMUTE $RETURN_IN_ORDER);
- @EXPORT_OK = qw();
- }
-
- # User visible variables.
- use vars @EXPORT, @EXPORT_OK;
- use vars qw($error $debug $major_version $minor_version);
- # Deprecated visible variables.
- use vars qw($autoabbrev $getopt_compat $ignorecase $bundling $order
- $passthrough);
- # Official invisible variables.
- use vars qw($genprefix $caller $gnu_compat);
-
- # Public subroutines.
- sub Configure (@);
- sub config (@); # deprecated name
- sub GetOptions;
-
- # Private subroutines.
- sub ConfigDefaults ();
- sub ParseOptionSpec ($$);
- sub OptCtl ($);
- sub FindOption ($$$$);
-
- ################ Local Variables ################
-
- ################ Resident subroutines ################
-
- sub ConfigDefaults () {
- # Handle POSIX compliancy.
- if ( defined $ENV{"POSIXLY_CORRECT"} ) {
- $genprefix = "(--|-)";
- $autoabbrev = 0; # no automatic abbrev of options
- $bundling = 0; # no bundling of single letter switches
- $getopt_compat = 0; # disallow '+' to start options
- $order = $REQUIRE_ORDER;
- }
- else {
- $genprefix = "(--|-|\\+)";
- $autoabbrev = 1; # automatic abbrev of options
- $bundling = 0; # bundling off by default
- $getopt_compat = 1; # allow '+' to start options
- $order = $PERMUTE;
- }
- # Other configurable settings.
- $debug = 0; # for debugging
- $error = 0; # error tally
- $ignorecase = 1; # ignore case when matching options
- $passthrough = 0; # leave unrecognized options alone
- $gnu_compat = 0; # require --opt=val if value is optional
- }
-
- # Override import.
- sub import {
- my $pkg = shift; # package
- my @syms = (); # symbols to import
- my @config = (); # configuration
- my $dest = \@syms; # symbols first
- for ( @_ ) {
- if ( $_ eq ':config' ) {
- $dest = \@config; # config next
- next;
- }
- push (@$dest, $_); # push
- }
- # Hide one level and call super.
- local $Exporter::ExportLevel = 1;
- $pkg->SUPER::import(@syms);
- # And configure.
- Configure (@config) if @config;
- }
-
- ################ Initialization ################
-
- # Values for $order. See GNU getopt.c for details.
- ($REQUIRE_ORDER, $PERMUTE, $RETURN_IN_ORDER) = (0..2);
- # Version major/minor numbers.
- ($major_version, $minor_version) = $VERSION =~ /^(\d+)\.(\d+)/;
-
- ConfigDefaults();
-
- ################ OO Interface ################
-
- package Getopt::Long::Parser;
-
- # Store a copy of the default configuration. Since ConfigDefaults has
- # just been called, what we get from Configure is the default.
- my $default_config = do {
- Getopt::Long::Configure ()
- };
-
- sub new {
- my $that = shift;
- my $class = ref($that) || $that;
- my %atts = @_;
-
- # Register the callers package.
- my $self = { caller_pkg => (caller)[0] };
-
- bless ($self, $class);
-
- # Process config attributes.
- if ( defined $atts{config} ) {
- my $save = Getopt::Long::Configure ($default_config, @{$atts{config}});
- $self->{settings} = Getopt::Long::Configure ($save);
- delete ($atts{config});
- }
- # Else use default config.
- else {
- $self->{settings} = $default_config;
- }
-
- if ( %atts ) { # Oops
- die(__PACKAGE__.": unhandled attributes: ".
- join(" ", sort(keys(%atts)))."\n");
- }
-
- $self;
- }
-
- sub configure {
- my ($self) = shift;
-
- # Restore settings, merge new settings in.
- my $save = Getopt::Long::Configure ($self->{settings}, @_);
-
- # Restore orig config and save the new config.
- $self->{settings} = Getopt::Long::Configure ($save);
- }
-
- sub getoptions {
- my ($self) = shift;
-
- # Restore config settings.
- my $save = Getopt::Long::Configure ($self->{settings});
-
- # Call main routine.
- my $ret = 0;
- $Getopt::Long::caller = $self->{caller_pkg};
-
- eval {
- # Locally set exception handler to default, otherwise it will
- # be called implicitly here, and again explicitly when we try
- # to deliver the messages.
- local ($SIG{__DIE__}) = '__DEFAULT__';
- $ret = Getopt::Long::GetOptions (@_);
- };
-
- # Restore saved settings.
- Getopt::Long::Configure ($save);
-
- # Handle errors and return value.
- die ($@) if $@;
- return $ret;
- }
-
- package Getopt::Long;
-
- # Indices in option control info.
- # Note that ParseOptions uses the fields directly. Search for 'hard-wired'.
- use constant CTL_TYPE => 0;
- #use constant CTL_TYPE_FLAG => '';
- #use constant CTL_TYPE_NEG => '!';
- #use constant CTL_TYPE_INCR => '+';
- #use constant CTL_TYPE_INT => 'i';
- #use constant CTL_TYPE_INTINC => 'I';
- #use constant CTL_TYPE_XINT => 'o';
- #use constant CTL_TYPE_FLOAT => 'f';
- #use constant CTL_TYPE_STRING => 's';
-
- use constant CTL_CNAME => 1;
-
- use constant CTL_MAND => 2;
-
- use constant CTL_DEST => 3;
- use constant CTL_DEST_SCALAR => 0;
- use constant CTL_DEST_ARRAY => 1;
- use constant CTL_DEST_HASH => 2;
- use constant CTL_DEST_CODE => 3;
-
- use constant CTL_DEFAULT => 4;
-
- # FFU.
- #use constant CTL_RANGE => ;
- #use constant CTL_REPEAT => ;
-
- sub GetOptions {
-
- my @optionlist = @_; # local copy of the option descriptions
- my $argend = '--'; # option list terminator
- my %opctl = (); # table of option specs
- my $pkg = $caller || (caller)[0]; # current context
- # Needed if linkage is omitted.
- my @ret = (); # accum for non-options
- my %linkage; # linkage
- my $userlinkage; # user supplied HASH
- my $opt; # current option
- my $prefix = $genprefix; # current prefix
-
- $error = '';
-
- print STDERR ("GetOpt::Long $Getopt::Long::VERSION (",
- '$Revision: 2.58 $', ") ",
- "called from package \"$pkg\".",
- "\n ",
- "ARGV: (@ARGV)",
- "\n ",
- "autoabbrev=$autoabbrev,".
- "bundling=$bundling,",
- "getopt_compat=$getopt_compat,",
- "gnu_compat=$gnu_compat,",
- "order=$order,",
- "\n ",
- "ignorecase=$ignorecase,",
- "passthrough=$passthrough,",
- "genprefix=\"$genprefix\".",
- "\n")
- if $debug;
-
- # Check for ref HASH as first argument.
- # First argument may be an object. It's OK to use this as long
- # as it is really a hash underneath.
- $userlinkage = undef;
- if ( @optionlist && ref($optionlist[0]) and
- "$optionlist[0]" =~ /^(?:.*\=)?HASH\([^\(]*\)$/ ) {
- $userlinkage = shift (@optionlist);
- print STDERR ("=> user linkage: $userlinkage\n") if $debug;
- }
-
- # See if the first element of the optionlist contains option
- # starter characters.
- # Be careful not to interpret '<>' as option starters.
- if ( @optionlist && $optionlist[0] =~ /^\W+$/
- && !($optionlist[0] eq '<>'
- && @optionlist > 0
- && ref($optionlist[1])) ) {
- $prefix = shift (@optionlist);
- # Turn into regexp. Needs to be parenthesized!
- $prefix =~ s/(\W)/\\$1/g;
- $prefix = "([" . $prefix . "])";
- print STDERR ("=> prefix=\"$prefix\"\n") if $debug;
- }
-
- # Verify correctness of optionlist.
- %opctl = ();
- while ( @optionlist ) {
- my $opt = shift (@optionlist);
-
- # Strip leading prefix so people can specify "--foo=i" if they like.
- $opt = $+ if $opt =~ /^$prefix+(.*)$/s;
-
- if ( $opt eq '<>' ) {
- if ( (defined $userlinkage)
- && !(@optionlist > 0 && ref($optionlist[0]))
- && (exists $userlinkage->{$opt})
- && ref($userlinkage->{$opt}) ) {
- unshift (@optionlist, $userlinkage->{$opt});
- }
- unless ( @optionlist > 0
- && ref($optionlist[0]) && ref($optionlist[0]) eq 'CODE' ) {
- $error .= "Option spec <> requires a reference to a subroutine\n";
- # Kill the linkage (to avoid another error).
- shift (@optionlist)
- if @optionlist && ref($optionlist[0]);
- next;
- }
- $linkage{'<>'} = shift (@optionlist);
- next;
- }
-
- # Parse option spec.
- my ($name, $orig) = ParseOptionSpec ($opt, \%opctl);
- unless ( defined $name ) {
- # Failed. $orig contains the error message. Sorry for the abuse.
- $error .= $orig;
- # Kill the linkage (to avoid another error).
- shift (@optionlist)
- if @optionlist && ref($optionlist[0]);
- next;
- }
-
- # If no linkage is supplied in the @optionlist, copy it from
- # the userlinkage if available.
- if ( defined $userlinkage ) {
- unless ( @optionlist > 0 && ref($optionlist[0]) ) {
- if ( exists $userlinkage->{$orig} &&
- ref($userlinkage->{$orig}) ) {
- print STDERR ("=> found userlinkage for \"$orig\": ",
- "$userlinkage->{$orig}\n")
- if $debug;
- unshift (@optionlist, $userlinkage->{$orig});
- }
- else {
- # Do nothing. Being undefined will be handled later.
- next;
- }
- }
- }
-
- # Copy the linkage. If omitted, link to global variable.
- if ( @optionlist > 0 && ref($optionlist[0]) ) {
- print STDERR ("=> link \"$orig\" to $optionlist[0]\n")
- if $debug;
- my $rl = ref($linkage{$orig} = shift (@optionlist));
-
- if ( $rl eq "ARRAY" ) {
- $opctl{$name}[CTL_DEST] = CTL_DEST_ARRAY;
- }
- elsif ( $rl eq "HASH" ) {
- $opctl{$name}[CTL_DEST] = CTL_DEST_HASH;
- }
- elsif ( $rl eq "SCALAR" || $rl eq "CODE" ) {
- # Ok.
- }
- else {
- $error .= "Invalid option linkage for \"$opt\"\n";
- }
- }
- else {
- # Link to global $opt_XXX variable.
- # Make sure a valid perl identifier results.
- my $ov = $orig;
- $ov =~ s/\W/_/g;
- if ( $opctl{$name}[CTL_DEST] == CTL_DEST_ARRAY ) {
- print STDERR ("=> link \"$orig\" to \@$pkg","::opt_$ov\n")
- if $debug;
- eval ("\$linkage{\$orig} = \\\@".$pkg."::opt_$ov;");
- }
- elsif ( $opctl{$name}[CTL_DEST] == CTL_DEST_HASH ) {
- print STDERR ("=> link \"$orig\" to \%$pkg","::opt_$ov\n")
- if $debug;
- eval ("\$linkage{\$orig} = \\\%".$pkg."::opt_$ov;");
- }
- else {
- print STDERR ("=> link \"$orig\" to \$$pkg","::opt_$ov\n")
- if $debug;
- eval ("\$linkage{\$orig} = \\\$".$pkg."::opt_$ov;");
- }
- }
- }
-
- # Bail out if errors found.
- die ($error) if $error;
- $error = 0;
-
- # Show the options tables if debugging.
- if ( $debug ) {
- my ($arrow, $k, $v);
- $arrow = "=> ";
- while ( ($k,$v) = each(%opctl) ) {
- print STDERR ($arrow, "\$opctl{$k} = $v ", OptCtl($v), "\n");
- $arrow = " ";
- }
- }
-
- # Process argument list
- my $goon = 1;
- while ( $goon && @ARGV > 0 ) {
-
- # Get next argument.
- $opt = shift (@ARGV);
- print STDERR ("=> arg \"", $opt, "\"\n") if $debug;
-
- # Double dash is option list terminator.
- last if $opt eq $argend;
-
- # Look it up.
- my $tryopt = $opt;
- my $found; # success status
- my $key; # key (if hash type)
- my $arg; # option argument
- my $ctl; # the opctl entry
-
- ($found, $opt, $ctl, $arg, $key) =
- FindOption ($prefix, $argend, $opt, \%opctl);
-
- if ( $found ) {
-
- # FindOption undefines $opt in case of errors.
- next unless defined $opt;
-
- if ( defined $arg ) {
-
- # Get the canonical name.
- print STDERR ("=> cname for \"$opt\" is ") if $debug;
- $opt = $ctl->[CTL_CNAME];
- print STDERR ("\"$ctl->[CTL_CNAME]\"\n") if $debug;
-
- if ( defined $linkage{$opt} ) {
- print STDERR ("=> ref(\$L{$opt}) -> ",
- ref($linkage{$opt}), "\n") if $debug;
-
- if ( ref($linkage{$opt}) eq 'SCALAR' ) {
- if ( $ctl->[CTL_TYPE] eq '+' ) {
- print STDERR ("=> \$\$L{$opt} += \"$arg\"\n")
- if $debug;
- if ( defined ${$linkage{$opt}} ) {
- ${$linkage{$opt}} += $arg;
- }
- else {
- ${$linkage{$opt}} = $arg;
- }
- }
- else {
- print STDERR ("=> \$\$L{$opt} = \"$arg\"\n")
- if $debug;
- ${$linkage{$opt}} = $arg;
- }
- }
- elsif ( ref($linkage{$opt}) eq 'ARRAY' ) {
- print STDERR ("=> push(\@{\$L{$opt}, \"$arg\")\n")
- if $debug;
- push (@{$linkage{$opt}}, $arg);
- }
- elsif ( ref($linkage{$opt}) eq 'HASH' ) {
- print STDERR ("=> \$\$L{$opt}->{$key} = \"$arg\"\n")
- if $debug;
- $linkage{$opt}->{$key} = $arg;
- }
- elsif ( ref($linkage{$opt}) eq 'CODE' ) {
- print STDERR ("=> &L{$opt}(\"$opt\"",
- $ctl->[CTL_DEST] == CTL_DEST_HASH ? ", \"$key\"" : "",
- ", \"$arg\")\n")
- if $debug;
- my $eval_error = do {
- local $@;
- local $SIG{__DIE__} = '__DEFAULT__';
- eval {
- &{$linkage{$opt}}($opt,
- $ctl->[CTL_DEST] == CTL_DEST_HASH ? ($key) : (),
- $arg);
- };
- $@;
- };
- print STDERR ("=> die($eval_error)\n")
- if $debug && $eval_error ne '';
- if ( $eval_error =~ /^!/ ) {
- if ( $eval_error =~ /^!FINISH\b/ ) {
- $goon = 0;
- }
- }
- elsif ( $eval_error ne '' ) {
- warn ($eval_error);
- $error++;
- }
- }
- else {
- print STDERR ("Invalid REF type \"", ref($linkage{$opt}),
- "\" in linkage\n");
- die("Getopt::Long -- internal error!\n");
- }
- }
- # No entry in linkage means entry in userlinkage.
- elsif ( $ctl->[CTL_DEST] == CTL_DEST_ARRAY ) {
- if ( defined $userlinkage->{$opt} ) {
- print STDERR ("=> push(\@{\$L{$opt}}, \"$arg\")\n")
- if $debug;
- push (@{$userlinkage->{$opt}}, $arg);
- }
- else {
- print STDERR ("=>\$L{$opt} = [\"$arg\"]\n")
- if $debug;
- $userlinkage->{$opt} = [$arg];
- }
- }
- elsif ( $ctl->[CTL_DEST] == CTL_DEST_HASH ) {
- if ( defined $userlinkage->{$opt} ) {
- print STDERR ("=> \$L{$opt}->{$key} = \"$arg\"\n")
- if $debug;
- $userlinkage->{$opt}->{$key} = $arg;
- }
- else {
- print STDERR ("=>\$L{$opt} = {$key => \"$arg\"}\n")
- if $debug;
- $userlinkage->{$opt} = {$key => $arg};
- }
- }
- else {
- if ( $ctl->[CTL_TYPE] eq '+' ) {
- print STDERR ("=> \$L{$opt} += \"$arg\"\n")
- if $debug;
- if ( defined $userlinkage->{$opt} ) {
- $userlinkage->{$opt} += $arg;
- }
- else {
- $userlinkage->{$opt} = $arg;
- }
- }
- else {
- print STDERR ("=>\$L{$opt} = \"$arg\"\n") if $debug;
- $userlinkage->{$opt} = $arg;
- }
- }
- }
- }
-
- # Not an option. Save it if we $PERMUTE and don't have a <>.
- elsif ( $order == $PERMUTE ) {
- # Try non-options call-back.
- my $cb;
- if ( (defined ($cb = $linkage{'<>'})) ) {
- print STDERR ("=> &L{$tryopt}(\"$tryopt\")\n")
- if $debug;
- my $eval_error = do {
- local $@;
- local $SIG{__DIE__} = '__DEFAULT__';
- eval { &$cb ($tryopt) };
- $@;
- };
- print STDERR ("=> die($eval_error)\n")
- if $debug && $eval_error ne '';
- if ( $eval_error =~ /^!/ ) {
- if ( $eval_error =~ /^!FINISH\b/ ) {
- $goon = 0;
- }
- }
- elsif ( $eval_error ne '' ) {
- warn ($eval_error);
- $error++;
- }
- }
- else {
- print STDERR ("=> saving \"$tryopt\" ",
- "(not an option, may permute)\n") if $debug;
- push (@ret, $tryopt);
- }
- next;
- }
-
- # ...otherwise, terminate.
- else {
- # Push this one back and exit.
- unshift (@ARGV, $tryopt);
- return ($error == 0);
- }
-
- }
-
- # Finish.
- if ( @ret && $order == $PERMUTE ) {
- # Push back accumulated arguments
- print STDERR ("=> restoring \"", join('" "', @ret), "\"\n")
- if $debug;
- unshift (@ARGV, @ret);
- }
-
- return ($error == 0);
- }
-
- # A readable representation of what's in an optbl.
- sub OptCtl ($) {
- my ($v) = @_;
- my @v = map { defined($_) ? ($_) : ("<undef>") } @$v;
- "[".
- join(",",
- "\"$v[CTL_TYPE]\"",
- "\"$v[CTL_CNAME]\"",
- $v[CTL_MAND] ? "O" : "M",
- ("\$","\@","\%","\&")[$v[CTL_DEST] || 0],
- "\"$v[CTL_DEFAULT]\"",
- # $v[CTL_RANGE] || '',
- # $v[CTL_REPEAT] || '',
- ). "]";
- }
-
- # Parse an option specification and fill the tables.
- sub ParseOptionSpec ($$) {
- my ($opt, $opctl) = @_;
-
- # Match option spec.
- if ( $opt !~ m;^
- (
- # Option name
- (?: \w+[-\w]* )
- # Alias names, or "?"
- (?: \| (?: \? | \w[-\w]* )? )*
- )?
- (
- # Either modifiers ...
- [!+]
- |
- # ... or a value/dest specification
- [=:] [ionfs] [@%]?
- |
- # ... or an optional-with-default spec
- : (?: -?\d+ | \+ ) [@%]?
- )?
- $;x ) {
- return (undef, "Error in option spec: \"$opt\"\n");
- }
-
- my ($names, $spec) = ($1, $2);
- $spec = '' unless defined $spec;
-
- # $orig keeps track of the primary name the user specified.
- # This name will be used for the internal or external linkage.
- # In other words, if the user specifies "FoO|BaR", it will
- # match any case combinations of 'foo' and 'bar', but if a global
- # variable needs to be set, it will be $opt_FoO in the exact case
- # as specified.
- my $orig;
-
- my @names;
- if ( defined $names ) {
- @names = split (/\|/, $names);
- $orig = $names[0];
- }
- else {
- @names = ('');
- $orig = '';
- }
-
- # Construct the opctl entries.
- my $entry;
- if ( $spec eq '' || $spec eq '+' || $spec eq '!' ) {
- # Fields are hard-wired here.
- $entry = [$spec,$orig,0,CTL_DEST_SCALAR,undef];
- }
- elsif ( $spec =~ /:(-?\d+|\+)([@%])?/ ) {
- my $def = $1;
- my $dest = $2;
- my $type = $def eq '+' ? 'I' : 'i';
- $dest ||= '$';
- $dest = $dest eq '@' ? CTL_DEST_ARRAY
- : $dest eq '%' ? CTL_DEST_HASH : CTL_DEST_SCALAR;
- # Fields are hard-wired here.
- $entry = [$type,$orig,0,$dest,$def eq '+' ? undef : $def];
- }
- else {
- my ($mand, $type, $dest) = $spec =~ /([=:])([ionfs])([@%])?/;
- $type = 'i' if $type eq 'n';
- $dest ||= '$';
- $dest = $dest eq '@' ? CTL_DEST_ARRAY
- : $dest eq '%' ? CTL_DEST_HASH : CTL_DEST_SCALAR;
- # Fields are hard-wired here.
- $entry = [$type,$orig,$mand eq '=',$dest,undef];
- }
-
- # Process all names. First is canonical, the rest are aliases.
- my $dups = '';
- foreach ( @names ) {
-
- $_ = lc ($_)
- if $ignorecase > (($bundling && length($_) == 1) ? 1 : 0);
-
- if ( exists $opctl->{$_} ) {
- $dups .= "Duplicate specification \"$opt\" for option \"$_\"\n";
- }
-
- if ( $spec eq '!' ) {
- $opctl->{"no$_"} = $entry;
- $opctl->{$_} = [@$entry];
- $opctl->{$_}->[CTL_TYPE] = '';
- }
- else {
- $opctl->{$_} = $entry;
- }
- }
-
- if ( $dups && $^W ) {
- foreach ( split(/\n+/, $dups) ) {
- warn($_."\n");
- }
- }
- ($names[0], $orig);
- }
-
- # Option lookup.
- sub FindOption ($$$$) {
-
- # returns (1, $opt, $ctl, $arg, $key) if okay,
- # returns (1, undef) if option in error,
- # returns (0) otherwise.
-
- my ($prefix, $argend, $opt, $opctl) = @_;
-
- print STDERR ("=> find \"$opt\"\n") if $debug;
-
- return (0) unless $opt =~ /^$prefix(.*)$/s;
- return (0) if $opt eq "-" && !defined $opctl->{''};
-
- $opt = $+;
- my $starter = $1;
-
- print STDERR ("=> split \"$starter\"+\"$opt\"\n") if $debug;
-
- my $optarg; # value supplied with --opt=value
- my $rest; # remainder from unbundling
-
- # If it is a long option, it may include the value.
- # With getopt_compat, only if not bundling.
- if ( ($starter eq "--"
- || ($getopt_compat && ($bundling == 0 || $bundling == 2)))
- && $opt =~ /^([^=]+)=(.*)$/s ) {
- $opt = $1;
- $optarg = $2;
- print STDERR ("=> option \"", $opt,
- "\", optarg = \"$optarg\"\n") if $debug;
- }
-
- #### Look it up ###
-
- my $tryopt = $opt; # option to try
-
- if ( $bundling && $starter eq '-' ) {
-
- # To try overrides, obey case ignore.
- $tryopt = $ignorecase ? lc($opt) : $opt;
-
- # If bundling == 2, long options can override bundles.
- if ( $bundling == 2 && length($tryopt) > 1
- && defined ($opctl->{$tryopt}) ) {
- print STDERR ("=> $starter$tryopt overrides unbundling\n")
- if $debug;
- }
- else {
- $tryopt = $opt;
- # Unbundle single letter option.
- $rest = length ($tryopt) > 0 ? substr ($tryopt, 1) : '';
- $tryopt = substr ($tryopt, 0, 1);
- $tryopt = lc ($tryopt) if $ignorecase > 1;
- print STDERR ("=> $starter$tryopt unbundled from ",
- "$starter$tryopt$rest\n") if $debug;
- $rest = undef unless $rest ne '';
- }
- }
-
- # Try auto-abbreviation.
- elsif ( $autoabbrev ) {
- # Sort the possible long option names.
- my @names = sort(keys (%$opctl));
- # Downcase if allowed.
- $opt = lc ($opt) if $ignorecase;
- $tryopt = $opt;
- # Turn option name into pattern.
- my $pat = quotemeta ($opt);
- # Look up in option names.
- my @hits = grep (/^$pat/, @names);
- print STDERR ("=> ", scalar(@hits), " hits (@hits) with \"$pat\" ",
- "out of ", scalar(@names), "\n") if $debug;
-
- # Check for ambiguous results.
- unless ( (@hits <= 1) || (grep ($_ eq $opt, @hits) == 1) ) {
- # See if all matches are for the same option.
- my %hit;
- foreach ( @hits ) {
- $_ = $opctl->{$_}->[CTL_CNAME]
- if defined $opctl->{$_}->[CTL_CNAME];
- $hit{$_} = 1;
- }
- # Now see if it really is ambiguous.
- unless ( keys(%hit) == 1 ) {
- return (0) if $passthrough;
- warn ("Option ", $opt, " is ambiguous (",
- join(", ", @hits), ")\n");
- $error++;
- return (1, undef);
- }
- @hits = keys(%hit);
- }
-
- # Complete the option name, if appropriate.
- if ( @hits == 1 && $hits[0] ne $opt ) {
- $tryopt = $hits[0];
- $tryopt = lc ($tryopt) if $ignorecase;
- print STDERR ("=> option \"$opt\" -> \"$tryopt\"\n")
- if $debug;
- }
- }
-
- # Map to all lowercase if ignoring case.
- elsif ( $ignorecase ) {
- $tryopt = lc ($opt);
- }
-
- # Check validity by fetching the info.
- my $ctl = $opctl->{$tryopt};
- unless ( defined $ctl ) {
- return (0) if $passthrough;
- warn ("Unknown option: ", $opt, "\n");
- $error++;
- return (1, undef);
- }
- # Apparently valid.
- $opt = $tryopt;
- print STDERR ("=> found ", OptCtl($ctl),
- " for \"", $opt, "\"\n") if $debug;
-
- #### Determine argument status ####
-
- # If it is an option w/o argument, we're almost finished with it.
- my $type = $ctl->[CTL_TYPE];
- my $arg;
-
- if ( $type eq '' || $type eq '!' || $type eq '+' ) {
- if ( defined $optarg ) {
- return (0) if $passthrough;
- warn ("Option ", $opt, " does not take an argument\n");
- $error++;
- undef $opt;
- }
- elsif ( $type eq '' || $type eq '+' ) {
- # Supply explicit value.
- $arg = 1;
- }
- else {
- $opt =~ s/^no//i; # strip NO prefix
- $arg = 0; # supply explicit value
- }
- unshift (@ARGV, $starter.$rest) if defined $rest;
- return (1, $opt, $ctl, $arg);
- }
-
- # Get mandatory status and type info.
- my $mand = $ctl->[CTL_MAND];
-
- # Check if there is an option argument available.
- if ( $gnu_compat && defined $optarg && $optarg eq '' ) {
- return (1, $opt, $ctl, $type eq 's' ? '' : 0) unless $mand;
- $optarg = 0 unless $type eq 's';
- }
-
- # Check if there is an option argument available.
- if ( defined $optarg
- ? ($optarg eq '')
- : !(defined $rest || @ARGV > 0) ) {
- # Complain if this option needs an argument.
- if ( $mand ) {
- return (0) if $passthrough;
- warn ("Option ", $opt, " requires an argument\n");
- $error++;
- return (1, undef);
- }
- if ( $type eq 'I' ) {
- # Fake incremental type.
- my @c = @$ctl;
- $c[CTL_TYPE] = '+';
- return (1, $opt, \@c, 1);
- }
- return (1, $opt, $ctl,
- defined($ctl->[CTL_DEFAULT]) ? $ctl->[CTL_DEFAULT] :
- $type eq 's' ? '' : 0);
- }
-
- # Get (possibly optional) argument.
- $arg = (defined $rest ? $rest
- : (defined $optarg ? $optarg : shift (@ARGV)));
-
- # Get key if this is a "name=value" pair for a hash option.
- my $key;
- if ($ctl->[CTL_DEST] == CTL_DEST_HASH && defined $arg) {
- ($key, $arg) = ($arg =~ /^([^=]*)=(.*)$/s) ? ($1, $2)
- : ($arg, defined($ctl->[CTL_DEFAULT]) ? $ctl->[CTL_DEFAULT] : 1);
- }
-
- #### Check if the argument is valid for this option ####
-
- if ( $type eq 's' ) { # string
- # A mandatory string takes anything.
- return (1, $opt, $ctl, $arg, $key) if $mand;
-
- # An optional string takes almost anything.
- return (1, $opt, $ctl, $arg, $key)
- if defined $optarg || defined $rest;
- return (1, $opt, $ctl, $arg, $key) if $arg eq "-"; # ??
-
- # Check for option or option list terminator.
- if ($arg eq $argend ||
- $arg =~ /^$prefix.+/) {
- # Push back.
- unshift (@ARGV, $arg);
- # Supply empty value.
- $arg = '';
- }
- }
-
- elsif ( $type eq 'i' # numeric/integer
- || $type eq 'I' # numeric/integer w/ incr default
- || $type eq 'o' ) { # dec/oct/hex/bin value
-
- my $o_valid =
- $type eq 'o' ? "[-+]?[1-9][0-9]*|0x[0-9a-f]+|0b[01]+|0[0-7]*"
- : "[-+]?[0-9]+";
-
- if ( $bundling && defined $rest && $rest =~ /^($o_valid)(.*)$/si ) {
- $arg = $1;
- $rest = $2;
- $arg = ($type eq 'o' && $arg =~ /^0/) ? oct($arg) : 0+$arg;
- unshift (@ARGV, $starter.$rest) if defined $rest && $rest ne '';
- }
- elsif ( $arg =~ /^($o_valid)$/si ) {
- $arg = ($type eq 'o' && $arg =~ /^0/) ? oct($arg) : 0+$arg;
- }
- else {
- if ( defined $optarg || $mand ) {
- if ( $passthrough ) {
- unshift (@ARGV, defined $rest ? $starter.$rest : $arg)
- unless defined $optarg;
- return (0);
- }
- warn ("Value \"", $arg, "\" invalid for option ",
- $opt, " (",
- $type eq 'o' ? "extended " : '',
- "number expected)\n");
- $error++;
- # Push back.
- unshift (@ARGV, $starter.$rest) if defined $rest;
- return (1, undef);
- }
- else {
- # Push back.
- unshift (@ARGV, defined $rest ? $starter.$rest : $arg);
- if ( $type eq 'I' ) {
- # Fake incremental type.
- my @c = @$ctl;
- $c[CTL_TYPE] = '+';
- return (1, $opt, \@c, 1);
- }
- # Supply default value.
- $arg = defined($ctl->[CTL_DEFAULT]) ? $ctl->[CTL_DEFAULT] : 0;
- }
- }
- }
-
- elsif ( $type eq 'f' ) { # real number, int is also ok
- # We require at least one digit before a point or 'e',
- # and at least one digit following the point and 'e'.
- # [-]NN[.NN][eNN]
- if ( $bundling && defined $rest &&
- $rest =~ /^([-+]?[0-9]+(\.[0-9]+)?([eE][-+]?[0-9]+)?)(.*)$/s ) {
- $arg = $1;
- $rest = $+;
- unshift (@ARGV, $starter.$rest) if defined $rest && $rest ne '';
- }
- elsif ( $arg !~ /^[-+]?[0-9.]+(\.[0-9]+)?([eE][-+]?[0-9]+)?$/ ) {
- if ( defined $optarg || $mand ) {
- if ( $passthrough ) {
- unshift (@ARGV, defined $rest ? $starter.$rest : $arg)
- unless defined $optarg;
- return (0);
- }
- warn ("Value \"", $arg, "\" invalid for option ",
- $opt, " (real number expected)\n");
- $error++;
- # Push back.
- unshift (@ARGV, $starter.$rest) if defined $rest;
- return (1, undef);
- }
- else {
- # Push back.
- unshift (@ARGV, defined $rest ? $starter.$rest : $arg);
- # Supply default value.
- $arg = 0.0;
- }
- }
- }
- else {
- die("GetOpt::Long internal error (Can't happen)\n");
- }
- return (1, $opt, $ctl, $arg, $key);
- }
-
- # Getopt::Long Configuration.
- sub Configure (@) {
- my (@options) = @_;
-
- my $prevconfig =
- [ $error, $debug, $major_version, $minor_version,
- $autoabbrev, $getopt_compat, $ignorecase, $bundling, $order,
- $gnu_compat, $passthrough, $genprefix ];
-
- if ( ref($options[0]) eq 'ARRAY' ) {
- ( $error, $debug, $major_version, $minor_version,
- $autoabbrev, $getopt_compat, $ignorecase, $bundling, $order,
- $gnu_compat, $passthrough, $genprefix ) = @{shift(@options)};
- }
-
- my $opt;
- foreach $opt ( @options ) {
- my $try = lc ($opt);
- my $action = 1;
- if ( $try =~ /^no_?(.*)$/s ) {
- $action = 0;
- $try = $+;
- }
- if ( ($try eq 'default' or $try eq 'defaults') && $action ) {
- ConfigDefaults ();
- }
- elsif ( ($try eq 'posix_default' or $try eq 'posix_defaults') ) {
- local $ENV{POSIXLY_CORRECT};
- $ENV{POSIXLY_CORRECT} = 1 if $action;
- ConfigDefaults ();
- }
- elsif ( $try eq 'auto_abbrev' or $try eq 'autoabbrev' ) {
- $autoabbrev = $action;
- }
- elsif ( $try eq 'getopt_compat' ) {
- $getopt_compat = $action;
- }
- elsif ( $try eq 'gnu_getopt' ) {
- if ( $action ) {
- $gnu_compat = 1;
- $bundling = 1;
- $getopt_compat = 0;
- $order = $PERMUTE;
- }
- }
- elsif ( $try eq 'gnu_compat' ) {
- $gnu_compat = $action;
- }
- elsif ( $try eq 'ignorecase' or $try eq 'ignore_case' ) {
- $ignorecase = $action;
- }
- elsif ( $try eq 'ignore_case_always' ) {
- $ignorecase = $action ? 2 : 0;
- }
- elsif ( $try eq 'bundling' ) {
- $bundling = $action;
- }
- elsif ( $try eq 'bundling_override' ) {
- $bundling = $action ? 2 : 0;
- }
- elsif ( $try eq 'require_order' ) {
- $order = $action ? $REQUIRE_ORDER : $PERMUTE;
- }
- elsif ( $try eq 'permute' ) {
- $order = $action ? $PERMUTE : $REQUIRE_ORDER;
- }
- elsif ( $try eq 'pass_through' or $try eq 'passthrough' ) {
- $passthrough = $action;
- }
- elsif ( $try =~ /^prefix=(.+)$/ && $action ) {
- $genprefix = $1;
- # Turn into regexp. Needs to be parenthesized!
- $genprefix = "(" . quotemeta($genprefix) . ")";
- eval { '' =~ /$genprefix/; };
- die("Getopt::Long: invalid pattern \"$genprefix\"") if $@;
- }
- elsif ( $try =~ /^prefix_pattern=(.+)$/ && $action ) {
- $genprefix = $1;
- # Parenthesize if needed.
- $genprefix = "(" . $genprefix . ")"
- unless $genprefix =~ /^\(.*\)$/;
- eval { '' =~ /$genprefix/; };
- die("Getopt::Long: invalid pattern \"$genprefix\"") if $@;
- }
- elsif ( $try eq 'debug' ) {
- $debug = $action;
- }
- else {
- die("Getopt::Long: unknown config parameter \"$opt\"")
- }
- }
- $prevconfig;
- }
-
- # Deprecated name.
- sub config (@) {
- Configure (@_);
- }
-
- ################ Documentation ################
-
- =head1 NAME
-
- Getopt::Long - Extended processing of command line options
-
- =head1 SYNOPSIS
-
- use Getopt::Long;
- my $data = "file.dat";
- my $length = 24;
- my $verbose;
- $result = GetOptions ("length=i" => \$length, # numeric
- "file=s" => \$data, # string
- "verbose" => \$verbose); # flag
-
- =head1 DESCRIPTION
-
- The Getopt::Long module implements an extended getopt function called
- GetOptions(). This function adheres to the POSIX syntax for command
- line options, with GNU extensions. In general, this means that options
- have long names instead of single letters, and are introduced with a
- double dash "--". Support for bundling of command line options, as was
- the case with the more traditional single-letter approach, is provided
- but not enabled by default.
-
- =head1 Command Line Options, an Introduction
-
- Command line operated programs traditionally take their arguments from
- the command line, for example filenames or other information that the
- program needs to know. Besides arguments, these programs often take
- command line I<options> as well. Options are not necessary for the
- program to work, hence the name 'option', but are used to modify its
- default behaviour. For example, a program could do its job quietly,
- but with a suitable option it could provide verbose information about
- what it did.
-
- Command line options come in several flavours. Historically, they are
- preceded by a single dash C<->, and consist of a single letter.
-
- -l -a -c
-
- Usually, these single-character options can be bundled:
-
- -lac
-
- Options can have values, the value is placed after the option
- character. Sometimes with whitespace in between, sometimes not:
-
- -s 24 -s24
-
- Due to the very cryptic nature of these options, another style was
- developed that used long names. So instead of a cryptic C<-l> one
- could use the more descriptive C<--long>. To distinguish between a
- bundle of single-character options and a long one, two dashes are used
- to precede the option name. Early implementations of long options used
- a plus C<+> instead. Also, option values could be specified either
- like
-
- --size=24
-
- or
-
- --size 24
-
- The C<+> form is now obsolete and strongly deprecated.
-
- =head1 Getting Started with Getopt::Long
-
- Getopt::Long is the Perl5 successor of C<newgetopt.pl>. This was
- the first Perl module that provided support for handling the new style
- of command line options, hence the name Getopt::Long. This module
- also supports single-character options and bundling. In this case, the
- options are restricted to alphabetic characters only, and the
- characters C<?> and C<->.
-
- To use Getopt::Long from a Perl program, you must include the
- following line in your Perl program:
-
- use Getopt::Long;
-
- This will load the core of the Getopt::Long module and prepare your
- program for using it. Most of the actual Getopt::Long code is not
- loaded until you really call one of its functions.
-
- In the default configuration, options names may be abbreviated to
- uniqueness, case does not matter, and a single dash is sufficient,
- even for long option names. Also, options may be placed between
- non-option arguments. See L<Configuring Getopt::Long> for more
- details on how to configure Getopt::Long.
-
- =head2 Simple options
-
- The most simple options are the ones that take no values. Their mere
- presence on the command line enables the option. Popular examples are:
-
- --all --verbose --quiet --debug
-
- Handling simple options is straightforward:
-
- my $verbose = ''; # option variable with default value (false)
- my $all = ''; # option variable with default value (false)
- GetOptions ('verbose' => \$verbose, 'all' => \$all);
-
- The call to GetOptions() parses the command line arguments that are
- present in C<@ARGV> and sets the option variable to the value C<1> if
- the option did occur on the command line. Otherwise, the option
- variable is not touched. Setting the option value to true is often
- called I<enabling> the option.
-
- The option name as specified to the GetOptions() function is called
- the option I<specification>. Later we'll see that this specification
- can contain more than just the option name. The reference to the
- variable is called the option I<destination>.
-
- GetOptions() will return a true value if the command line could be
- processed successfully. Otherwise, it will write error messages to
- STDERR, and return a false result.
-
- =head2 A little bit less simple options
-
- Getopt::Long supports two useful variants of simple options:
- I<negatable> options and I<incremental> options.
-
- A negatable option is specified with an exclamation mark C<!> after the
- option name:
-
- my $verbose = ''; # option variable with default value (false)
- GetOptions ('verbose!' => \$verbose);
-
- Now, using C<--verbose> on the command line will enable C<$verbose>,
- as expected. But it is also allowed to use C<--noverbose>, which will
- disable C<$verbose> by setting its value to C<0>. Using a suitable
- default value, the program can find out whether C<$verbose> is false
- by default, or disabled by using C<--noverbose>.
-
- An incremental option is specified with a plus C<+> after the
- option name:
-
- my $verbose = ''; # option variable with default value (false)
- GetOptions ('verbose+' => \$verbose);
-
- Using C<--verbose> on the command line will increment the value of
- C<$verbose>. This way the program can keep track of how many times the
- option occurred on the command line. For example, each occurrence of
- C<--verbose> could increase the verbosity level of the program.
-
- =head2 Mixing command line option with other arguments
-
- Usually programs take command line options as well as other arguments,
- for example, file names. It is good practice to always specify the
- options first, and the other arguments last. Getopt::Long will,
- however, allow the options and arguments to be mixed and 'filter out'
- all the options before passing the rest of the arguments to the
- program. To stop Getopt::Long from processing further arguments,
- insert a double dash C<--> on the command line:
-
- --size 24 -- --all
-
- In this example, C<--all> will I<not> be treated as an option, but
- passed to the program unharmed, in C<@ARGV>.
-
- =head2 Options with values
-
- For options that take values it must be specified whether the option
- value is required or not, and what kind of value the option expects.
-
- Three kinds of values are supported: integer numbers, floating point
- numbers, and strings.
-
- If the option value is required, Getopt::Long will take the
- command line argument that follows the option and assign this to the
- option variable. If, however, the option value is specified as
- optional, this will only be done if that value does not look like a
- valid command line option itself.
-
- my $tag = ''; # option variable with default value
- GetOptions ('tag=s' => \$tag);
-
- In the option specification, the option name is followed by an equals
- sign C<=> and the letter C<s>. The equals sign indicates that this
- option requires a value. The letter C<s> indicates that this value is
- an arbitrary string. Other possible value types are C<i> for integer
- values, and C<f> for floating point values. Using a colon C<:> instead
- of the equals sign indicates that the option value is optional. In
- this case, if no suitable value is supplied, string valued options get
- an empty string C<''> assigned, while numeric options are set to C<0>.
-
- =head2 Options with multiple values
-
- Options sometimes take several values. For example, a program could
- use multiple directories to search for library files:
-
- --library lib/stdlib --library lib/extlib
-
- To accomplish this behaviour, simply specify an array reference as the
- destination for the option:
-
- my @libfiles = ();
- GetOptions ("library=s" => \@libfiles);
-
- Used with the example above, C<@libfiles> would contain two strings
- upon completion: C<"lib/srdlib"> and C<"lib/extlib">, in that order.
- It is also possible to specify that only integer or floating point
- numbers are acceptible values.
-
- Often it is useful to allow comma-separated lists of values as well as
- multiple occurrences of the options. This is easy using Perl's split()
- and join() operators:
-
- my @libfiles = ();
- GetOptions ("library=s" => \@libfiles);
- @libfiles = split(/,/,join(',',@libfiles));
-
- Of course, it is important to choose the right separator string for
- each purpose.
-
- =head2 Options with hash values
-
- If the option destination is a reference to a hash, the option will
- take, as value, strings of the form I<key>C<=>I<value>. The value will
- be stored with the specified key in the hash.
-
- my %defines = ();
- GetOptions ("define=s" => \%defines);
-
- When used with command line options:
-
- --define os=linux --define vendor=redhat
-
- the hash C<%defines> will contain two keys, C<"os"> with value
- C<"linux> and C<"vendor"> with value C<"redhat">.
- It is also possible to specify that only integer or floating point
- numbers are acceptible values. The keys are always taken to be strings.
-
- =head2 User-defined subroutines to handle options
-
- Ultimate control over what should be done when (actually: each time)
- an option is encountered on the command line can be achieved by
- designating a reference to a subroutine (or an anonymous subroutine)
- as the option destination. When GetOptions() encounters the option, it
- will call the subroutine with two or three arguments. The first
- argument is the name of the option. For a scalar or array destination,
- the second argument is the value to be stored. For a hash destination,
- the second arguments is the key to the hash, and the third argument
- the value to be stored. It is up to the subroutine to store the value,
- or do whatever it thinks is appropriate.
-
- A trivial application of this mechanism is to implement options that
- are related to each other. For example:
-
- my $verbose = ''; # option variable with default value (false)
- GetOptions ('verbose' => \$verbose,
- 'quiet' => sub { $verbose = 0 });
-
- Here C<--verbose> and C<--quiet> control the same variable
- C<$verbose>, but with opposite values.
-
- If the subroutine needs to signal an error, it should call die() with
- the desired error message as its argument. GetOptions() will catch the
- die(), issue the error message, and record that an error result must
- be returned upon completion.
-
- If the text of the error message starts with an exclamantion mark C<!>
- it is interpreted specially by GetOptions(). There is currently one
- special command implemented: C<die("!FINISH")> will cause GetOptions()
- to stop processing options, as if it encountered a double dash C<-->.
-
- =head2 Options with multiple names
-
- Often it is user friendly to supply alternate mnemonic names for
- options. For example C<--height> could be an alternate name for
- C<--length>. Alternate names can be included in the option
- specification, separated by vertical bar C<|> characters. To implement
- the above example:
-
- GetOptions ('length|height=f' => \$length);
-
- The first name is called the I<primary> name, the other names are
- called I<aliases>.
-
- Multiple alternate names are possible.
-
- =head2 Case and abbreviations
-
- Without additional configuration, GetOptions() will ignore the case of
- option names, and allow the options to be abbreviated to uniqueness.
-
- GetOptions ('length|height=f' => \$length, "head" => \$head);
-
- This call will allow C<--l> and C<--L> for the length option, but
- requires a least C<--hea> and C<--hei> for the head and height options.
-
- =head2 Summary of Option Specifications
-
- Each option specifier consists of two parts: the name specification
- and the argument specification.
-
- The name specification contains the name of the option, optionally
- followed by a list of alternative names separated by vertical bar
- characters.
-
- length option name is "length"
- length|size|l name is "length", aliases are "size" and "l"
-
- The argument specification is optional. If omitted, the option is
- considered boolean, a value of 1 will be assigned when the option is
- used on the command line.
-
- The argument specification can be
-
- =over 4
-
- =item !
-
- The option does not take an argument and may be negated, i.e. prefixed
- by "no". E.g. C<"foo!"> will allow C<--foo> (a value of 1 will be
- assigned) and C<--nofoo> (a value of 0 will be assigned). If the
- option has aliases, this applies to the aliases as well.
-
- Using negation on a single letter option when bundling is in effect is
- pointless and will result in a warning.
-
- =item +
-
- The option does not take an argument and will be incremented by 1
- every time it appears on the command line. E.g. C<"more+">, when used
- with C<--more --more --more>, will increment the value three times,
- resulting in a value of 3 (provided it was 0 or undefined at first).
-
- The C<+> specifier is ignored if the option destination is not a scalar.
-
- =item = I<type> [ I<desttype> ]
-
- The option requires an argument of the given type. Supported types
- are:
-
- =over 4
-
- =item s
-
- String. An arbitrary sequence of characters. It is valid for the
- argument to start with C<-> or C<-->.
-
- =item i
-
- Integer. An optional leading plus or minus sign, followed by a
- sequence of digits.
-
- =item o
-
- Extended integer, Perl style. This can be either an optional leading
- plus or minus sign, followed by a sequence of digits, or an octal
- string (a zero, optionally followed by '0', '1', .. '7'), or a
- hexadecimal string (C<0x> followed by '0' .. '9', 'a' .. 'f', case
- insensitive), or a binary string (C<0b> followed by a series of '0'
- and '1').
-
- =item f
-
- Real number. For example C<3.14>, C<-6.23E24> and so on.
-
- =back
-
- The I<desttype> can be C<@> or C<%> to specify that the option is
- list or a hash valued. This is only needed when the destination for
- the option value is not otherwise specified. It should be omitted when
- not needed.
-
- =item : I<type> [ I<desttype> ]
-
- Like C<=>, but designates the argument as optional.
- If omitted, an empty string will be assigned to string values options,
- and the value zero to numeric options.
-
- Note that if a string argument starts with C<-> or C<-->, it will be
- considered an option on itself.
-
- =item : I<number> [ I<desttype> ]
-
- Like C<:i>, but if the value is omitted, the I<number> will be assigned.
-
- =item : + [ I<desttype> ]
-
- Like C<:i>, but if the value is omitted, the current value for the
- option will be incremented.
-
- =back
-
- =head1 Advanced Possibilities
-
- =head2 Object oriented interface
-
- Getopt::Long can be used in an object oriented way as well:
-
- use Getopt::Long;
- $p = new Getopt::Long::Parser;
- $p->configure(...configuration options...);
- if ($p->getoptions(...options descriptions...)) ...
-
- Configuration options can be passed to the constructor:
-
- $p = new Getopt::Long::Parser
- config => [...configuration options...];
-
- =head2 Thread Safety
-
- Getopt::Long is thread safe when using ithreads as of Perl 5.8. It is
- I<not> thread safe when using the older (experimental and now
- obsolete) threads implementation that was added to Perl 5.005.
-
- =head2 Documentation and help texts
-
- Getopt::Long encourages the use of Pod::Usage to produce help
- messages. For example:
-
- use Getopt::Long;
- use Pod::Usage;
-
- my $man = 0;
- my $help = 0;
-
- GetOptions('help|?' => \$help, man => \$man) or pod2usage(2);
- pod2usage(1) if $help;
- pod2usage(-exitstatus => 0, -verbose => 2) if $man;
-
- __END__
-
- =head1 NAME
-
- sample - Using GetOpt::Long and Pod::Usage
-
- =head1 SYNOPSIS
-
- sample [options] [file ...]
-
- Options:
- -help brief help message
- -man full documentation
-
- =head1 OPTIONS
-
- =over 8
-
- =item B<-help>
-
- Print a brief help message and exits.
-
- =item B<-man>
-
- Prints the manual page and exits.
-
- =back
-
- =head1 DESCRIPTION
-
- B<This program> will read the given input file(s) and do someting
- useful with the contents thereof.
-
- =cut
-
- See L<Pod::Usage> for details.
-
- =head2 Storing options in a hash
-
- Sometimes, for example when there are a lot of options, having a
- separate variable for each of them can be cumbersome. GetOptions()
- supports, as an alternative mechanism, storing options in a hash.
-
- To obtain this, a reference to a hash must be passed I<as the first
- argument> to GetOptions(). For each option that is specified on the
- command line, the option value will be stored in the hash with the
- option name as key. Options that are not actually used on the command
- line will not be put in the hash, on other words,
- C<exists($h{option})> (or defined()) can be used to test if an option
- was used. The drawback is that warnings will be issued if the program
- runs under C<use strict> and uses C<$h{option}> without testing with
- exists() or defined() first.
-
- my %h = ();
- GetOptions (\%h, 'length=i'); # will store in $h{length}
-
- For options that take list or hash values, it is necessary to indicate
- this by appending an C<@> or C<%> sign after the type:
-
- GetOptions (\%h, 'colours=s@'); # will push to @{$h{colours}}
-
- To make things more complicated, the hash may contain references to
- the actual destinations, for example:
-
- my $len = 0;
- my %h = ('length' => \$len);
- GetOptions (\%h, 'length=i'); # will store in $len
-
- This example is fully equivalent with:
-
- my $len = 0;
- GetOptions ('length=i' => \$len); # will store in $len
-
- Any mixture is possible. For example, the most frequently used options
- could be stored in variables while all other options get stored in the
- hash:
-
- my $verbose = 0; # frequently referred
- my $debug = 0; # frequently referred
- my %h = ('verbose' => \$verbose, 'debug' => \$debug);
- GetOptions (\%h, 'verbose', 'debug', 'filter', 'size=i');
- if ( $verbose ) { ... }
- if ( exists $h{filter} ) { ... option 'filter' was specified ... }
-
- =head2 Bundling
-
- With bundling it is possible to set several single-character options
- at once. For example if C<a>, C<v> and C<x> are all valid options,
-
- -vax
-
- would set all three.
-
- Getopt::Long supports two levels of bundling. To enable bundling, a
- call to Getopt::Long::Configure is required.
-
- The first level of bundling can be enabled with:
-
- Getopt::Long::Configure ("bundling");
-
- Configured this way, single-character options can be bundled but long
- options B<must> always start with a double dash C<--> to avoid
- abiguity. For example, when C<vax>, C<a>, C<v> and C<x> are all valid
- options,
-
- -vax
-
- would set C<a>, C<v> and C<x>, but
-
- --vax
-
- would set C<vax>.
-
- The second level of bundling lifts this restriction. It can be enabled
- with:
-
- Getopt::Long::Configure ("bundling_override");
-
- Now, C<-vax> would set the option C<vax>.
-
- When any level of bundling is enabled, option values may be inserted
- in the bundle. For example:
-
- -h24w80
-
- is equivalent to
-
- -h 24 -w 80
-
- When configured for bundling, single-character options are matched
- case sensitive while long options are matched case insensitive. To
- have the single-character options matched case insensitive as well,
- use:
-
- Getopt::Long::Configure ("bundling", "ignorecase_always");
-
- It goes without saying that bundling can be quite confusing.
-
- =head2 The lonesome dash
-
- Normally, a lone dash C<-> on the command line will not be considered
- an option. Option processing will terminate (unless "permute" is
- configured) and the dash will be left in C<@ARGV>.
-
- It is possible to get special treatment for a lone dash. This can be
- achieved by adding an option specification with an empty name, for
- example:
-
- GetOptions ('' => \$stdio);
-
- A lone dash on the command line will now be a legal option, and using
- it will set variable C<$stdio>.
-
- =head2 Argument callback
-
- A special option 'name' C<<>> can be used to designate a subroutine
- to handle non-option arguments. When GetOptions() encounters an
- argument that does not look like an option, it will immediately call this
- subroutine and passes it one parameter: the argument name.
-
- For example:
-
- my $width = 80;
- sub process { ... }
- GetOptions ('width=i' => \$width, '<>' => \&process);
-
- When applied to the following command line:
-
- arg1 --width=72 arg2 --width=60 arg3
-
- This will call
- C<process("arg1")> while C<$width> is C<80>,
- C<process("arg2")> while C<$width> is C<72>, and
- C<process("arg3")> while C<$width> is C<60>.
-
- This feature requires configuration option B<permute>, see section
- L<Configuring Getopt::Long>.
-
-
- =head1 Configuring Getopt::Long
-
- Getopt::Long can be configured by calling subroutine
- Getopt::Long::Configure(). This subroutine takes a list of quoted
- strings, each specifying a configuration option to be enabled, e.g.
- C<ignore_case>, or disabled, e.g. C<no_ignore_case>. Case does not
- matter. Multiple calls to Configure() are possible.
-
- Alternatively, as of version 2.24, the configuration options may be
- passed together with the C<use> statement:
-
- use Getopt::Long qw(:config no_ignore_case bundling);
-
- The following options are available:
-
- =over 12
-
- =item default
-
- This option causes all configuration options to be reset to their
- default values.
-
- =item posix_default
-
- This option causes all configuration options to be reset to their
- default values as if the environment variable POSIXLY_CORRECT had
- been set.
-
- =item auto_abbrev
-
- Allow option names to be abbreviated to uniqueness.
- Default is enabled unless environment variable
- POSIXLY_CORRECT has been set, in which case C<auto_abbrev> is disabled.
-
- =item getopt_compat
-
- Allow C<+> to start options.
- Default is enabled unless environment variable
- POSIXLY_CORRECT has been set, in which case C<getopt_compat> is disabled.
-
- =item gnu_compat
-
- C<gnu_compat> controls whether C<--opt=> is allowed, and what it should
- do. Without C<gnu_compat>, C<--opt=> gives an error. With C<gnu_compat>,
- C<--opt=> will give option C<opt> and empty value.
- This is the way GNU getopt_long() does it.
-
- =item gnu_getopt
-
- This is a short way of setting C<gnu_compat> C<bundling> C<permute>
- C<no_getopt_compat>. With C<gnu_getopt>, command line handling should be
- fully compatible with GNU getopt_long().
-
- =item require_order
-
- Whether command line arguments are allowed to be mixed with options.
- Default is disabled unless environment variable
- POSIXLY_CORRECT has been set, in which case C<require_order> is enabled.
-
- See also C<permute>, which is the opposite of C<require_order>.
-
- =item permute
-
- Whether command line arguments are allowed to be mixed with options.
- Default is enabled unless environment variable
- POSIXLY_CORRECT has been set, in which case C<permute> is disabled.
- Note that C<permute> is the opposite of C<require_order>.
-
- If C<permute> is enabled, this means that
-
- --foo arg1 --bar arg2 arg3
-
- is equivalent to
-
- --foo --bar arg1 arg2 arg3
-
- If an argument callback routine is specified, C<@ARGV> will always be
- empty upon succesful return of GetOptions() since all options have been
- processed. The only exception is when C<--> is used:
-
- --foo arg1 --bar arg2 -- arg3
-
- This will call the callback routine for arg1 and arg2, and then
- terminate GetOptions() leaving C<"arg2"> in C<@ARGV>.
-
- If C<require_order> is enabled, options processing
- terminates when the first non-option is encountered.
-
- --foo arg1 --bar arg2 arg3
-
- is equivalent to
-
- --foo -- arg1 --bar arg2 arg3
-
- If C<pass_through> is also enabled, options processing will terminate
- at the first unrecognized option, or non-option, whichever comes
- first.
-
- =item bundling (default: disabled)
-
- Enabling this option will allow single-character options to be
- bundled. To distinguish bundles from long option names, long options
- I<must> be introduced with C<--> and bundles with C<->.
-
- Note that, if you have options C<a>, C<l> and C<all>, and
- auto_abbrev enabled, possible arguments and option settings are:
-
- using argument sets option(s)
- ------------------------------------------
- -a, --a a
- -l, --l l
- -al, -la, -ala, -all,... a, l
- --al, --all all
-
- The suprising part is that C<--a> sets option C<a> (due to auto
- completion), not C<all>.
-
- Note: disabling C<bundling> also disables C<bundling_override>.
-
- =item bundling_override (default: disabled)
-
- If C<bundling_override> is enabled, bundling is enabled as with
- C<bundling> but now long option names override option bundles.
-
- Note: disabling C<bundling_override> also disables C<bundling>.
-
- B<Note:> Using option bundling can easily lead to unexpected results,
- especially when mixing long options and bundles. Caveat emptor.
-
- =item ignore_case (default: enabled)
-
- If enabled, case is ignored when matching long option names. If,
- however, bundling is enabled as well, single character options will be
- treated case-sensitive.
-
- With C<ignore_case>, option specifications for options that only
- differ in case, e.g., C<"foo"> and C<"Foo">, will be flagged as
- duplicates.
-
- Note: disabling C<ignore_case> also disables C<ignore_case_always>.
-
- =item ignore_case_always (default: disabled)
-
- When bundling is in effect, case is ignored on single-character
- options also.
-
- Note: disabling C<ignore_case_always> also disables C<ignore_case>.
-
- =item pass_through (default: disabled)
-
- Options that are unknown, ambiguous or supplied with an invalid option
- value are passed through in C<@ARGV> instead of being flagged as
- errors. This makes it possible to write wrapper scripts that process
- only part of the user supplied command line arguments, and pass the
- remaining options to some other program.
-
- If C<require_order> is enabled, options processing will terminate at
- the first unrecognized option, or non-option, whichever comes first.
- However, if C<permute> is enabled instead, results can become confusing.
-
- =item prefix
-
- The string that starts options. If a constant string is not
- sufficient, see C<prefix_pattern>.
-
- =item prefix_pattern
-
- A Perl pattern that identifies the strings that introduce options.
- Default is C<(--|-|\+)> unless environment variable
- POSIXLY_CORRECT has been set, in which case it is C<(--|-)>.
-
- =item debug (default: disabled)
-
- Enable debugging output.
-
- =back
-
- =head1 Return values and Errors
-
- Configuration errors and errors in the option definitions are
- signalled using die() and will terminate the calling program unless
- the call to Getopt::Long::GetOptions() was embedded in C<eval { ...
- }>, or die() was trapped using C<$SIG{__DIE__}>.
-
- GetOptions returns true to indicate success.
- It returns false when the function detected one or more errors during
- option parsing. These errors are signalled using warn() and can be
- trapped with C<$SIG{__WARN__}>.
-
- Errors that can't happen are signalled using Carp::croak().
-
- =head1 Legacy
-
- The earliest development of C<newgetopt.pl> started in 1990, with Perl
- version 4. As a result, its development, and the development of
- Getopt::Long, has gone through several stages. Since backward
- compatibility has always been extremely important, the current version
- of Getopt::Long still supports a lot of constructs that nowadays are
- no longer necessary or otherwise unwanted. This section describes
- briefly some of these 'features'.
-
- =head2 Default destinations
-
- When no destination is specified for an option, GetOptions will store
- the resultant value in a global variable named C<opt_>I<XXX>, where
- I<XXX> is the primary name of this option. When a progam executes
- under C<use strict> (recommended), these variables must be
- pre-declared with our() or C<use vars>.
-
- our $opt_length = 0;
- GetOptions ('length=i'); # will store in $opt_length
-
- To yield a usable Perl variable, characters that are not part of the
- syntax for variables are translated to underscores. For example,
- C<--fpp-struct-return> will set the variable
- C<$opt_fpp_struct_return>. Note that this variable resides in the
- namespace of the calling program, not necessarily C<main>. For
- example:
-
- GetOptions ("size=i", "sizes=i@");
-
- with command line "-size 10 -sizes 24 -sizes 48" will perform the
- equivalent of the assignments
-
- $opt_size = 10;
- @opt_sizes = (24, 48);
-
- =head2 Alternative option starters
-
- A string of alternative option starter characters may be passed as the
- first argument (or the first argument after a leading hash reference
- argument).
-
- my $len = 0;
- GetOptions ('/', 'length=i' => $len);
-
- Now the command line may look like:
-
- /length 24 -- arg
-
- Note that to terminate options processing still requires a double dash
- C<-->.
-
- GetOptions() will not interpret a leading C<< "<>" >> as option starters
- if the next argument is a reference. To force C<< "<" >> and C<< ">" >> as
- option starters, use C<< "><" >>. Confusing? Well, B<using a starter
- argument is strongly deprecated> anyway.
-
- =head2 Configuration variables
-
- Previous versions of Getopt::Long used variables for the purpose of
- configuring. Although manipulating these variables still work, it is
- strongly encouraged to use the C<Configure> routine that was introduced
- in version 2.17. Besides, it is much easier.
-
- =head1 Trouble Shooting
-
- =head2 Warning: Ignoring '!' modifier for short option
-
- This warning is issued when the '!' modifier is applied to a short
- (one-character) option and bundling is in effect. E.g.,
-
- Getopt::Long::Configure("bundling");
- GetOptions("foo|f!" => \$foo);
-
- Note that older Getopt::Long versions did not issue a warning, because
- the '!' modifier was applied to the first name only. This bug was
- fixed in 2.22.
-
- Solution: separate the long and short names and apply the '!' to the
- long names only, e.g.,
-
- GetOptions("foo!" => \$foo, "f" => \$foo);
-
- =head2 GetOptions does not return a false result when an option is not supplied
-
- That's why they're called 'options'.
-
- =head2 GetOptions does not split the command line correctly
-
- The command line is not split by GetOptions, but by the command line
- interpreter (CLI). On Unix, this is the shell. On Windows, it is
- COMMAND.COM or CMD.EXE. Other operating systems have other CLIs.
-
- It is important to know that these CLIs may behave different when the
- command line contains special characters, in particular quotes or
- backslashes. For example, with Unix shells you can use single quotes
- (C<'>) and double quotes (C<">) to group words together. The following
- alternatives are equivalent on Unix:
-
- "two words"
- 'two words'
- two\ words
-
- In case of doubt, insert the following statement in front of your Perl
- program:
-
- print STDERR (join("|",@ARGV),"\n");
-
- to verify how your CLI passes the arguments to the program.
-
- =head2 How do I put a "-?" option into a Getopt::Long?
-
- You can only obtain this using an alias, and Getopt::Long of at least
- version 2.13.
-
- use Getopt::Long;
- GetOptions ("help|?"); # -help and -? will both set $opt_help
-
- =head1 AUTHOR
-
- Johan Vromans <jvromans@squirrel.nl>
-
- =head1 COPYRIGHT AND DISCLAIMER
-
- This program is Copyright 2002,1990 by Johan Vromans.
- This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
- modify it under the terms of the Perl Artistic License or the
- GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
- Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any
- later version.
-
- This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
- but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
- MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
- GNU General Public License for more details.
-
- If you do not have a copy of the GNU General Public License write to
- the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge,
- MA 02139, USA.
-
- =cut
-
-