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mysqlhotcopy.pl
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2002-02-21
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#!/my/gnu/bin/perl -w
use strict;
use Getopt::Long;
use Data::Dumper;
use File::Basename;
use File::Path;
use DBI;
=head1 NAME
mysqlhotcopy - fast on-line hot-backup utility for local MySQL databases and tables
=head1 SYNOPSIS
mysqlhotcopy db_name
mysqlhotcopy --suffix=_copy db_name_1 ... db_name_n
mysqlhotcopy db_name_1 ... db_name_n /path/to/new_directory
mysqlhotcopy db_name./regex/
mysqlhotcopy db_name./^\(foo\|bar\)/
mysqlhotcopy db_name./~regex/
mysqlhotcopy db_name_1./regex_1/ db_name_1./regex_2/ ... db_name_n./regex_n/ /path/to/new_directory
mysqlhotcopy --method='scp -Bq -i /usr/home/foo/.ssh/identity' --user=root --password=secretpassword \
db_1./^nice_table/ user@some.system.dom:~/path/to/new_directory
WARNING: THIS PROGRAM IS STILL IN BETA. Comments/patches welcome.
=cut
# Documentation continued at end of file
my $VERSION = "1.12";
my $opt_tmpdir = $ENV{TMPDIR} || "/tmp";
my $OPTIONS = <<"_OPTIONS";
$0 Ver $VERSION
Usage: $0 db_name[./table_regex/] [new_db_name | directory]
-?, --help display this helpscreen and exit
-u, --user=# user for database login if not current user
-p, --password=# password to use when connecting to server
-P, --port=# port to use when connecting to local server
-S, --socket=# socket to use when connecting to local server
--allowold don\'t abort if target already exists (rename it _old)
--keepold don\'t delete previous (now renamed) target when done
--noindices don\'t include full index files in copy
--method=# method for copy (only "cp" currently supported)
-q, --quiet be silent except for errors
--debug enable debug
-n, --dryrun report actions without doing them
--regexp=# copy all databases with names matching regexp
--suffix=# suffix for names of copied databases
--checkpoint=# insert checkpoint entry into specified db.table
--flushlog flush logs once all tables are locked
--resetmaster reset the binlog once all tables are locked
--resetslave reset the master.info once all tables are locked
--tmpdir=# temporary directory (instead of $opt_tmpdir)
Try \'perldoc $0 for more complete documentation\'
_OPTIONS
sub usage {
die @_, $OPTIONS;
}
my %opt = (
user => scalar getpwuid($>),
noindices => 0,
allowold => 0, # for safety
keepold => 0,
method => "cp",
flushlog => 0,
);
Getopt::Long::Configure(qw(no_ignore_case)); # disambuguate -p and -P
GetOptions( \%opt,
"help",
"user|u=s",
"password|p=s",
"port|P=s",
"socket|S=s",
"allowold!",
"keepold!",
"noindices!",
"method=s",
"debug",
"quiet|q",
"mv!",
"regexp=s",
"suffix=s",
"checkpoint=s",
"flushlog",
"resetmaster",
"resetslave",
"tmpdir|t=s",
"dryrun|n",
) or usage("Invalid option");
# @db_desc
# ==========
# a list of hash-refs containing:
#
# 'src' - name of the db to copy
# 't_regex' - regex describing tables in src
# 'target' - destination directory of the copy
# 'tables' - array-ref to list of tables in the db
# 'files' - array-ref to list of files to be copied
#
my @db_desc = ();
my $tgt_name = undef;
usage("") if ($opt{help});
if ( $opt{regexp} || $opt{suffix} || @ARGV > 2 ) {
$tgt_name = pop @ARGV unless ( exists $opt{suffix} );
@db_desc = map { s{^([^\.]+)\./(.+)/$}{$1}; { 'src' => $_, 't_regex' => ( $2 ? $2 : '.*' ) } } @ARGV;
}
else {
usage("Database name to hotcopy not specified") unless ( @ARGV );
$ARGV[0] =~ s{^([^\.]+)\./(.+)/$}{$1};
@db_desc = ( { 'src' => $ARGV[0], 't_regex' => ( $2 ? $2 : '.*' ) } );
if ( @ARGV == 2 ) {
$tgt_name = $ARGV[1];
}
else {
$opt{suffix} = "_copy";
}
}
my %mysqld_vars;
my $start_time = time;
$opt_tmpdir= $opt{tmpdir} if $opt{tmpdir};
$0 = $1 if $0 =~ m:/([^/]+)$:;
$opt{quiet} = 0 if $opt{debug};
$opt{allowold} = 1 if $opt{keepold};
# --- connect to the database ---
my $dsn = ";host=localhost";
$dsn .= ";port=$opt{port}" if $opt{port};
$dsn .= ";mysql_socket=$opt{socket}" if $opt{socket};
my $dbh = DBI->connect("dbi:mysql:$dsn;mysql_read_default_group=mysqlhotcopy",
$opt{user}, $opt{password},
{
RaiseError => 1,
PrintError => 0,
AutoCommit => 1,
});
# --- check that checkpoint table exists if specified ---
if ( $opt{checkpoint} ) {
eval { $dbh->do( qq{ select time_stamp, src, dest, msg
from $opt{checkpoint} where 1 != 1} );
};
die "Error accessing Checkpoint table ($opt{checkpoint}): $@"
if ( $@ );
}
# --- get variables from database ---
my $sth_vars = $dbh->prepare("show variables like 'datadir'");
$sth_vars->execute;
while ( my ($var,$value) = $sth_vars->fetchrow_array ) {
$mysqld_vars{ $var } = $value;
}
my $datadir = $mysqld_vars{'datadir'}
|| die "datadir not in mysqld variables";
$datadir =~ s:/$::;
# --- get target path ---
my ($tgt_dirname, $to_other_database);
$to_other_database=0;
if (defined($tgt_name) && $tgt_name =~ m:^\w+$: && @db_desc <= 1)
{
$tgt_dirname = "$datadir/$tgt_name";
$to_other_database=1;
}
elsif (defined($tgt_name) && ($tgt_name =~ m:/: || $tgt_name eq '.')) {
$tgt_dirname = $tgt_name;
}
elsif ( $opt{suffix} ) {
print "Using copy suffix '$opt{suffix}'\n" unless $opt{quiet};
}
else
{
$tgt_name="" if (!defined($tgt_name));
die "Target '$tgt_name' doesn't look like a database name or directory path.\n";
}
# --- resolve database names from regexp ---
if ( defined $opt{regexp} ) {
my $sth_dbs = $dbh->prepare("show databases");
$sth_dbs->execute;
while ( my ($db_name) = $sth_dbs->fetchrow_array ) {
push @db_desc, { 'src' => $db_name } if ( $db_name =~ m/$opt{regexp}/o );
}
}
# --- get list of tables to hotcopy ---
my $hc_locks = "";
my $hc_tables = "";
my $num_tables = 0;
my $num_files = 0;
foreach my $rdb ( @db_desc ) {
my $db = $rdb->{src};
eval { $dbh->do( "use $db" ); };
die "Database '$db' not accessible: $@" if ( $@ );
my @dbh_tables = $dbh->func( '_ListTables' );
## generate regex for tables/files
my $t_regex = $rdb->{t_regex}; ## assign temporary regex
my $negated = $t_regex =~ tr/~//d; ## remove and count negation operator: we don't allow ~ in table names
$t_regex = qr/$t_regex/; ## make regex string from user regex
## filter (out) tables specified in t_regex
print "Filtering tables with '$t_regex'\n" if $opt{debug};
@dbh_tables = ( $negated
? grep { $_ !~ $t_regex } @dbh_tables
: grep { $_ =~ $t_regex } @dbh_tables );
## get list of files to copy
my $db_dir = "$datadir/$db";
opendir(DBDIR, $db_dir )
or die "Cannot open dir '$db_dir': $!";
my %db_files;
map { ( /(.+)\.\w+$/ ? ( $db_files{$_} = $1 ) : () ) } readdir(DBDIR);
unless( keys %db_files ) {
warn "'$db' is an empty database\n";
}
closedir( DBDIR );
## filter (out) files specified in t_regex
my @db_files = ( $negated
? grep { $db_files{$_} !~ $t_regex } keys %db_files
: grep { $db_files{$_} =~ $t_regex } keys %db_files );
@db_files = sort @db_files;
my @index_files=();
## remove indices unless we're told to keep them
if ($opt{noindices}) {
@index_files= grep { /\.(ISM|MYI)$/ } @db_files;
@db_files = grep { not /\.(ISM|MYI)$/ } @db_files;
}
$rdb->{files} = [ @db_files ];
$rdb->{index} = [ @index_files ];
my @hc_tables = map { "$db.$_" } @dbh_tables;
$rdb->{tables} = [ @hc_tables ];
$hc_locks .= ", " if ( length $hc_locks && @hc_tables );
$hc_locks .= join ", ", map { "$_ READ" } @hc_tables;
$hc_tables .= ", " if ( length $hc_tables && @hc_tables );
$hc_tables .= join ", ", @hc_tables;
$num_tables += scalar @hc_tables;
$num_files += scalar @{$rdb->{files}};
}
# --- resolve targets for copies ---
my @targets = ();
if (defined($tgt_name) && length $tgt_name ) {
# explicit destination directory specified
# GNU `cp -r` error message
die "copying multiple databases, but last argument ($tgt_dirname) is not a directory\n"
if ( @db_desc > 1 && !(-e $tgt_dirname && -d $tgt_dirname ) );
if ($to_other_database)
{
foreach my $rdb ( @db_desc ) {
$rdb->{target} = "$tgt_dirname";
}
}
elsif ($opt{method} =~ /^scp\b/)
{ # we have to trust scp to hit the target
foreach my $rdb ( @db_desc ) {
$rdb->{target} = "$tgt_dirname/$rdb->{src}";
}
}
else
{
die "Last argument ($tgt_dirname) is not a directory\n"
if (!(-e $tgt_dirname && -d $tgt_dirname ) );
foreach my $rdb ( @db_desc ) {
$rdb->{target} = "$tgt_dirname/$rdb->{src}";
}
}
}
else {
die "Error: expected \$opt{suffix} to exist" unless ( exists $opt{suffix} );
foreach my $rdb ( @db_desc ) {
$rdb->{target} = "$datadir/$rdb->{src}$opt{suffix}";
}
}
print Dumper( \@db_desc ) if ( $opt{debug} );
# --- bail out if all specified databases are empty ---
die "No tables to hot-copy" unless ( length $hc_locks );
# --- create target directories if we are using 'cp' ---
my @existing = ();
if ($opt{method} =~ /^cp\b/)
{
foreach my $rdb ( @db_desc ) {
push @existing, $rdb->{target} if ( -d $rdb->{target} );
}
if ( @existing && !$opt{allowold} )
{
$dbh->disconnect();
die "Can't hotcopy to '", join( "','", @existing ), "' because directory\nalready exist and the --allowold option was not given.\n"
}
}
retire_directory( @existing ) if ( @existing );
foreach my $rdb ( @db_desc ) {
my $tgt_dirpath = $rdb->{target};
if ( $opt{dryrun} ) {
print "mkdir $tgt_dirpath, 0750\n";
}
elsif ($opt{method} =~ /^scp\b/) {
## assume it's there?
## ...
}
else {
mkdir($tgt_dirpath, 0750)
or die "Can't create '$tgt_dirpath': $!\n";
}
}
##############################
# --- PERFORM THE HOT-COPY ---
#
# Note that we try to keep the time between the LOCK and the UNLOCK
# as short as possible, and only start when we know that we should
# be able to complete without error.
# read lock all the tables we'll be copying
# in order to get a consistent snapshot of the database
if ( $opt{checkpoint} ) {
# convert existing READ lock on checkpoint table into WRITE lock
unless ( $hc_locks =~ s/$opt{checkpoint}\s+READ/$opt{checkpoint} WRITE/ ) {
$hc_locks .= ", $opt{checkpoint} WRITE";
}
}
my $hc_started = time; # count from time lock is granted
if ( $opt{dryrun} ) {
print "LOCK TABLES $hc_locks\n";
print "FLUSH TABLES /*!32323 $hc_tables */\n";
print "FLUSH LOGS\n" if ( $opt{flushlog} );
print "RESET MASTER\n" if ( $opt{resetmaster} );
print "RESET SLAVE\n" if ( $opt{resetslave} );
}
else {
my $start = time;
$dbh->do("LOCK TABLES $hc_locks");
printf "Locked $num_tables tables in %d seconds.\n", time-$start unless $opt{quiet};
$hc_started = time; # count from time lock is granted
# flush tables to make on-disk copy uptodate
$start = time;
$dbh->do("FLUSH TABLES /*!32323 $hc_tables */");
printf "Flushed tables ($hc_tables) in %d seconds.\n", time-$start unless $opt{quiet};
$dbh->do( "FLUSH LOGS" ) if ( $opt{flushlog} );
$dbh->do( "RESET MASTER" ) if ( $opt{resetmaster} );
$dbh->do( "RESET SLAVE" ) if ( $opt{resetslave} );
}
my @failed = ();
foreach my $rdb ( @db_desc )
{
my @files = map { "$datadir/$rdb->{src}/$_" } @{$rdb->{files}};
next unless @files;
eval { copy_files($opt{method}, \@files, $rdb->{target} ); };
push @failed, "$rdb->{src} -> $rdb->{target} failed: $@"
if ( $@ );
@files = @{$rdb->{index}};
if ($rdb->{index})
{
copy_index($opt{method}, \@files,
"$datadir/$rdb->{src}", $rdb->{target} );
}
if ( $opt{checkpoint} ) {
my $msg = ( $@ ) ? "Failed: $@" : "Succeeded";
eval {
$dbh->do( qq{ insert into $opt{checkpoint} (src, dest, msg)
VALUES ( '$rdb->{src}', '$rdb->{target}', '$msg' )
} );
};
if ( $@ ) {
warn "Failed to update checkpoint table: $@\n";
}
}
}
if ( $opt{dryrun} ) {
print "UNLOCK TABLES\n";
if ( @existing && !$opt{keepold} ) {
my @oldies = map { $_ . '_old' } @existing;
print "rm -rf @oldies\n"
}
$dbh->disconnect();
exit(0);
}
else {
$dbh->do("UNLOCK TABLES");
}
my $hc_dur = time - $hc_started;
printf "Unlocked tables.\n" unless $opt{quiet};
#
# --- HOT-COPY COMPLETE ---
###########################
$dbh->disconnect;
if ( @failed ) {
# hotcopy failed - cleanup
# delete any @targets
# rename _old copy back to original
print "Deleting @targets \n" if $opt{debug};
rmtree([@targets]);
if (@existing) {
print "Restoring @existing from back-up\n" if $opt{debug};
foreach my $dir ( @existing ) {
rename("${dir}_old", $dir )
or warn "Can't rename ${dir}_old to $dir: $!\n";
}
}
die join( "\n", @failed );
}
else {
# hotcopy worked
# delete _old unless $opt{keepold}
if ( @existing && !$opt{keepold} ) {
my @oldies = map { $_ . '_old' } @existing;
print "Deleting previous copy in @oldies\n" if $opt{debug};
rmtree([@oldies]);
}
printf "$0 copied %d tables (%d files) in %d second%s (%d seconds overall).\n",
$num_tables, $num_files,
$hc_dur, ($hc_dur==1)?"":"s", time - $start_time
unless $opt{quiet};
}
exit 0;
# ---
sub copy_files {
my ($method, $files, $target) = @_;
my @cmd;
print "Copying ".@$files." files...\n" unless $opt{quiet};
if ($method =~ /^s?cp\b/) { # cp or scp with optional flags
@cmd = ($method);
# add option to preserve mod time etc of copied files
# not critical, but nice to have
push @cmd, "-p" if $^O =~ m/^(solaris|linux|freebsd)$/;
# add recursive option for scp
push @cmd, "-r" if $^O =~ /m^(solaris|linux|freebsd)$/ && $method =~ /^scp\b/;
# add files to copy and the destination directory
push @cmd, @$files, $target;
}
else
{
die "Can't use unsupported method '$method'\n";
}
safe_system (@cmd);
}
#
# Copy only the header of the index file
#
sub copy_index
{
my ($method, $files, $source, $target) = @_;
my $tmpfile="$opt_tmpdir/mysqlhotcopy$$";
print "Copying indices for ".@$files." files...\n" unless $opt{quiet};
foreach my $file (@$files)
{
my $from="$source/$file";
my $to="$target/$file";
my $buff;
open(INPUT, "<$from") || die "Can't open file $from: $!\n";
my $length=read INPUT, $buff, 2048;
die "Can't read index header from $from\n" if ($length < 1024);
close INPUT;
if ( $opt{dryrun} )
{
print "$opt{method}-header $from $to\n";
}
elsif ($opt{method} eq 'cp')
{
open(OUTPUT,">$to") || die "Can\'t create file $to: $!\n";
if (syswrite(OUTPUT,$buff) != length($buff))
{
die "Error when writing data to $to: $!\n";
}
close OUTPUT || die "Error on close of $to: $!\n";
}
elsif ($opt{method} eq 'scp')
{
my $tmp=$tmpfile;
open(OUTPUT,">$tmp") || die "Can\'t create file $tmp: $!\n";
if (syswrite(OUTPUT,$buff) != length($buff))
{
die "Error when writing data to $tmp: $!\n";
}
close OUTPUT || die "Error on close of $tmp: $!\n";
safe_system("scp $tmp $to");
}
else
{
die "Can't use unsupported method '$opt{method}'\n";
}
}
unlink "$tmpfile" if ($opt{method} eq 'scp');
}
sub safe_system
{
my @cmd= @_;
if ( $opt{dryrun} )
{
print "@cmd\n";
return;
}
## for some reason system fails but backticks works ok for scp...
print "Executing '@cmd'\n" if $opt{debug};
my $cp_status = system "@cmd > /dev/null";
if ($cp_status != 0) {
warn "Burp ('scuse me). Trying backtick execution...\n" if $opt{debug}; #'
## try something else
`@cmd` && die "Error: @cmd failed ($cp_status) while copying files.\n";
}
}
sub retire_directory {
my ( @dir ) = @_;
foreach my $dir ( @dir ) {
my $tgt_oldpath = $dir . '_old';
if ( $opt{dryrun} ) {
print "rmtree $tgt_oldpath\n" if ( -d $tgt_oldpath );
print "rename $dir, $tgt_oldpath\n";
next;
}
if ( -d $tgt_oldpath ) {
print "Deleting previous 'old' hotcopy directory ('$tgt_oldpath')\n" unless $opt{quiet};
rmtree([$tgt_oldpath])
}
rename($dir, $tgt_oldpath)
or die "Can't rename $dir=>$tgt_oldpath: $!\n";
print "Existing hotcopy directory renamed to '$tgt_oldpath'\n" unless $opt{quiet};
}
}
__END__
=head1 DESCRIPTION
mysqlhotcopy is designed to make stable copies of live MySQL databases.
Here "live" means that the database server is running and the database
may be in active use. And "stable" means that the copy will not have
any corruptions that could occur if the table files were simply copied
without first being locked and flushed from within the server.
=head1 OPTIONS
=over 4
=item --checkpoint checkpoint-table
As each database is copied, an entry is written to the specified
checkpoint-table. This has the happy side-effect of updating the
MySQL update-log (if it is switched on) giving a good indication of
where roll-forward should begin for backup+rollforward schemes.
The name of the checkpoint table should be supplied in database.table format.
The checkpoint-table must contain at least the following fields:
=over 4
time_stamp timestamp not null
src varchar(32)
dest varchar(60)
msg varchar(255)
=back
=item --suffix suffix
Each database is copied back into the originating datadir under
a new name. The new name is the original name with the suffix
appended.
If only a single db_name is supplied and the --suffix flag is not
supplied, then "--suffix=_copy" is assumed.
=item --allowold
Move any existing version of the destination to a backup directory for
the duration of the copy. If the copy successfully completes, the backup
directory is deleted - unless the --keepold flag is set. If the copy fails,
the backup directory is restored.
The backup directory name is the original name with "_old" appended.
Any existing versions of the backup directory are deleted.
=item --keepold
Behaves as for the --allowold, with the additional feature
of keeping the backup directory after the copy successfully completes.
=item --flushlog
Rotate the log files by executing "FLUSH LOGS" after all tables are
locked, and before they are copied.
=item --resetmaster
Reset the bin-log by executing "RESET MASTER" after all tables are
locked, and before they are copied. Usefull if you are recovering a
slave in a replication setup.
=item --resetslave
Reset the master.info by executing "RESET SLAVE" after all tables are
locked, and before they are copied. Usefull if you are recovering a
server in a mutual replication setup.
=item --regexp pattern
Copy all databases with names matching the pattern
=item db_name./pattern/
Copy only tables matching pattern. Shell metacharacters ( (, ), |, !,
etc.) have to be escaped (e.g. \). For example, to select all tables
in database db1 whose names begin with 'foo' or 'bar':
mysqlhotcopy --indices --method=cp db1./^\(foo\|bar\)/
=item db_name./~pattern/
Copy only tables not matching pattern. For example, to copy tables
that do not begin with foo nor bar:
mysqlhotcopy --indices --method=cp db1./~^\(foo\|bar\)/
=item -?, --help
Display helpscreen and exit
=item -u, --user=#
user for database login if not current user
=item -p, --password=#
password to use when connecting to server
=item -P, --port=#
port to use when connecting to local server
=item -S, --socket=#
UNIX domain socket to use when connecting to local server
=item --noindices
Don\'t include index files in copy. Only up to the first 2048 bytes
are copied; You can restore the indexes with isamchk -r or myisamchk -r
on the backup.
=item --method=#
method for copy (only "cp" currently supported). Alpha support for
"scp" was added in November 2000. Your experience with the scp method
will vary with your ability to understand how scp works. 'man scp'
and 'man ssh' are your friends.
The destination directory _must exist_ on the target machine using the
scp method. --keepold and --allowold are meeningless with scp.
Liberal use of the --debug option will help you figure out what\'s
really going on when you do an scp.
Note that using scp will lock your tables for a _long_ time unless
your network connection is _fast_. If this is unacceptable to you,
use the 'cp' method to copy the tables to some temporary area and then
scp or rsync the files at your leisure.
=item -q, --quiet
be silent except for errors
=item --debug
Debug messages are displayed
=item -n, --dryrun
Display commands without actually doing them
=back
=head1 WARRANTY
This software is free and comes without warranty of any kind. You
should never trust backup software without studying the code yourself.
Study the code inside this script and only rely on it if I<you> believe
that it does the right thing for you.
Patches adding bug fixes, documentation and new features are welcome.
Please send these to internals@mysql.com.
=head1 TO DO
Extend the individual table copy to allow multiple subsets of tables
to be specified on the command line:
mysqlhotcopy db newdb t1 t2 /^foo_/ : t3 /^bar_/ : +
where ":" delimits the subsets, the /^foo_/ indicates all tables
with names begining with "foo_" and the "+" indicates all tables
not copied by the previous subsets.
newdb is either another not existing database or a full path to a directory
where we can create a directory 'db'
Add option to lock each table in turn for people who don\'t need
cross-table integrity.
Add option to FLUSH STATUS just before UNLOCK TABLES.
Add support for other copy methods (eg tar to single file?).
Add support for forthcoming MySQL ``RAID'' table subdirectory layouts.
=head1 AUTHOR
Tim Bunce
Martin Waite - added checkpoint, flushlog, regexp and dryrun options
Ralph Corderoy - added synonyms for commands
Scott Wiersdorf - added table regex and scp support
Monty - working --noindex (copy only first 2048 bytes of index file)
Fixes for --method=scp
Ask Bjoern Hansen - Cleanup code to fix a few bugs and enable -w again.
Emil S. Hansen - Added resetslave and resetmaster.