<telo><p>dnes b∞₧n∞ pouze flΘtna, <a href="javascript:top.GetURL('001107');" target="_self">aerofon</a> ze skupiny dechov²ch nßstroj∙ d°ev∞n²ch na principu <a href="javascript:top.GetURL('090672');" target="_self">retnΘ pφÜ¥aly</a>, dr₧en²ch p°i h°e p°φΦn∞ k t∞lu hrßΦe (sm∞rem vpravo). Prastar² nßstroj, dolo₧en² u₧ v prav∞ku, jeho₧ hist. v²voj probφhal paraleln∞ s flΘtnou podΘlnou (<a href="javascript:top.GetURL('121248');" target="_self">zobcovß flΘtna</a>); p∙v. d°ev∞nß; modernφ p. f. jsou v∞tÜinou kovovΘ; od 17. st. se p. f. prosazovala vedle flΘtny zobcovΘ, kterou v 18. st. zatlaΦila. Trubice baroknφ p. f. m∞la mφrn∞ k≤nickΘ vrtßnφ, k t≤nov²m otvor∙m zakr²van²m p∙v. pouze prsty postupn∞ p°ib²valy <a href="javascript:top.GetURL('050419');" target="_self">klapky</a>. V pol. 19. st. zkonstruoval n∞m. flΘtnista a vynßlezce T. <a href="javascript:top.GetURL('012071');" target="_self">B÷hm</a> modernφ typ p. f. s cylindrick²m vrtßnφm a d∙mysln²m klapkov²m mechanismem (äB÷hm∙v systΘmô); modernφ p. f. jsou v∞tÜinou kovovΘ (st°φbro, specißlnφ kovovΘ slitiny); t≤n vznikß nßrazem proudu vzduchu z hrßΦov²ch ·st na ostrou hranu ovßlnΘ Üt∞rbiny v hornφm dφlu (hlavici) nßstroje a nßsledn²m rozkmitßnφm vzduchovΘho sloupce uvnit° trubice. T≤nov² rozsah dneÜnφ p. f. je c<sup>1</sup> (h) a₧ d<sup>4</sup>; vedle standardnφ p. f. existuje o polovinu kratÜφ a o oktßvu v²Ü zn∞jφcφ malß flΘtna, <a href="javascript:top.GetURL('081235');" target="_self">pikola</a> a naopak hlubÜφ altovß flΘtna in G (znφ o kvartu nφ₧), a dokonce i basovß flΘtna zn∞jφcφ o oktßvu nφ₧. Od 18. st. stabilnφ souΦßst dechovΘ sekce klasickΘho orchestru, nßstroj se Üirok²m, univerzßlnφm vyu₧itφm (s≤lovΘ, komornφ i orchestrßlnφ) od konce 17. st. (koncerty a sonßty, <a href="javascript:top.GetURL('115776');" target="_self">Vivaldi</a>, <a href="javascript:top.GetURL('105747');" target="_self">Telemann</a>, J. S. <a href="javascript:top.GetURL('008055');" target="_self">Bach</a>, J. J. Quantze, F. <a href="javascript:top.GetURL('009971');" target="_self">Benda</a>, W. A. <a href="javascript:top.GetURL('068400');" target="_self">Mozart</a>, L. v. <a href="javascript:top.GetURL('009594');" target="_self">Beethoven</a>, ad.), poΦetnß literatura modernφ (<a href="javascript:top.GetURL('020752');" target="_self">Debussy</a>, <a href="javascript:top.GetURL('037497');" target="_self">Hindemith</a>, <a href="javascript:top.GetURL('042453');" target="_self">Ibert</a>, <a href="javascript:top.GetURL('113783');" target="_self">Varèse</a>, <a href="javascript:top.GetURL('064854');" target="_self">Messiaen</a>, ad.); k nejznßm∞jÜφm soudob²m flΘtnist∙m pat°φ nap°. Fr. J. P. <a href="javascript:top.GetURL('089440');" target="_self">Rampal</a>, z Φ. J. <a href="javascript:top.GetURL('113417');" target="_self">Vßlek</a>. </p></telo>