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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0//EN">
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<TITLE>What is the Copyleft? - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)</TITLE>
<LINK REV="made" HREF="mailto:webmasters@www.gnu.org">
<META HTTP-EQUIV="Keywords"
CONTENT="GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation, Linux, Copyleft">
</HEAD>
<BODY BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" TEXT="#000000" LINK="#1F00FF" ALINK="#FF0000" VLINK="#9900DD">
<H3>What Is Copyleft?</H3>
<P>
<A HREF="/graphics/philosophical-gnu-sm.jpg"><IMG SRC="/graphics/philosophical-gnu-sm.jpg"
ALT=" [image of a Philosophical Gnu] "
WIDTH="160" HEIGHT="200"> (jpeg 7k)</A>
<A HREF="/graphics/philosophical-gnu.jpg">(jpeg 141k)</A>
<A HREF="/philosophy/gif.html">no gifs due to patent problems</A>
<P>
<HR>
<P>
<H4>Table of Contents</H4>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="/copyleft/copyleft.html#WhatIsCopyleft"
NAME="TOCWhatIsCopyleft">What Is Copyleft?</A>
<LI><A HREF="/copyleft/copyleft.html#translations"
NAME="TOCtranslations">Translations of the GPL</A>
<LI><A HREF="/copyleft/copyleft.html#OtherTextsToRead"
NAME="TOCOtherTextsToRead">Other Texts to Read</A>
</UL>
<P>
<HR>
<P>
<H3><A HREF="/copyleft/copyleft.html#TOCWhatIsCopyleft"
NAME="WhatIsCopyleft">What Is Copyleft?</A></H3>
<P>
The simplest way to make a program free is to put it in the
<A HREF="/philosophy/categories.html#PublicDomainSoftware">public
domain (18k characters)</A>, uncopyrighted. This allows people to
share the program and their improvements, if they are so minded. But
it also allows uncooperative people to convert the program into
<A HREF="/philosophy/categories.html#ProprietarySoftware">proprietary
software (18k characters)</A>. They can make changes, many or few,
and distribute the result as a proprietary product. People who
receive the program in that modified form do not have the freedom that
the original author gave them; the middleman has stripped it away.
<P>
In the GNU project, our aim is to give <em>all</em> users the freedom
to redistribute and change GNU software. If middlemen could strip off
the freedom, we might have many users, but those users would not have
freedom. So instead of putting GNU software in the public domain, we
``copyleft'' it. Copyleft says that anyone who redistributes the
software, with or without changes, must pass along the freedom to
further copy and change it. Copyleft guarantees that every user has
freedom.
<P>
Copyleft provides another benefit as well. People who write
<A HREF="/software/software.html#HelpWriteSoftware">improvements</A>
in
<A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free software</A>
often work for companies or universities
that would do almost anything to get money. A programmer may want to
contribute her changes to the community, but her employer may ``see
green'' and insist on turning the changes into a commercial product.
<P>
When we explain to the employer that it is illegal to distribute the
improved version except as free software, the employer usually decides
to release it as free software rather than throw it away.
<P>
To copyleft a program, first we copyright it; then we add distribution
terms, which are a legal instrument that gives everyone the rights to
use, modify, and redistribute the program's code <em>or any program
derived from it</em> but only if the distribution terms are unchanged.
Thus, the code and the freedoms become legally inseparable.
<P>
Proprietary software developers use copyright to take away the users'
freedom; we use copyright to guarantee their freedom. That's why we
reverse the name, changing ``copyright'' into ``copyleft.''
<P>
Copyleft is a general concept; there are many ways to fill in the
details. In the GNU Project, the specific distribution terms that we
use are contained in the
<A HREF="/copyleft/gpl.html">GNU General Public License (20k
characters)</A> (GNU GPL). An alternate form, the
<A HREF="/copyleft/lgpl.html">GNU Library General Public License (27k
characters)</A> (GNU LGPL), applies to a few (but not all) GNU
libraries. The library license permits linking the libraries into
proprietary executables under certain conditions.
<P>
The appropriate license is included in many manuals and in each GNU
source code distribution (usually in files named
<A HREF="/copyleft/gpl.html">COPYING (20k characters)</A>
and
<A HREF="/copyleft/lgpl.html">COPYING.LIB (27k characters)</A>).
<P>
The GNU GPL is designed so that you can easily apply it to your own
program if you are the copyright holder. You don't have to modify the
GNU GPL to do this, just add notices to your program which refer
properly to the GNU GPL.
<P>
If you would like to copyleft your program with the GNU GPL, please
see the instructions at the
<A HREF="/copyleft/gpl.html#SEC4">end (20k characters)</A> of the GPL text.
If you would like to copyleft your library with the GNU LGPL, please
see the instructions at the
<A HREF="/copyleft/lgpl.html#SEC4">end (27k characters)</A> of the LGPL text
(note you can also use the <A HREF="/copyleft/gpl.html">ordinary GPL</A>
for libraries).
<P>
Using the same distribution terms for many different programs makes it
easy to copy code between various different programs. Since they all
have the same distribution terms, there is no need to think about
whether the terms are compatible. The Library GPL includes a
provision that lets you alter the distribution terms to the ordinary
GPL, so that you can copy code into another program covered by the
GPL.
<HR>
<P>
<H4><A HREF="/copyleft/copyleft.html#TOCtranslations"
NAME="translations">Translations of the GPL</A></H4>
<P>
Here are some translations of the GNU GPL done by others.
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="ftp://ftp.sra.co.jp/pub/gnu/local-fix/GPL2-j">A Japanese
translation</A> of the GPL.
<LI><A HREF="http://agnes.dida.physik.uni-essen.de/~gnu-pascal/gpl-ger.html">A
German translation</A> of the GPL.
</UL>
<P>
These versions are not official. Legally speaking, the original
(English) version of the GPL is what specifies the actual distribution
terms for GNU programs.
<P>
The reason the FSF does not approve these translations as officially
valid is that checking them would be difficult and expensive (needing
the help of bilingual lawyers in other countries). Even worse, if an
error did slip through, the results could be disastrous for the whole
free software community. As long as the translations are unofficial,
they can't do any harm, and we hope they help more people understand
the GPL.
<HR>
<H4><A HREF="/copyleft/copyleft.html#TOCOtherTextsToRead"
NAME="OtherTextsToRead">Other Texts to Read</A></H4>
<P>
This first group of articles directly address the philosophy of the
GNU project and free software:
<P>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.html">What is Free Software?</A>
<LI><A HREF="/philosophy/why-free.html">Why
Software Should Not Have Owners</A>
<LI><A HREF="/philosophy/selling.html">Selling Free Software</A> Can Be Ok!
<LI><A HREF="/philosophy/categories.html">Categories of Free Software
(18k characters)</A>
<LI>Free software is more
<A HREF="/software/reliability.html">reliable</A>!
<LI><A HREF="/fsf/fsf.html">What is the Free Software Foundation?</A>
<LI><A HREF="/copyleft/copyleft.html">What is Copyleft?</A>
<LI><A HREF="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">Confusing Words</A>
which You Might Want to Avoid
<LI><A HREF="/gnu/gnu-history.html">History of the GNU Project</A>
<LI><A HREF="/gnu/manifesto.html">The GNU Manifesto (31k characters)</A>
<LI><A HREF="/philosophy/gif.html">Why there are no GIF files on
GNU web pages</A>
</UL>
<P>
This second group of articles deal with related topics but are not
directly about the GNU project:
<P>
<UL>
<LI>How to Protect the <A HREF="/philosophy/protecting.html">Right to Write
Software</A> (independent of whether it's free or not)
<LI><A HREF="/philosophy/right-to-read.html">Where the Copyright System
and Government Plans are Leading Us</A>
<LI><A HREF="/philosophy/dat.html">The Right Way to Tax DAT (22k
characters)</A>
<LI><A HREF="/philosophy/motivation.html">Studies Find
Reward Often No Motivator</A>
<LI><A HREF="/philosophy/stallman-kth.html">A speech that Richard
Stallman gave in 1986 at the Royal Institute of Technology in Sweden</A>
<LI>How to Protect the
<A HREF="/philosophy/basic-freedoms.html">Freedoms
of Speech, Press, and Association</A>
on the Internet
</UL>
<P>
<HR>
Return to <A HREF="/home.html">GNU's home page</A>.
<P>
FSF & GNU inquiries & questions to
<A HREF="mailto:gnu@prep.ai.mit.edu"><EM>gnu@prep.ai.mit.edu</EM></A>.
Other <A HREF="/home.html#ContactInfo">ways to contact</A> the FSF.
<P>
Comments on these web pages to
<A HREF="mailto:webmasters@www.gnu.org"><EM>webmasters@www.gnu.org</EM></A>,
send other questions to
<A HREF="mailto:gnu@prep.ai.mit.edu"><EM>gnu@prep.ai.mit.edu</EM></A>.
<P>
Copyright (C) 1996, 1997 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111, USA
<P>
Verbatim copying and distribution is permitted
in any medium, provided this notice is preserved.
<P>
Updated:
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4 Aug 1997 tower
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