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- package Exporter;
-
- require 5.001;
-
- #
- # We go to a lot of trouble not to 'require Carp' at file scope,
- # because Carp requires Exporter, and something has to give.
- #
-
- $ExportLevel = 0;
- $Verbose = 0 unless $Verbose;
-
- sub export {
-
- # First make import warnings look like they're coming from the "use".
- local $SIG{__WARN__} = sub {
- my $text = shift;
- if ($text =~ s/ at \S*Exporter.pm line \d+.*\n//) {
- require Carp;
- local $Carp::CarpLevel = 1; # ignore package calling us too.
- Carp::carp($text);
- }
- else {
- warn $text;
- }
- };
- local $SIG{__DIE__} = sub {
- require Carp;
- local $Carp::CarpLevel = 1; # ignore package calling us too.
- Carp::croak("$_[0]Illegal null symbol in \@${1}::EXPORT")
- if $_[0] =~ /^Unable to create sub named "(.*?)::"/;
- };
-
- my($pkg, $callpkg, @imports) = @_;
- my($type, $sym, $oops);
- *exports = *{"${pkg}::EXPORT"};
-
- if (@imports) {
- if (!%exports) {
- grep(s/^&//, @exports);
- @exports{@exports} = (1) x @exports;
- my $ok = \@{"${pkg}::EXPORT_OK"};
- if (@$ok) {
- grep(s/^&//, @$ok);
- @exports{@$ok} = (1) x @$ok;
- }
- }
-
- if ($imports[0] =~ m#^[/!:]#){
- my $tagsref = \%{"${pkg}::EXPORT_TAGS"};
- my $tagdata;
- my %imports;
- my($remove, $spec, @names, @allexports);
- # negated first item implies starting with default set:
- unshift @imports, ':DEFAULT' if $imports[0] =~ m/^!/;
- foreach $spec (@imports){
- $remove = $spec =~ s/^!//;
-
- if ($spec =~ s/^://){
- if ($spec eq 'DEFAULT'){
- @names = @exports;
- }
- elsif ($tagdata = $tagsref->{$spec}) {
- @names = @$tagdata;
- }
- else {
- warn qq["$spec" is not defined in %${pkg}::EXPORT_TAGS];
- ++$oops;
- next;
- }
- }
- elsif ($spec =~ m:^/(.*)/$:){
- my $patn = $1;
- @allexports = keys %exports unless @allexports; # only do keys once
- @names = grep(/$patn/, @allexports); # not anchored by default
- }
- else {
- @names = ($spec); # is a normal symbol name
- }
-
- warn "Import ".($remove ? "del":"add").": @names "
- if $Verbose;
-
- if ($remove) {
- foreach $sym (@names) { delete $imports{$sym} }
- }
- else {
- @imports{@names} = (1) x @names;
- }
- }
- @imports = keys %imports;
- }
-
- foreach $sym (@imports) {
- if (!$exports{$sym}) {
- if ($sym =~ m/^\d/) {
- $pkg->require_version($sym);
- # If the version number was the only thing specified
- # then we should act as if nothing was specified:
- if (@imports == 1) {
- @imports = @exports;
- last;
- }
- # We need a way to emulate 'use Foo ()' but still
- # allow an easy version check: "use Foo 1.23, ''";
- if (@imports == 2 and !$imports[1]) {
- @imports = ();
- last;
- }
- } elsif ($sym !~ s/^&// || !$exports{$sym}) {
- require Carp;
- Carp::carp(qq["$sym" is not exported by the $pkg module]);
- $oops++;
- }
- }
- }
- if ($oops) {
- require Carp;
- Carp::croak("Can't continue after import errors");
- }
- }
- else {
- @imports = @exports;
- }
-
- *fail = *{"${pkg}::EXPORT_FAIL"};
- if (@fail) {
- if (!%fail) {
- # Build cache of symbols. Optimise the lookup by adding
- # barewords twice... both with and without a leading &.
- # (Technique could be applied to %exports cache at cost of memory)
- my @expanded = map { /^\w/ ? ($_, '&'.$_) : $_ } @fail;
- warn "${pkg}::EXPORT_FAIL cached: @expanded" if $Verbose;
- @fail{@expanded} = (1) x @expanded;
- }
- my @failed;
- foreach $sym (@imports) { push(@failed, $sym) if $fail{$sym} }
- if (@failed) {
- @failed = $pkg->export_fail(@failed);
- foreach $sym (@failed) {
- require Carp;
- Carp::carp(qq["$sym" is not implemented by the $pkg module ],
- "on this architecture");
- }
- if (@failed) {
- require Carp;
- Carp::croak("Can't continue after import errors");
- }
- }
- }
-
- warn "Importing into $callpkg from $pkg: ",
- join(", ",sort @imports) if $Verbose;
-
- foreach $sym (@imports) {
- # shortcut for the common case of no type character
- (*{"${callpkg}::$sym"} = \&{"${pkg}::$sym"}, next)
- unless $sym =~ s/^(\W)//;
- $type = $1;
- *{"${callpkg}::$sym"} =
- $type eq '&' ? \&{"${pkg}::$sym"} :
- $type eq '$' ? \${"${pkg}::$sym"} :
- $type eq '@' ? \@{"${pkg}::$sym"} :
- $type eq '%' ? \%{"${pkg}::$sym"} :
- $type eq '*' ? *{"${pkg}::$sym"} :
- do { require Carp; Carp::croak("Can't export symbol: $type$sym") };
- }
- }
-
- sub export_to_level
- {
- my $pkg = shift;
- my ($level, $junk) = (shift, shift); # need to get rid of first arg
- # we know it already.
- my $callpkg = caller($level);
- $pkg->export($callpkg, @_);
- }
-
- sub import {
- my $pkg = shift;
- my $callpkg = caller($ExportLevel);
- export $pkg, $callpkg, @_;
- }
-
-
-
- # Utility functions
-
- sub _push_tags {
- my($pkg, $var, $syms) = @_;
- my $nontag;
- *export_tags = \%{"${pkg}::EXPORT_TAGS"};
- push(@{"${pkg}::$var"},
- map { $export_tags{$_} ? @{$export_tags{$_}} : scalar(++$nontag,$_) }
- (@$syms) ? @$syms : keys %export_tags);
- if ($nontag and $^W) {
- # This may change to a die one day
- require Carp;
- Carp::carp("Some names are not tags");
- }
- }
-
- sub export_tags { _push_tags((caller)[0], "EXPORT", \@_) }
- sub export_ok_tags { _push_tags((caller)[0], "EXPORT_OK", \@_) }
-
-
- # Default methods
-
- sub export_fail {
- my $self = shift;
- @_;
- }
-
- sub require_version {
- my($self, $wanted) = @_;
- my $pkg = ref $self || $self;
- my $version = ${"${pkg}::VERSION"};
- if (!$version or $version < $wanted) {
- $version ||= "(undef)";
- my $file = $INC{"$pkg.pm"};
- $file &&= " ($file)";
- require Carp;
- Carp::croak("$pkg $wanted required--this is only version $version$file")
- }
- $version;
- }
-
- 1;
-
- # A simple self test harness. Change 'require Carp' to 'use Carp ()' for testing.
- # package main; eval(join('',<DATA>)) or die $@ unless caller;
- __END__
- package Test;
- $INC{'Exporter.pm'} = 1;
- @ISA = qw(Exporter);
- @EXPORT = qw(A1 A2 A3 A4 A5);
- @EXPORT_OK = qw(B1 B2 B3 B4 B5);
- %EXPORT_TAGS = (T1=>[qw(A1 A2 B1 B2)], T2=>[qw(A1 A2 B3 B4)], T3=>[qw(X3)]);
- @EXPORT_FAIL = qw(B4);
- Exporter::export_ok_tags('T3', 'unknown_tag');
- sub export_fail {
- map { "Test::$_" } @_ # edit symbols just as an example
- }
-
- package main;
- $Exporter::Verbose = 1;
- #import Test;
- #import Test qw(X3); # export ok via export_ok_tags()
- #import Test qw(:T1 !A2 /5/ !/3/ B5);
- import Test qw(:T2 !B4);
- import Test qw(:T2); # should fail
- 1;
-
- =head1 NAME
-
- Exporter - Implements default import method for modules
-
- =head1 SYNOPSIS
-
- In module ModuleName.pm:
-
- package ModuleName;
- require Exporter;
- @ISA = qw(Exporter);
-
- @EXPORT = qw(...); # symbols to export by default
- @EXPORT_OK = qw(...); # symbols to export on request
- %EXPORT_TAGS = tag => [...]; # define names for sets of symbols
-
- In other files which wish to use ModuleName:
-
- use ModuleName; # import default symbols into my package
-
- use ModuleName qw(...); # import listed symbols into my package
-
- use ModuleName (); # do not import any symbols
-
- =head1 DESCRIPTION
-
- The Exporter module implements a default C<import> method which
- many modules choose to inherit rather than implement their own.
-
- Perl automatically calls the C<import> method when processing a
- C<use> statement for a module. Modules and C<use> are documented
- in L<perlfunc> and L<perlmod>. Understanding the concept of
- modules and how the C<use> statement operates is important to
- understanding the Exporter.
-
- =head2 Selecting What To Export
-
- Do B<not> export method names!
-
- Do B<not> export anything else by default without a good reason!
-
- Exports pollute the namespace of the module user. If you must export
- try to use @EXPORT_OK in preference to @EXPORT and avoid short or
- common symbol names to reduce the risk of name clashes.
-
- Generally anything not exported is still accessible from outside the
- module using the ModuleName::item_name (or $blessed_ref-E<gt>method)
- syntax. By convention you can use a leading underscore on names to
- informally indicate that they are 'internal' and not for public use.
-
- (It is actually possible to get private functions by saying:
-
- my $subref = sub { ... };
- &$subref;
-
- But there's no way to call that directly as a method, since a method
- must have a name in the symbol table.)
-
- As a general rule, if the module is trying to be object oriented
- then export nothing. If it's just a collection of functions then
- @EXPORT_OK anything but use @EXPORT with caution.
-
- Other module design guidelines can be found in L<perlmod>.
-
- =head2 Specialised Import Lists
-
- If the first entry in an import list begins with !, : or / then the
- list is treated as a series of specifications which either add to or
- delete from the list of names to import. They are processed left to
- right. Specifications are in the form:
-
- [!]name This name only
- [!]:DEFAULT All names in @EXPORT
- [!]:tag All names in $EXPORT_TAGS{tag} anonymous list
- [!]/pattern/ All names in @EXPORT and @EXPORT_OK which match
-
- A leading ! indicates that matching names should be deleted from the
- list of names to import. If the first specification is a deletion it
- is treated as though preceded by :DEFAULT. If you just want to import
- extra names in addition to the default set you will still need to
- include :DEFAULT explicitly.
-
- e.g., Module.pm defines:
-
- @EXPORT = qw(A1 A2 A3 A4 A5);
- @EXPORT_OK = qw(B1 B2 B3 B4 B5);
- %EXPORT_TAGS = (T1 => [qw(A1 A2 B1 B2)], T2 => [qw(A1 A2 B3 B4)]);
-
- Note that you cannot use tags in @EXPORT or @EXPORT_OK.
- Names in EXPORT_TAGS must also appear in @EXPORT or @EXPORT_OK.
-
- An application using Module can say something like:
-
- use Module qw(:DEFAULT :T2 !B3 A3);
-
- Other examples include:
-
- use Socket qw(!/^[AP]F_/ !SOMAXCONN !SOL_SOCKET);
- use POSIX qw(:errno_h :termios_h !TCSADRAIN !/^EXIT/);
-
- Remember that most patterns (using //) will need to be anchored
- with a leading ^, e.g., C</^EXIT/> rather than C</EXIT/>.
-
- You can say C<BEGIN { $Exporter::Verbose=1 }> to see how the
- specifications are being processed and what is actually being imported
- into modules.
-
- =head2 Exporting without using Export's import method
-
- Exporter has a special method, 'export_to_level' which is used in situations
- where you can't directly call Export's import method. The export_to_level
- method looks like:
-
- MyPackage->export_to_level($where_to_export, @what_to_export);
-
- where $where_to_export is an integer telling how far up the calling stack
- to export your symbols, and @what_to_export is an array telling what
- symbols *to* export (usually this is @_).
-
- For example, suppose that you have a module, A, which already has an
- import function:
-
- package A;
-
- @ISA = qw(Exporter);
- @EXPORT_OK = qw ($b);
-
- sub import
- {
- $A::b = 1; # not a very useful import method
- }
-
- and you want to Export symbol $A::b back to the module that called
- package A. Since Exporter relies on the import method to work, via
- inheritance, as it stands Exporter::import() will never get called.
- Instead, say the following:
-
- package A;
- @ISA = qw(Exporter);
- @EXPORT_OK = qw ($b);
-
- sub import
- {
- $A::b = 1;
- A->export_to_level(1, @_);
- }
-
- This will export the symbols one level 'above' the current package - ie: to
- the program or module that used package A.
-
- Note: Be careful not to modify '@_' at all before you call export_to_level
- - or people using your package will get very unexplained results!
-
-
- =head2 Module Version Checking
-
- The Exporter module will convert an attempt to import a number from a
- module into a call to $module_name-E<gt>require_version($value). This can
- be used to validate that the version of the module being used is
- greater than or equal to the required version.
-
- The Exporter module supplies a default require_version method which
- checks the value of $VERSION in the exporting module.
-
- Since the default require_version method treats the $VERSION number as
- a simple numeric value it will regard version 1.10 as lower than
- 1.9. For this reason it is strongly recommended that you use numbers
- with at least two decimal places, e.g., 1.09.
-
- =head2 Managing Unknown Symbols
-
- In some situations you may want to prevent certain symbols from being
- exported. Typically this applies to extensions which have functions
- or constants that may not exist on some systems.
-
- The names of any symbols that cannot be exported should be listed
- in the C<@EXPORT_FAIL> array.
-
- If a module attempts to import any of these symbols the Exporter
- will give the module an opportunity to handle the situation before
- generating an error. The Exporter will call an export_fail method
- with a list of the failed symbols:
-
- @failed_symbols = $module_name->export_fail(@failed_symbols);
-
- If the export_fail method returns an empty list then no error is
- recorded and all the requested symbols are exported. If the returned
- list is not empty then an error is generated for each symbol and the
- export fails. The Exporter provides a default export_fail method which
- simply returns the list unchanged.
-
- Uses for the export_fail method include giving better error messages
- for some symbols and performing lazy architectural checks (put more
- symbols into @EXPORT_FAIL by default and then take them out if someone
- actually tries to use them and an expensive check shows that they are
- usable on that platform).
-
- =head2 Tag Handling Utility Functions
-
- Since the symbols listed within %EXPORT_TAGS must also appear in either
- @EXPORT or @EXPORT_OK, two utility functions are provided which allow
- you to easily add tagged sets of symbols to @EXPORT or @EXPORT_OK:
-
- %EXPORT_TAGS = (foo => [qw(aa bb cc)], bar => [qw(aa cc dd)]);
-
- Exporter::export_tags('foo'); # add aa, bb and cc to @EXPORT
- Exporter::export_ok_tags('bar'); # add aa, cc and dd to @EXPORT_OK
-
- Any names which are not tags are added to @EXPORT or @EXPORT_OK
- unchanged but will trigger a warning (with C<-w>) to avoid misspelt tags
- names being silently added to @EXPORT or @EXPORT_OK. Future versions
- may make this a fatal error.
-
- =cut
-