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Swap-Space
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[ 15 January 1998
The Linux Swap Space mini-HOWTO is not being maintained by
the author any more. If you are interested in maintaining the
Swap Space mini-HOWTO, please get in touch with me at
<gregh@sunsite.unc.edu>. ]
SHARING SWAP SPACES BETWEEN LINUX AND MS-WINDOWS
A mini-HOWTO
by
H. Peter Anvin
<hpa@yggdrasil.com>
Copyright ⌐ 1994, 1995 H. Peter Anvin
VERSION: 1.3 Date: 19 Jun 1995
0. ABSTRACT
Many people use both Linux and MS-Windows. The ability to do so is an
important part of "the Linux revolution"; i.e. letting people
experiment with (and get hooked on) Linux while still being able to
run their off-the-shelf software. Since both Linux and MS-Windows use
virtual memory with swap to disk, a frequently occurring question in
comp.os.linux.setup is how to share swap spaces, in order to reduce the
amount of disk space needed.
There are several methods for sharing swap spaces, the one described
in this document is probably the most complicated one but is the only
one I have encountered that allows maximum performance for both
environments without the risk of trashing a disk partition.
NOTE: If you have used a previous version of this document and have
had problems with swap space not getting properly restored (Windows
claims your permanent swapfile is corrupt), try the slighly revised
shutdown script in this version.
1. WHAT YOU NEED
This procedure have a few requirements that need to be filled. I
strongly recommend that you fill these requirements *anyway*, as there
are several problems with older versions.
* MS-DOS 5.0 or newer
* MS-Windows 3.1 or newer
* A shutdown/init that knows to run a file on shutdown.
(The SysVinit-2.50 package can do this, for example.
SysVinit-2.50 is available from sunsite.unc.edu in
/pub/Linux/system/Daemons. Almost all current distributions
use this init package.)
2. THE PROCEDURE
* Boot DOS. Create a DOS partition (using FDISK) the size = the size
swap space you want. It will be assigned a drive letter; use that
drive letter instead of X whenever these instructions lists a
command like "LABEL X:" or "COPY FOO X:DUMMY.DAT"
* Format this partition using the DOS FORMAT command.
FORMAT X:
* Set the volume label on this partition to "SWAP SPACE" using the DOS
LABEL command. Verify it by the DIR command. Please do this as a
separate step. Some versions of FORMAT do not seem to put the
volume label in the boot sector as it should. [Note: some people
has written me saying the volume label is stored in the root
directory. Yes, but at least since DOS 5.0 it has also been in the
boot sector.]
LABEL X:
DIR X:
* Start Windows. Go to the Control Panel, select "386 Enhanced".
Select "Virtual Memory" and create a Windows Permanent swap file on
drive X: of maximum size (Windows will tell you the maximum size).
Windows may complain saying it will not use a swap file that big.
Ignore the message and create the file anyway.
* Exit Windows.
* Boot Linux, then log in as root.
* Use the fdisk command to find the name of the partition and its size
in blocks. Create a symbolic link from /dev/winswap to this
partition. If the paritition is hda7, then type:
ln -s /dev/hda7 /dev/winswap
[NOTE TO PURISTS: Please use a symlink. The name of this partition
is going to go into several configuration files and inconsistencies
could be fatal.]
* The following is a uuencoded binary that analyzes the partition and
derives some special information; uudecode the following file,
gunzip it and run it as:
msinfo /dev/winswap
begin 755 msinfo.gz
M'XL(`$$YNRT"`Y557TQ;51@_MW]HZ0AM'"$U-.28W([..>84%1%D2QH>',9*
M2S&VC);V=FV]T*;WWBD+1I)K'YH;DOJF#YH80GPR^J""D"R8-K('MS2;#Q*S
M%Y,E-P&592A$V:[?.;?M"FP/?DG/G^_[?7_Z_3G7PL313TT(?8P0<J"CI':8
M$5H^#:=5<KT^MQ`^UAQ1O*QUH0<.]B7S/FC[U!98Y;))]<*N^AG"^LB((J%E
MAFIM[A9U0O`;%:*7N#[L%G!_-IH34V(J,WUZ.CK%O6I#N4DTE,E-144Q-7T)
M>]_PX\M<3@!`'ZZ26[`-I7A.F!%$;JK.;21`!#.\-,5A/CK)\=B3FL:3F8PH
M<#$QDSO91Q%^>L%"Z@KW*"-NR3;""5SN,A?'NI[0=P0Q=#[P&&$5@3UNZ3VW
M=-(V`NYQ/)6CX)DC2F`KD!&C/!:R7"Q%]L-6`8'D+=]8T*^$V8@RR\;5\P9(
M^;\&T:F]E`Q`EI,_6YHCZBT#BJ09M0VV9!:XVKLF]0NX%'Z4R];\W](3A-%J
MI:`_&12!>@33QC0S'V8]?O5+0`;3UC23K)!"?@97N8R#:29MF/>R)PI>UJF)
MK%/-4QR39OSJE8,8MHZ)UC#`?1ZX'N!ZU`L'X;@.?X["C<1DUT%,9QW32C''
M"<98PQR#8#=(L'>96NQWR/4W1@>H3\'!OC3,MMN_"[,=A1OVK^XEH($[$S^H
MY@28=MB78-$/`=8)(L=\P*$5*I_LS@)_G7!=\Z9V@F"``Y$XQM[T!T>(WHNU
M/T9CH)YIZI("&9ZK32AR=DTN/QNZ."&7?27H_<(=_^=Q"U1N3Y.>!-E`$BY(
M;(4ZG)/[\_0F_54HY7\5[<!33)\2M%:Y(.THX_N%K?%2L9&(O=4>8F^@IV9(
M,<HEDU:17T'23M)GA#ANW-<F'J5-]>6!G2;BU+YN)@<RL.JBIFD4[:<###UG
MO3Z77WO?L?O+@@G\+(-<"X&QT"_N7@_\2;JGAEF&U1`JR#ZCD/Z]7HJ'ZH
M09_JNAZGJ^N?X5.39_AXMY!!?3@6G>X2,9^)QG%\!IZ@5`SSJ>EWN!SN>HCK
MLJ%F08R*J5B4YV=T0-R&J#UYJW>4#"7/#D,0/GG`0ZI@__`;6->]K!>C[<GD
M31/IQP>:!B]D?DT,*<;Y6=9Y]3:P][^W`?+>8F(1!*ZY7B1:BN=@D_XY9?0I
M'?ZT0=V@BBWIIV$47#Y@7-,9Q>0<*=7;NMW-NS2>9#_X3V)8()?A$;!`ALRW
M#&\%RO_^@9F6TP<]'M8J@'AFA"[JM]0(WCQ!`[.826!F&A@HG4JWU5R_KKL&
M9GNQF$;J[?NZ\YUZ?B].C,OEWI*\94J`:6LB?U,RK^2.([0QRQK(W!D2[K5M
M,G>&0B7A'K03F"'17*&L#9XU@+U2L9K4-GCIG(K(NE:SM,>SM,?;X,T:&U6,
MT./E%NAUTNE_$,^E(A0M!B7K[D'>X6'\FC25Q3W=+V3YLR^CXJW.S0>#54*#
M#ZE^AI+N-35^_>![U4!?@VQ%ET<L!BC>MC5"\GH->"T6'4/2NS>((N0,DT>_
9K6^!S%65KRS`,`,UVB43\!]-BKG]B`<``#5"
`
end
Take note at the number saying "Total special sectors", and verify
that the volume label says "SWAP SPACE". If it does not, reboot DOS
and re-do the LABEL command. If it still does not work, please
inform me about which version of DOS you are running, and I will try
to help you out.
* [Optional step] Windows may occationally leave some space on the
partition, even if it is told not to. Don't attempt to use this
space, since it will be erased any time you run Linux. If you want
to avoid accidentally using it (and lose data), you can create a
dummy file that fills that space by using the following commands:
mkdir /mnt
mount -t msdos /dev/winswap /mnt
dd if=/dev/zero of=/mnt/dummy.fil
umount /mnt
The dd command will report "No space left on device". This is
exactly what you want.
* Check the name of the shutdown file. For SysVinit this is the file
listed in the following line of /etc/inittab; add it if you don't
have it.
# Runlevel 0 means shut down the system
l0:0:wait:/etc/brc
For the remainder of this file, I will assume the filename was
/etc/brc.
* Type:
dd if=/dev/winswap bs=512 count=XXX | gzip -9 > /etc/winswap.gz
^^^
Replace
... where XXX is replaced with the "Total special sectors" number.
* Add the following piece of code to your /etc/rc file (or whatever
your init calls it), right before the command "swapon -a" (if there
is no such command, add it to your /etc/rc file right before any
mount commands).
If you have a directory /etc/rc.d, the file you want to put this in
should be called "/etc/rc.d/rc.S" or "/etc/rc.d/rc.boot".
If your swapon is in /etc, replace /sbin/swapon with /etc/swapon.
If it is in /bin, replace with /bin/swapon. Do the same for mkswap.
Replace XXXXX with the actual size of the partition in blocks, as
given by fdisk.
---[BEGIN CODE SEGMENT]---
#
# Verify and initialize swap space
#
echo -n 'Verifying swap space... '
if [ "`/bin/dd 2>/dev/null if=/dev/winswap bs=1 count=10 skip=4086`" \
= 'SWAP-SPACE' ]; then
echo 'Linux signature found'
/sbin/swapon /dev/winswap
elif [ "`/bin/dd 2>/dev/null if=/dev/winswap bs=1 count=11 skip=43`" \
= 'SWAP SPACE ' ]; then
echo 'DOS signature found'
/sbin/mkswap /dev/winswap XXXXX
/sbin/swapon /dev/winswap
else
echo 'No signature found'
echo 'ERROR: Will not swap'
fi
---[END CODE SEGMENT]---
* Add the following piece of code to your /etc/brc file (or whatever
it is called -- it is /etc/rc.d/rc.0 or /etc/rc.d/rc.halt if you
have an /etc/rc.d directory); put this after any command that might
need swap to be in place.
---[BEGIN CODE SEGMENT]---
#
# Terminate swapping and restore DOS/Windows swap info
#
/sbin/swapoff /dev/winswap
if [ "`/bin/dd 2>/dev/null if=/dev/winswap bs=1 count=10 skip=4086`" \
= 'SWAP-SPACE' ]; then
echo 'Restoring DOS/Windows swap info'
/bin/zcat /etc/winswap.gz > /dev/winswap
else
echo 'ERROR: /dev/winswap lacks swap signature, skipping restore'
fi
---[END CODE SEGMENT]---
* Reboot Linux. You should now have swapping on the new swap device.
3. A COUPLE OF NOTES
* There is no need to add /dev/winswap to your /etc/fstab file. In
fact, it is probably wise not to do so (except possibly as a
comment).
* If your Linux session crashes or otherwise exits without running
/etc/brc, you will need to reboot and exit Linux before swapping in
Windows will work. It is also possible to FORMAT X: and re-create
the Windows swapfile. The only way around this would be to put the
equivalent of the /etc/brc commands in the DOS AUTOEXEC.BAT file;
unfortunately I don't know of any way of doing that in DOS!
* If DOS' FDISK reports the partition as a "logical DOS drive", it has
a number of 5 (as in /dev/hda5) or higher. It is *NOT* the
partition labelled "extended" which has a number of 4 or less!! If
your Linux fdisk does not display logical partitions, you have a
broken Linux fdisk (Slackware 2.2 included a broken fdisk, for
example.) You can try "cfdisk" if your distribution has it, or you
will have to get a working fdisk.
* If you get a floating point exception when running msinfo, you are
almost certainly running it on the wrong partition. See the above
note.
* Please do not mail me unless you have checked and re-checked that
you copied your scripts correctly. More than half of the problems
reported with this Mini-HOWTO have been due to typos when copying
the scripts. (Use cut-and-paste if you can!)