PC World Komputer 1997 October

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0 @I1300@ INDI 1 NAME Peter_III /Romanov/ 1 TITL Emperor Russia 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1728 2 PLAC Kiel,Germany 1 DEAT 2 DATE 17 JUL 1762 1 NOTE After the death of his father, Duke Charles Frederick of Holstein-Gottorp, he 2 CONT was adopted by his aunt, Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, Empress of Russia who 2 CONT named Peter as her successor. On July 9, 1762, following a pattern well 2 CONT established in 18th century Russia, the Imperial Guards other threw Peter III 2 CONT and placed his wife, Catherine (Catherine the Great) on the throne in his 2 CONT stead. Formerly: Grand Duke Peter of Holstein, heir to the Russian throne. 2 CONT His reign: 1761-62; Eratic, unstable and contemptuous of his Russian 2 CONT subjects,he soon alienated several important groups in Russian society. Peter 2 CONT III was forced to abdicate ans was subsequently murdered on July 17, 2 CONT 1762. 1 FAMS @F471@ 1 FAMC @F473@ 0 @I1301@ INDI 1 NAME Peter_I the_Great /Romanov/ 1 TITL Emperor 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1672 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1725 1 FAMS @F472@ 1 FAMS @F474@ 1 FAMC @F478@ 0 @I1302@ INDI 1 NAME Catherine_I // 1 TITL Empress 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1683 2 PLAC Jakobstadt,Latvia 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1727 1 FAMS @F472@ 0 @I1303@ INDI 1 NAME Anna Petrovna /Romanov/ 1 SEX F 1 FAMS @F473@ 1 FAMC @F472@ 0 @I1304@ INDI 1 NAME Elizabeth Petrovna /Romanov/ 1 TITL Empress 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1709 2 PLAC Near Moscow,Russia 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1761/1762 1 NOTE Empress of Russia (1741-62). She became empress by effectively staging a 2 CONT palace revolution that deposed the infant emperor Ivan VI and his mother Anna 2 CONT Leopoldovna (1718-46) who acted as regent. She named her nephew Peter II as 2 CONT her successor. Elizabeth's nonpolitical achievements include the establishment 2 CONT of the University of Moscow in 1755 and the Academy of Arts at St. Petersburg 2 CONT in 1757. 1 FAMC @F472@ 0 @I1305@ INDI 1 NAME Yevdokiya Lopukhina // 1 SEX F 1 FAMS @F474@ 0 @I1306@ INDI 1 NAME Alexis /Romanov/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1690 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1718 1 FAMS @F475@ 1 FAMC @F474@ 0 @I1307@ INDI 1 NAME Unknown // 1 SEX F 1 FAMS @F475@ 0 @I1308@ INDI 1 NAME Peter_II /Romanov/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1715 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1730 1 FAMC @F475@ 0 @I1309@ INDI 1 NAME Alexis Michaylovich /Romanov/ 1 TITL Emperor 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1629 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1675/1676 1 NOTE Reign: 1645-1676; According to "The First Romanovs" by Virginia Cowles (1971) 2 CONT there were 13 children from this marriage, but by 1670 only two sons survived. 1 FAMS @F476@ 1 FAMS @F478@ 1 FAMC @F477@ 0 @I1310@ INDI 1 NAME Maria Miroslavkaya // 1 SEX F 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1668 1 FAMS @F476@ 0 @I1311@ INDI 1 NAME Feodor_III (Theodore) /Romanov/ 1 TITL Emperor 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1662 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1682 1 NOTE Reign: 1676-1682; Intelligent, but disfigured and sickly. 1 FAMS @F479@ 1 FAMC @F476@ 0 @I1312@ INDI 1 NAME Mikhail Feodorovich /Romanov/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1597 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1645 1 FAMS @F477@ 0 @I1313@ INDI 1 NAME Unknown // 1 SEX F 1 FAMS @F477@ 0 @I1314@ INDI 1 NAME Natalia Narishkina // 1 SEX F 1 FAMS @F478@ 1 FAMC @F483@ 0 @I1315@ INDI 1 NAME Unknown // 1 SEX F 1 FAMS @F479@ 0 @I1316@ INDI 1 NAME Ivan_V /Romanov/ 1 TITL Emperor 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1666 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1696 1 NOTE Reign: 1682-1696 1 FAMS @F480@ 1 FAMC @F479@ 0 @I1317@ INDI 1 NAME Unknown // 1 SEX F 1 FAMS @F480@ 0 @I1318@ INDI 1 NAME Anna Ioannovna /Romanov/ 1 TITL Empress 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1693 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1740 1 NOTE Reign: 1730-1740 1 FAMC @F480@ 0 @I1319@ INDI 1 NAME Yekaterina of_Mecklenburg // 1 SEX F 1 FAMS @F481@ 1 FAMC @F480@ 0 @I1320@ INDI 1 NAME Unknown // 1 SEX M 1 FAMS @F481@ 0 @I1321@ INDI 1 NAME Anna Leopoldovna of_Brunswick// 1 SEX F 1 FAMS @F482@ 1 FAMC @F481@ 0 @I1322@ INDI 1 NAME Unknown // 1 SEX M 1 FAMS @F482@ 0 @I1323@ INDI 1 NAME Ivan_VI /Romanov/ 1 TITL Emperor 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1740 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1741 1 NOTE Reign: 1740-41 1 FAMC @F482@ 0 @I1324@ INDI 1 NAME Ivan /Romanov/ 1 SEX M 1 NOTE Defective in speech and sight; a semi-imbecile. 1 FAMC @F476@ 0 @I1325@ INDI 1 NAME Sophia /Romanov/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE ABT 1657 1 NOTE Accocrding to a contemporary account by Adrien de la Neuville, who encountered 2 CONT Sophia frequently she: " had a shapeless body, monstrously fat, a head as big 2 CONT as a bushel measure, hairs growing on her face, sores on her legs". He adds 2 CONT however that, "she is acute, subtle and shrewd in mind, as she is broad, short 2 CONT and coarse in person. And although she had never read Machiavelli, nor learned 2 CONT anything about him, all his maxims come naturally to her. 1 FAMC @F476@ 0 @I1326@ INDI 1 NAME Cyril /Naryshkin/ 1 SEX M 1 FAMS @F483@ 0 @I1327@ INDI 1 NAME Jacquetta of_Luxembourg // 1 SEX F 1 NOTE She married 2d, Richard Woodville, 1st Earl Rivers and became the mother, among 2 CONT ofhter of Queen Elizabeth Woodville, wife of King Edward IV; no surviving issue 2 CONT from this marriage. 1 FAMS @F484@ 1 FAMS @F1051@ 1 FAMC @F1050@ 0 @I1328@ INDI 1 NAME Catherine Swynford /Roet/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1350 1 DEAT 2 DATE 10 MAY 1403 2 PLAC Lincoln 1 NOTE Widow of Sir Hugh Swynford and dau. of Sir Payn (Payne) Roet. 2 CONT She was Hugh Swynford's third wife. Catherine (or Katherine) was also the 2 CONT siter-in-law of Geoffrey Chaucer. All her issue legitimated by charter 2 CONT of Richard II, 1397. 1 FAMS @F907@ 1 FAMS @F485@ 1 FAMC @F906@ 0 @I1329@ INDI 1 NAME John Beaufort // 1 TITL Earl Sommerset 1 SEX M 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1410 1 NOTE Later to become: Marquess of Dorset, Lord High Admiral of England. 1 FAMS @F486@ 1 FAMS @F736@ 1 FAMC @F485@ 0 @I1330@ INDI 1 NAME Henry Beaufort // 1 TITL Cardinal 1 SEX M 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1447 1 NOTE Henry, Cardinal Beaufort; Bishop of Winchester and Lord Chancellor 1 FAMC @F485@ 0 @I1331@ INDI 1 NAME Joan Beaufort // 1 SEX F 1 FAMS @F916@ 1 FAMS @F372@ 1 FAMC @F485@ 0 @I1332@ INDI 1 NAME Humphrey /De_Bohun/ 1 TITL Earl of Hereford 1 SEX M 1 NOTE Earl of Hereford and Essex 1 FAMS @F914@ 0 @I1333@ INDI 1 NAME Henry /Beaufort/ 1 TITL Earl Sommerset 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1401 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1418 1 FAMC @F486@ 0 @I1334@ INDI 1 NAME John /Beaufort/ 1 TITL Duke Sommerset 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1403 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1444 1 FAMS @F487@ 1 FAMC @F486@ 0 @I1335@ INDI 1 NAME Edmund /Beaufort/ 1 TITL Duke Sommerset 1 SEX M 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1455 1 NOTE 2d Duke of Somerset; Regent of France; killed on Lancastrian side at the 2 CONT 1st Battle of St. Albans in 1455 1 FAMS @F920@ 1 FAMC @F486@ 0 @I1336@ INDI 1 NAME Margaret /Beauchamp/ 1 SEX F 1 FAMS @F487@ 0 @I1337@ INDI 1 NAME Isabella of_Castile // 1 SEX F 1 DEAT 2 DATE 23 NOV 1393 1 NOTE aka: Isabelle of Castille; sister of his brother's 2d wife, Constance of 2 CONT Castile. She was a dau. of Pedro III, King of Castile and his 1st wife. 1 FAMS @F488@ 1 FAMC @F908@ 0 @I1338@ INDI 1 NAME Edward // 1 TITL Duke of York 1 SEX M 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1415 2 PLAC Agincourt 1 NOTE Killed at Agincourt 1 FAMS @F1072@ 1 FAMC @F488@ 0 @I1339@ INDI 1 NAME Anne /Beauchamp/ 1 TITL Lady 1 SEX F 1 FAMS @F370@ 0 @I1340@ INDI 1 NAME Isabel /Nevill/ 1 TITL Lady 1 SEX F 1 FAMS @F381@ 1 FAMC @F370@ 0 @I1341@ INDI 1 NAME Louis_XIV // 1 TITL King of France 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE 5 SEP 1638 2 PLAC St Germain-en-,Laye,France 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1 SEP 1715 2 PLAC Versailles,France 1 BURI 2 PLAC St Denis 1 NOTE His grand palace at Versailles afforded the ideal setting for his lavish court. 2 CONT Louis razed the city's medieval walls, built the Invalides as a home for 2 CONT disabled veterans, planned the great avenue of the Champs-Elysees, and 2 CONT refurbished the Cathedral of Notre Dame. His personal example of long, 2 CONT dedicated rule made France the bureaucratic model for 18th century, absolutist 2 CONT Europe. His first wife, Marie-Therese, was his double first cousin. 1 FAMS @F523@ 1 FAMS @F524@ 1 FAMC @F521@ 0 @I1342@ INDI 1 NAME Richard /Nevill/ 1 TITL Earl Salisbury 1 SEX M 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1460 1 FAMS @F490@ 1 FAMC @F372@ 0 @I1343@ INDI 1 NAME Eleanor /De_Bohun/ 1 TITL Lady 1 SEX F 1 DEAT 2 DATE 3 OCT 1399 2 PLAC Barking Abbey,Essex,England 1 NOTE Sister of Henry IV's wife, Mary Bohun 1 FAMS @F491@ 1 FAMC @F912@ 0 @I1344@ INDI 1 NAME Roger /Mortimer/ 1 TITL Earl of March IV 1 SEX M 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1398 2 PLAC ,,,Ireland 1 NOTE heir presumptive to Richard II, Killed in Ireland 1398. 1 FAMS @F492@ 1 FAMC @F494@ 0 @I1345@ INDI 1 NAME Eleanor /Holland/ 1 SEX F 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1405 1 FAMS @F492@ 1 FAMS @F1058@ 1 FAMC @F1057@ 0 @I1346@ INDI 1 NAME Edmund /Mortimer/ 1 TITL Earl of March 1 SEX M 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1425 1 NOTE Edmund, Earl of March and Ulster 1 FAMS @F536@ 1 FAMC @F492@ 0 @I1347@ INDI 1 NAME Violante of_Milan /Visconti/ 1 SEX F 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1404 1 FAMS @F493@ 1 FAMS @F904@ 1 FAMC @F903@ 0 @I1348@ INDI 1 NAME Philippa of_Ulster // 1 TITL Countess 1 SEX F 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1382 1 FAMS @F494@ 1 FAMC @F519@ 0 @I1349@ INDI 1 NAME Edmund /Mortimer/ 1 TITL Earl of March 3d 1 SEX M 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1381 1 FAMS @F494@ 1 FAMC @F795@ 0 @I1350@ INDI 1 NAME Henry /Stafford/ 1 TITL Sir 1 SEX M 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1481 1 FAMS @F495@ 0 @I1351@ INDI 1 NAME Thomas /Stanley/ 1 TITL Lord 1 SEX M 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1504 1 NOTE Became the 1st Earl of Derby 1 FAMS @F496@ 0 @I1352@ INDI 1 NAME Owen /Tudor/ 1 SEX M 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1461 1 FAMS @F497@ 1 FAMC @F976@ 0 @I1353@ INDI 1 NAME Jasper /Tudor/ 1 TITL Earl of Pembroke 1 SEX M 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1495/1496 1 FAMS @F537@ 1 FAMC @F497@ 0 @I1354@ INDI 1 NAME Natalia /Sheremetevskaya/ 1 SEX F 1 NOTE A Moscow lawyer's daughter who was married to a captain in the Guards regiment 2 CONT of which Michael was commander. She was eventually accorded the title Countess 2 CONT Brassova. aka: Nathalia Cheremetevsky. 1 FAMS @F498@ 0 @I1355@ INDI 1 NAME Maria Pavlovna /Romanov/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1890 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1958 1 FAMS @F512@ 1 FAMC @F50@ 0 @I1356@ INDI 1 NAME Olga V. /Pistolkors/ 1 TITL Princess 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1866 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1929 1 NOTE The former wife of an aide of the Grand Duke Vladimir. She received the Russian 2 CONT title Princess Paley. aka: Countess Hohenfelsen. 1 FAMS @F499@ 0 @I1357@ INDI 1 NAME Vladimir /Romanov/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1896 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1918 1 NOTE Born out of wedlock. 1 FAMC @F499@ 0 @I1358@ INDI 1 NAME Natalie /Romanov/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1905 1 FAMC @F499@ 0 @I1359@ INDI 1 NAME Irina /Romanov/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1908 1 FAMC @F499@ 0 @I1360@ INDI 1 NAME George /Romanov/ 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1910 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1931 1 NOTE Born out of wedlock. 1 FAMC @F498@ 0 @I1361@ INDI 1 NAME Peter of_Oldenburg // 1 TITL Prince 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1868 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1924 1 NOTE According to Grand Duchess Olga's memoirs, she and Peter never lived as man and 2 CONT wife. She and Nikolai Koulikovsky were lovers with her husband's knowledge and 2 CONT apparently his approval. Her marriage to Peter was annulled in 1916 only after 2 CONT she married Nikolai. She never really loved Peter (he was her older cousin) 2 CONT and the marriage was arranged by her mother for dynastic reasons. 1 FAMS @F500@ 0 @I1362@ INDI 1 NAME Helen Alexandrovna /Romanov/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1882 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1957 1 FAMC @F47@ 0 @I1363@ INDI 1 NAME Charles of_Brunswick- Wolfenbuttel// 1 TITL Duke 1 SEX M 1 FAMS @F501@ 0 @I1364@ INDI 1 NAME John Lackland // 1 TITL King of England 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE 24 DEC 1167 2 PLAC Beaumont Palace,Oxford,England 1 DEAT 2 DATE 19 OCT 1216 2 PLAC Newark Castle,Newark,Nottinghamshire,England 1 BURI 2 PLAC Worcester,Cathedral 1 NOTE John was a Plantagenet king of the House of Anjou; Reign: 1199- 1216; Best 2 CONT known for signing the Magna Charta. John's reign had become increasingl y 2 CONT tyrannical. To support his wars he had extorted money, raised taxes and 2 CONT confiscated properties. His barons finally united to force his to respect 2 CONT their rights and privileges. John had little choice but to sign the Magna 2 CONT Charta presented to him by his barons at Runnymede in 1215. This made him 2 CONT subject rather than superior to the law. Shortly afterward John and the barons 2 CONT were at war. 1 FAMS @F502@ 1 FAMS @F503@ 1 FAMC @F504@ 0 @I1365@ INDI 1 NAME Isabella De_Clare of_Gloucester// 1 TITL Countess 1 SEX F 1 DEAT 2 DATE NOV 1217 1 NOTE The marriage was annulled in 1200 on the grounds of consanguinity (a close 2 CONT family relationship). 1 FAMS @F502@ 1 FAMS @F774@ 1 FAMS @F775@ 1 FAMC @F773@ 0 @I1366@ INDI 1 NAME Isabella of_Angouleme // 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE ABT 1188 2 PLAC Angouleme 1 DEAT 2 DATE 31 MAY 1246 2 PLAC Fontevraud 1 BURI 2 PLAC Fontevraud Abbey 1 FAMS @F503@ 1 FAMS @F776@ 1 FAMC @F351@ 0 @I1367@ INDI 1 NAME Richard // 1 TITL Earl of Cornwall 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE 5 JAN 1209 2 PLAC Winchester,Castle,England 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1272 2 PLAC Newark Castle,Newark,England 1 BURI 2 PLAC Worcester,Cathedral 1 FAMS @F599@ 1 FAMS @F600@ 1 FAMS @F601@ 1 FAMC @F503@ 0 @I1368@ INDI 1 NAME Joan // 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE 22 JUL 1210 2 PLAC Gloucester,England 1 DEAT 2 DATE 4 MAR 1238 2 PLAC Near London,England 1 FAMS @F781@ 1 FAMC @F503@ 0 @I1369@ INDI 1 NAME Isabella // 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1214 2 PLAC Gloucester 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1 DEC 1241 2 PLAC Foggia 1 FAMS @F602@ 1 FAMC @F503@ 0 @I1370@ INDI 1 NAME Eleanor // 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1215 2 PLAC Gloucester 1 DEAT 2 DATE 13 APR 1275 2 PLAC Montargis,France 1 FAMS @F336@ 1 FAMS @F598@ 1 FAMC @F503@ 0 @I1371@ INDI 1 NAME Henry_II Curtmantle // 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE 25 MAR 1133 2 PLAC Le Mans 1 DEAT 2 DATE 6 JUL 1189 2 PLAC Chinon 1 BURI 2 PLAC Fontevraud Abbey 1 FAMS @F504@ 1 FAMC @F510@ 0 @I1372@ INDI 1 NAME Eleanor of_Aquitaine // 1 TITL Duchess 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE ABT 1122 2 PLAC Bordeaux/Berlin 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1 APR 1204 2 PLAC Fontevraud 1 BURI 2 PLAC Fontevraud 1 FAMS @F766@ 1 FAMS @F504@ 1 FAMC @F765@ 0 @I1373@ INDI 1 NAME William // 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE 17 AUG 1152 2 PLAC Normandy,England 1 DEAT 2 DATE ABT APR 1156 2 PLAC Wallingford,Castle,Berkshire,England 1 FAMC @F504@ 0 @I1374@ INDI 1 NAME Henry the_Young_King // 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE 28 FEB 1155 2 PLAC Bermondsey 1 DEAT 2 DATE 11 JUN 1183 2 PLAC Martel 1 NOTE A Plantagenet; The house of Anjou. 1 FAMS @F567@ 1 FAMC @F504@ 0 @I1375@ INDI 1 NAME Matilda (Maud) // 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1156 2 PLAC London,England 1 DEAT 2 DATE 28 JUN 1189 2 PLAC Brunswick 1 FAMS @F566@ 1 FAMC @F504@ 0 @I1376@ INDI 1 NAME Richard_I Coeur_de_Lion // 1 TITL King of England 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1157 2 PLAC Beaumont Palace,Oxford,England 1 DEAT 2 DATE 6 APR 1199 2 PLAC Chalus,Limousin 1 BURI 2 PLAC Fontevraud Abbey 1 NOTE aka: Richard the Lion Hearted; Reign: 1189-99; When he was an infant, Richard 2 CONT was betrothed to a daughter of the French king Louis VII and in 1172 he was 2 CONT given the duchy of Aquitaine in France (his mother's inheritance). When he 2 CONT became king of England, he set out on the Third Crusade with Philip II, king of 2 CONT France (son of Louis VII). The Crusade was a failure. As king, Richard had 2 CONT chosen able ministers to whom he left most matters of administration. Under 2 CONT his rule, however, England suffered heavy taxation, levied to support his 2 CONT expeditions. Sometimes cruel, sometimes magnanimous, and always courageous, 2 CONT Richard was well versed in the knightly accomplishments of his age and was also 2 CONT a poet. He was to become the hero of many legendary tales. 1 FAMS @F565@ 1 FAMC @F504@ 0 @I1377@ INDI 1 NAME Geoffrey // 1 TITL Duke of Brittany 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE 23 SEP 1158 1 DEAT 2 DATE 19 AUG 1186 2 PLAC Paris 1 FAMS @F563@ 1 FAMC @F504@ 0 @I1378@ INDI 1 NAME Eleanor // 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE 13 OCT 1162 2 PLAC Domfront,Normandy 1 DEAT 2 DATE 31 OCT 1214 2 PLAC Burgos 1 FAMS @F571@ 1 FAMC @F504@ 0 @I1379@ INDI 1 NAME Joan // 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE OCT 1165 2 PLAC Angers 1 DEAT 2 DATE 4 SEP 1199 1 FAMS @F590@ 1 FAMS @F591@ 1 FAMC @F504@ 0 @I1380@ INDI 1 NAME William the_Conqueror // 1 TITL King of England 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1027/1028 2 PLAC Falaise,Normandy,France 1 DEAT 2 DATE 7 SEP 1087 2 PLAC Near Rouen,France 1 BURI 2 PLAC St Stephen Abbey,Caen 1 NOTE William of the House of Normandy; The first Norman King; On 28 Sep 1066 2 CONT William secured the sanction of Pope Alexander II for a Norman invasion of 2 CONT England. By 1070 the Norman conquest of England was complete. William 2 CONT introduced the Continental system of feudalism; by the Oath of Salisbury of 2 CONT 1086 all landlords swore allegiance to William, thus establishing the precedent 2 CONT that a vassal's loyalty to the king overrode his fealty to his immediate lord. 2 CONT During a campaign against King Philip I of France, William fell from a horse 2 CONT and was fatally injured. William was the illegitimate son of Robert I, duke of 2 CONT Normandy and Arletta, a tanner's daughter. He is sometimes called, William the 2 CONT Bastard. 1 FAMS @F505@ 1 FAMC @F572@ 0 @I1381@ INDI 1 NAME Matilda of_Flanders // 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE ABT 1031 2 PLAC Flanders,France 1 DEAT 2 DATE 2 NOV 1083 2 PLAC Caen 1 BURI 2 PLAC Holy Trinity,Abbey,Caen 1 FAMS @F505@ 1 FAMC @F752@ 0 @I1382@ INDI 1 NAME Robert Curthose // 1 TITL Duke of Normandy 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1054 2 PLAC Normandy,France 1 DEAT 2 DATE 10 FEB 1134 2 PLAC Cardiff Castle 1 FAMS @F753@ 1 FAMC @F505@ 0 @I1383@ INDI 1 NAME Richard // 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE ABT 1055 1 DEAT 2 DATE ABT 1081 2 PLAC New Forest 1 FAMC @F505@ 0 @I1384@ INDI 1 NAME William_II Rufus // 1 TITL King of England 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1056/1060 2 PLAC Normandy,France 1 DEAT 2 DATE 2 AUG 1100 2 PLAC New Forest 1 BURI 2 PLAC Winchester,Cathedral 1 NOTE Reign: 1087-1100 1 FAMC @F505@ 0 @I1385@ INDI 1 NAME Cecilia of_Holy_Trinity // 1 TITL Abess 1 SEX F 1 DEAT 2 DATE 30 JUL 1126 2 PLAC Caen 1 FAMC @F505@ 0 @I1386@ INDI 1 NAME Agatha // 1 SEX F 1 NOTE Was betrothed to King Harold. 1 FAMC @F505@ 0 @I1387@ INDI 1 NAME Adeliza a_nun // 1 SEX F 1 FAMC @F505@ 0 @I1388@ INDI 1 NAME Adela // 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE ABT 1062 2 PLAC Normandy,France 1 DEAT 2 DATE 8 MAR 1137/1138 2 PLAC Marcigny-sur-,Loire,France 1 FAMS @F569@ 1 FAMC @F505@ 0 @I1389@ INDI 1 NAME Matilda // 1 SEX F 1 FAMC @F505@ 0 @I1390@ INDI 1 NAME Constance // 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE ABT 1066 2 PLAC Normandy,France 1 DEAT 2 DATE 13 AUG 1090 2 PLAC Brittany,France 1 FAMS @F586@ 1 FAMC @F505@ 0 @I1391@ INDI 1 NAME Henry_I Beauclerc // 1 TITL King of England 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE ABT SEP 1068 2 PLAC Selby,Yorkshire,England 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1 DEC 1135 2 PLAC St Denis-le-,Fermont,Near Gisors 1 BURI 2 PLAC Reading Abbey 1 FAMS @F506@ 1 FAMS @F507@ 1 FAMC @F505@ 0 @I1392@ INDI 1 NAME Matilda (Edith) of_Scotland// 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1079/1080 2 PLAC Dunfermline 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1 MAY 1118 2 PLAC Westminster,Palace,London,England 1 BURI 2 PLAC Westminster,Abbey,London,England 1 NOTE Elder dau. of Malcolm III, King of Scots and his second wife (st) Margaret, 2 CONT dau. of Edward Atheling. 1 FAMS @F506@ 1 FAMC @F568@ 0 @I1393@ INDI 1 NAME Son // 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE ABT JUL 1101 1 DEAT 2 DATE ABT 1101 1 NOTE Born prematurely and died in infancy. 1 FAMC @F506@ 0 @I1394@ INDI 1 NAME William // 1 TITL Duke of Normandy 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE BEF 5 AUG 1103 2 PLAC Winchester 1 DEAT 2 DATE 25 NOV 1120 1 NOTE Drowned in the wreck of the White Ship off Barfleur. 1 FAMS @F759@ 1 FAMC @F506@ 0 @I1395@ INDI 1 NAME Matilda // 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE ABT 1103/1104 2 PLAC Winchester 1 DEAT 2 DATE 10 SEP 1167 2 PLAC Rouen 1 NOTE Declared heiress-presumptive in 1126, disputed the throne with Stephen. She 2 CONT was possibly a twin with William (Duke of Normandy). Had three sons, of whom 2 CONT the eldest later became King Henry II. 1 FAMS @F509@ 1 FAMS @F510@ 1 FAMC @F506@ 0 @I1396@ INDI 1 NAME Adeliza of_Louvain // 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE ABT 1105 2 PLAC Louvain,Belgium 1 DEAT 2 DATE ABT 23 APR 1151 2 PLAC Afflighem,Flanders 1 BURI 2 PLAC Afflighem,Flanders 1 FAMS @F507@ 1 FAMS @F625@ 1 FAMC @F756@ 0 @I1397@ INDI 1 NAME Stephen // 1 TITL King of England 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE ABT 1096 2 PLAC Blois,France 1 DEAT 2 DATE 25 OCT 1154 2 PLAC Dover Castle 1 BURI 2 PLAC Faversham Abbey 1 NOTE Grandson of William the Conqueror and nephew of Henry I. During the course of 2 CONT frequent civil wars, much of the land was ravaged and England was plunged into 2 CONT almost complete chaos. Henry waged war against Stephen until 1153 when Stephen 2 CONT was forced to name Henry II, his heir. Reign: 1135-54. 1 FAMS @F508@ 1 FAMC @F569@ 0 @I1398@ INDI 1 NAME Matilda of_Boulogne // 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE ABT 1103/1105 2 PLAC Boulogne 1 DEAT 2 DATE 3 MAY 1152 2 PLAC Hedingham Castle,Essex,England 1 BURI 2 PLAC Faversham Abbey 1 NOTE Only dau. and heiress of Eustace III, Count of Boulogne and Mary of Scotland. 1 FAMS @F508@ 1 FAMC @F589@ 0 @I1399@ INDI 1 NAME Baldwin // 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE ABT 1126 1 DEAT 2 DATE BEF 2 DEC 1135 2 PLAC London,England 1 FAMC @F508@ 0 @I1400@ INDI 1 NAME Eustace of_Boulongne // 1 TITL Count 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1130/1131 1 DEAT 2 DATE 10 AUG 1153 2 PLAC Bury St Edmunds 1 FAMS @F570@ 1 FAMC @F508@ 0 @I1401@ INDI 1 NAME Matilda // 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE ABT 1133 1 DEAT 2 DATE ABT 1135 1 FAMC @F508@ 0 @I1402@ INDI 1 NAME William of_Boulogne // 1 TITL Count 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE ABT 1134 1 DEAT 2 DATE 11 OCT 1159 2 PLAC Toulouse 1 FAMS @F587@ 1 FAMC @F508@ 0 @I1403@ INDI 1 NAME Mary of_Boulogne // 1 TITL Countess 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE ABT 1136 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1182 2 PLAC St Austrebert 1 FAMS @F588@ 1 FAMC @F508@ 0 @I1404@ INDI 1 NAME Henry_V // 1 TITL Holy Roman Empr 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1086 1 DEAT 2 DATE 23 MAY 1125 2 PLAC Utrecht 1 FAMS @F509@ 0 @I1405@ INDI 1 NAME Geoffrey_V // 1 TITL Count of Anjou 1 SEX M 1 DEAT 2 DATE 7 SEP 1151 2 PLAC Chateau-du-Loir 1 FAMS @F510@ 0 @I1406@ INDI 1 NAME Audrey /Emery/ 1 SEX F 1 NOTE The Grand Duke Dmitri secured her elevation to the title, Princess Ilynsky, 2 CONT only to be divorced from her later. 1 FAMS @F511@ 0 @I1407@ INDI 1 NAME Paul /Romanov/ 1 TITL Prince Ilynsky 1 SEX M 1 FAMC @F511@ 0 @I1408@ INDI 1 NAME William // 1 TITL Prince of Sweden 1 SEX M 1 FAMS @F512@ 0 @I1409@ INDI 1 NAME Lennart // 1 SEX M 1 FAMC @F512@ 0 @I1410@ INDI 1 NAME Joan // 1 TITL Countess of Kent 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE 29 SEP 1328 1 DEAT 2 DATE 8 AUG 1385 2 PLAC Wallingford,Castle,Berkshire,England 1 NOTE Widow of Thomas de Holand and only daughter of Edmund of Woodstock, Earl of 2 CONT Kent, son of King Edward I. 1 FAMS @F901@ 1 FAMS @F513@ 1 FAMC @F564@ 0 @I1411@ INDI 1 NAME Edward // 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE 27 JAN 1365 2 PLAC Angouleme 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1372 2 PLAC Bordeaux,France 1 FAMC @F513@ 0 @I1412@ INDI 1 NAME Richard_II // 1 TITL King of England 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE 6 JAN 1367 2 PLAC Bordeaux,France 1 DEAT 2 DATE 6 JAN 1400 2 PLAC Pontefract,Castle 1 BURI 2 PLAC Westminster,Abbey,London,England 1 NOTE Reign: 1377-1399; Richard is perhaps England's most tragic king. His reign 2 CONT began with great promise but after he attained his majority it proceeded from 2 CONT failure to failure, not always of his making. He was only 33 when he died. 1 FAMS @F514@ 1 FAMS @F515@ 1 FAMC @F513@ 0 @I1413@ INDI 1 NAME Anne of_Bohemia // 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE 11 MAY 1366 2 PLAC Prague 1 DEAT 2 DATE BEF 3 JUN 1394 2 PLAC Sheen Palace 1 BURI 2 PLAC Westminster,Abbey,London,England 1 FAMS @F514@ 1 FAMC @F1066@ 0 @I1414@ INDI 1 NAME Isabella of_France // 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE 9 NOV 1387 2 PLAC Hotel du Louvre,Paris,France 1 DEAT 2 DATE 13 SEP 1409 2 PLAC Blois 1 BURI 2 DATE ABT 1624 2 PLAC Celestines,Paris 1 FAMS @F515@ 1 FAMC @F915@ 0 @I1415@ INDI 1 NAME Enguerrand_VII de_Courcy // 1 TITL Earl of Bedford 1 SEX M 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1396 1 NOTE Formerly: Sire de Councy. aka: Ingelram de Coucy, Earl of Bedford 1 FAMS @F516@ 0 @I1416@ INDI 1 NAME Constanza (Constance) // 1 TITL Queen of Castile 1 SEX F 1 DEAT 2 DATE 24 MAR 1394 2 PLAC Leicester,England 1 NOTE Constance, titular Queen of Castile and Leon. 2 CONT Dau. of Pedro III, King of Castile and his second wife. 1 FAMS @F517@ 1 FAMC @F905@ 0 @I1417@ INDI 1 NAME John 2d /Hastings/ 1 TITL Earl of Pembroke 1 SEX M 1 NOTE 2d Earl of Pembroke 2 CONT John, Earl of Hastings & Pembroke 1 FAMS @F518@ 0 @I1418@ INDI 1 NAME Elizabeth de_Burgh // 1 TITL Lady 1 SEX F 1 DEAT 2 DATE 10 DEC 1363 2 PLAC Dublin 1 NOTE Dau. and heiress of William de Burgh, Earl of Ulster and first wife of 2 CONT Lionel of Antwerp. 1 FAMS @F519@ 1 FAMC @F902@ 0 @I1419@ INDI 1 NAME Charles Frederick of_Holstein-// 1 TITL Duke 1 SEX M 1 NOTE Duke Charels Frederick of Holstein-Gottorp. 1 FAMS @F473@ 0 @I1420@ INDI 1 NAME Marie-Therese of_Spain // 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE 20 SEP 1638 2 PLAC Madrid,Spain 1 DEAT 2 DATE 30 JUL 1683 2 PLAC Versailles,France 1 BURI 2 PLAC St Denis 1 NOTE Eldest dau. of Philip IV, King of Spain and his first wife Elisabeth of France 2 CONT (eldest dau. of KIng Henry IV). 3 sons, 3 daus. 1 FAMS @F523@ 1 FAMC @F948@ 0 @I1421@ INDI 1 NAME Francoise d'Aubigne // 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE 27 NOV 1635 2 PLAC Niort,France 1 DEAT 2 DATE 15 APR 1719 2 PLAC St Cyr,France 1 BURI 2 PLAC St Cyr 1 NOTE aka: Madame de Maintenon; Widow of Paul Scarron and dau. of Constantin 2 CONT d'Aubigne, Baron de Surimau, and his 2d wife Jeanne de Cardillac. 1 FAMS @F524@ 0 @I1422@ INDI 1 NAME Louis_XV // 1 TITL King of France 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE 15 FEB 1710 2 PLAC Versailles,France 1 DEAT 2 DATE 10 MAY 1774 2 PLAC Versailles,France 1 NOTE Reign: 1715-74; His failure to provide strong leadership and badly needed 2 CONT reforms contributed to the crisis that brought on the Franch Revolution . He was 2 CONT frequently influenced by his mistresses, the most powerful of whom was the 2 CONT marquise de Pompadour. Louis XV's reported prophecy, "After me, the deluge," 2 CONT was fulfilled in the overthrow of the French monarch less than two decades 2 CONT later. 1 FAMS @F525@ 0 @I1423@ INDI 1 NAME Maria of_Poland /Leszczynska/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1703 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1768 1 FAMS @F525@ 0 @I1424@ INDI 1 NAME Louis_XVI // 1 TITL King of France 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE 23 AUG 1754 2 PLAC Versailles,France 1 DEAT 2 DATE 21 JAN 1793 2 PLAC Paris,France 1 BURI 2 DATE 1815 2 PLAC St Denis 1 NOTE Reign: 1774-1793; On Louis's accession, France was impoverished and burdened 2 CONT with debts, and heavy taxation had resulted in widespread misery among the 2 CONT French people. After Louis granted financial aid to the American colonies 2 CONT revolting against Great Britain in the New World, his finance minister 2 CONT proposed drastic taxes on the nobility. The anger of the French people 2 CONT against taxes and the lavish spending of the court resulted in 1788 in the 2 CONT recall of the finance minister who cold not prevent the bankruptcy of the 2 CONT government. On July 14, 1789, the Parisian populace razed the Bastille and a 2 CONT short time later imprisoned the king and royal family in the Palace of the 2 CONT Tuileries. In 1791 the royal family attempted to escape to Austria, but they 2 CONT were caught and brought back to Paris. Louis swore obedience to the new Franch 2 CONT constitution in 1791, but continued secretly to work against the revolution and 2 CONT to plot intrigues with France's enemies. Louis XVI was guillotined on Jan 21, 2 CONT 1793, in the Place de la Revolution (now Place de la Concorde) in Paris. 2 CONT Historians consider Louis XVI a victim of circumstances rather than a despot 2 CONT similar to the former French kings Louis XIV and Louis XV. He was weak and 2 CONT incapable as king and not overly intelligent. He preferred to spend his time 2 CONT at hobbies, such as hunting and making locks, rather than at his duties of 2 CONT state, and he premitted his wife to influence him unduly. 1 FAMS @F526@ 0 @I1425@ INDI 1 NAME Marie Antoinette of_Austria// 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE 2 NOV 1755 2 PLAC Vienna,Austria 1 DEAT 2 DATE 16 OCT 1793 2 PLAC Paris,France 1 BURI 2 DATE 1815 2 PLAC St Denis 1 NOTE Yst dau of Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor, and Maria Theresa, Queen of Hungary 2 CONT and Bohemia, Archduchess of Austria. 2 sons, 2 daus. She was guillotin ed in 2 CONT Paris on 16 Oct 1793. 1 FAMS @F526@ 0 @I1426@ INDI 1 NAME Henry /Brandon/ 1 TITL Earl of Lincoln 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1516 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1534 1 NOTE aka: Henry Grey Marquess of Dorset 1 FAMC @F318@ 0 @I1427@ INDI 1 NAME Frances /Brandon/ 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1517 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1559 1 FAMS @F527@ 1 FAMS @F935@ 1 FAMC @F318@ 0 @I1428@ INDI 1 NAME Eleanor /Brandon/ 1 SEX F 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1547 1 FAMS @F934@ 1 FAMC @F318@ 0 @I1429@ INDI 1 NAME Madeleine of_France // 1 SEX F 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1537 1 FAMS @F458@ 1 FAMC @F728@ 0 @I1430@ INDI 1 NAME Henry /Grey/ 1 TITL Duke of Suffolk 1 SEX M 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1554 1 NOTE Titles: Marquis of Dorset, Duke of Suffolk; Executed 1 FAMS @F527@ 0 @I1431@ INDI 1 NAME Margaret /Douglas/ 1 TITL Lady 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1515 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1578 1 FAMS @F528@ 1 FAMC @F529@ 0 @I1432@ INDI 1 NAME Matthew /Stuart/ 1 TITL Earl Lennox 4th 1 SEX M 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1571 1 NOTE Regent; This Earl of Lennox took French nationality in 1537. From him derives 2 CONT the French spelling of the surname, Stuart. 1 FAMS @F528@ 1 FAMC @F551@ 0 @I1433@ INDI 1 NAME Charles /Stuart/ 1 TITL Earl Lennox 6th 1 SEX M 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1576 1 FAMS @F530@ 1 FAMC @F528@ 0 @I1434@ INDI 1 NAME Elizabeth /Cavendish/ 1 SEX F 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1581 1 FAMS @F530@ 1 FAMC @F930@ 0 @I1435@ INDI 1 NAME Arabella /Stuart/ 1 SEX F 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1615 1 FAMS @F531@ 1 FAMC @F530@ 0 @I1436@ INDI 1 NAME William /Seymour/ 1 TITL Duke Sommerset 1 SEX M 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1660 1 NOTE H.M. Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother descends from the marriage of William 2 CONT Seymour, Duke of Sommerset and Frances Devereux. 1 FAMS @F531@ 1 FAMS @F932@ 1 FAMC @F938@ 0 @I1437@ INDI 1 NAME Thomas /Beaufort/ 1 TITL Duke of Exeter 1 SEX M 1 FAMS @F917@ 1 FAMC @F485@ 0 @I1438@ INDI 1 NAME Franz Josef of_Austria// 1 TITL Emperor 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE 18 AUG 1830 2 PLAC Vienna,Austria 1 DEAT 2 DATE 21 NOV 1916 1 NOTE aka: Francis Joseph I; Reign: Emperor of Austria 1848-1916; King of Hungary 2 CONT 1867-1916; the last important ruler of the Habsburg dynasty; his policies 2 CONT played a major role in the events that led to World War I. Beginning in the 2 CONT 1870's, Austria-Hungary gradually became subservient to its powerful neighbor 2 CONT and ally, the Prussian dominated German Empire. Franz Josef's later years were 2 CONT marked by a series of family tragedies. In 1889 his only son and heir, 2 CONT Archduke Rudolf, committed suicide. In 1898 his wife was assassinated by an 2 CONT Italian anarchist; and, in 1914 his nephew, Francis Ferdinand, who had replaced 2 CONT Rudolf as heir to the throne, was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist . The 2 CONT murder of Francis Ferdinand added to the crisis between Austria- Hungary and 2 CONT Germany and Servia and Russia and subsequent events led to World War I. 1 FAMS @F532@ 1 FAMC @F1150@ 0 @I1439@ INDI 1 NAME Rudolf // 1 TITL Archduke 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1858 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1889 1 NOTE Committed suicide in 1889. 1 FAMC @F532@ 0 @I1440@ INDI 1 NAME Daughter_1 // 1 SEX F 1 FAMC @F532@ 0 @I1441@ INDI 1 NAME Daughter_2 // 1 SEX F 1 FAMC @F532@ 0 @I1442@ INDI 1 NAME // 1 TITL duc d' Alencon 1 SEX M 1 FAMS @F533@ 0 @I1443@ INDI 1 NAME Joan /Holland/ 1 SEX F 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1434 1 FAMS @F534@ 0 @I1444@ INDI 1 NAME Maud /Clifford/ 1 SEX F 1 FAMS @F1074@ 1 FAMS @F535@ 1 FAMC @F1073@ 0 @I1445@ INDI 1 NAME Anne /Stafford/ 1 SEX F 1 FAMS @F536@ 1 FAMC @F1059@ 0 @I1446@ INDI 1 NAME Catherine /Woodville/ 1 SEX F 1 FAMS @F537@ 0 @I1447@ INDI 1 NAME Robert_I /Bruce/ 1 TITL King of Scotland 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1274 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1329 2 PLAC Cardoss Castle,Firth of Clyde,Scotland 1 NOTE He was originally named Robert de Bruce, and to distinguish him from his father 2 CONT and grandfather, who had the same name, he is often referred to as Robert de 2 CONT Brucce VIII. He is also called Robert the Bruce. Bruce defeated the English 2 CONT in 1314, twice invaded England and in 1323 concluded with King Edward II of 2 CONT England a truce for 13 years. After the accession of King Edward III in 1327, 2 CONT war again broke out and the Scots were again victorious. In 1328 they secured 2 CONT a treaty recognizing the independence of Scotland and the right of Bruce to the 2 CONT throne. In his later years Bruce was stricken with leprosy and lived in 2 CONT seclusion at Cardoss Castle, on the northern shore of the Firth of Clyde, where 2 CONT he died. He was succeeded by his son, David II. Bruce's nephew, Robert II, 2 CONT who succeeded David, was the first king of the Stuart house of English of 2 CONT English and Scottish royalty. 1 FAMS @F538@ 1 FAMS @F539@ 1 FAMC @F740@ 0 @I1448@ INDI 1 NAME Isobel of_Mar // 1 SEX F 1 FAMS @F538@ 1 FAMC @F730@ 0 @I1449@ INDI 1 NAME Margery /Bruce/ 1 SEX F 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1316 1 FAMS @F542@ 1 FAMC @F538@ 0 @I1450@ INDI 1 NAME Elizabeth de_Burgh // 1 SEX F 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1327 1 FAMS @F539@ 1 FAMC @F548@ 0 @I1451@ INDI 1 NAME David_II /Bruce/ 1 TITL King of Scotland 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1329 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1371 1 FAMS @F540@ 1 FAMS @F541@ 1 FAMC @F539@ 0 @I1452@ INDI 1 NAME Thored // 1 TITL Ealdorman 1 SEX M 1 NOTE Info. from "The Royal Line of Succession", Patrick W. Montague- Smith, 2 CONT Director and Consulting Editor, Debrett's Peerage. 2 CONT Ealdorman: an important personage (Shire Officer) who participated in the 2 CONT Witan (Parliament). The title later evolved into Earl. 1 FAMS @F697@ 1 FAMC @F698@ 0 @I1453@ INDI 1 NAME Margaret /Drummond/ 1 SEX F 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1375 1 NOTE div. 1370, dau. of Sir Malcolm Drummond and widow of Sir John Logie 1 FAMS @F746@ 1 FAMS @F541@ 1 FAMC @F747@ 0 @I1454@ INDI 1 NAME Walter /Stewart/ 1 SEX M 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1326 1 NOTE Walter, 6th High Steward of Scotland 1 FAMS @F542@ 0 @I1455@ INDI 1 NAME Robert_II // 1 TITL King of Scotland 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1316 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1390 1 NOTE Founder of the Stuart dynasty in Scotland and England. In 1318 the Scottish 2 CONT parliament passed a decree providing that if Robert Bruce died without sons, 2 CONT his grandson should be his successor; a son, later Kings David II, was born to 2 CONT Bruce in 1324. In 1326 Robert succeeded his father as steward of Scotland and 2 CONT in 1331 David was crowned king. David was exiled to France in 1333 and Robert 2 CONT served as his regent until his return in 1341. During Robert II's reign, 2 CONT Scotland was twice invaded by the English, in 1384 and in 1385. Because of old 2 CONT age infirmity, Robert did not aid the Scottish barons in resisting these 2 CONT invasions, nor did he join in their retaliatory expedition against the English 2 CONT in 1388. 1 FAMS @F543@ 1 FAMS @F545@ 1 FAMC @F542@ 0 @I1456@ INDI 1 NAME Elizabeth of_Rowallan /Mure/ 1 SEX F 1 FAMS @F543@ 1 FAMC @F731@ 0 @I1457@ INDI 1 NAME Robert_III // 1 TITL King of Scotland 1 SEX M 1 NOTE aka: John, Earl of Carrick and Robert III, King of Scots 1 FAMS @F544@ 1 FAMC @F543@ 0 @I1458@ INDI 1 NAME Walter // 1 SEX M 1 FAMC @F543@ 0 @I1459@ INDI 1 NAME Robert // 1 TITL Earl of Fife 1 SEX M 1 NOTE Later, Duke of Albany and Governor of Scotland. 1 FAMS @F554@ 1 FAMC @F543@ 0 @I1460@ INDI 1 NAME Alexander // 1 SEX M 1 FAMC @F543@ 0 @I1461@ INDI 1 NAME Annabella // 1 SEX F 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1401 1 FAMS @F544@ 1 FAMC @F737@ 0 @I1462@ INDI 1 NAME David of_Rothesay // 1 TITL Duke 1 SEX M 1 FAMC @F544@ 0 @I1463@ INDI 1 NAME James_I // 1 TITL King of Scotland 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1394 2 PLAC Dunfermline,Scotland 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1437 1 NOTE Reign: 1406-37; In 1406, shortly before the death of his father, James was 2 CONT sent to France for safety from rebellious Scottish nobles. The ship was seized 2 CONT by the English, and James was kept a prisoner until 1423. The following year 2 CONT having inherited the Scottish throne in 1406, James returned to Scotland and 2 CONT was crowned. James, however, ahd antagonized the Scottish nobles by forfeiting 2 CONT their estates, and he was assassinated in 1437. He was succeeded by his son 2 CONT James II. 1 FAMS @F546@ 1 FAMC @F544@ 0 @I1464@ INDI 1 NAME Euphemia of_Ross // 1 SEX F 1 FAMS @F545@ 1 FAMC @F732@ 0 @I1465@ INDI 1 NAME Joan /Beaufort/ 1 SEX F 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1445 1 FAMS @F546@ 1 FAMS @F555@ 1 FAMC @F486@ 0 @I1466@ INDI 1 NAME James_II // 1 TITL King of Scotland 1 SEX M 1 BIRT 2 DATE 1430 2 PLAC Edinburgh,Scotland 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1460 2 PLAC Roxburgh Castle,Scotland 1 NOTE Reign: 1437-60; A regency led by the Douglas family ruled until 1449, when 2 CONT James began to govern by himself. In 1460, at the head of an army, he was 2 CONT killed during the seige of Roxburgh Castle. 1 FAMS @F547@ 1 FAMC @F546@ 0 @I1467@ INDI 1 NAME Marie of_Gueldres // 1 SEX F 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1463 1 FAMS @F547@ 1 FAMC @F738@ 0 @I1468@ INDI 1 NAME /Unknown/ 1 SEX F 1 FAMS @F728@ 0 @I1469@ INDI 1 NAME Margaret of_Denmark // 1 SEX F 1 BIRT 2 DATE ABT 1457 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1486 1 FAMS @F460@ 1 FAMC @F739@ 0 @I1470@ INDI 1 NAME Alexander // 1 TITL Duke of Albany 1 SEX M 1 FAMS @F553@ 1 FAMC @F547@ 0 @I1471@ INDI 1 NAME John // 1 TITL Earl of Mar 1 SEX M 1 FAMC @F547@ 0 @I1472@ INDI 1 NAME Mary // 1 SEX F 1 FAMS @F315@ 1 FAMS @F549@ 1 FAMC @F547@ 0 @I1473@ INDI 1 NAME Thomas /Boyd/ 1 TITL Earl of Arran 1 SEX M 1 FAMS @F315@ 0 @I1474@ INDI 1 NAME James /Hamilton/ 1 TITL Lord 1st 1 SEX M 1 FAMS @F549@ 0 @I1475@ INDI 1 NAME Elizabeth // 1 SEX F 1 FAMS @F550@ 1 FAMC @F549@ 0 @I1476@ INDI 1 NAME James /Hamilton/ 1 TITL Earl of Arran I 1 SEX M 1 FAMS @F556@ 1 FAMC @F549@ 0 @I1477@ INDI 1 NAME Matthew /Stewart/ 1 TITL Earl Lennox II 1 SEX M 1 FAMS @F550@ 0 @I1478@ INDI 1 NAME John /Stewart/ 1 TITL Earl Lennox III 1 SEX M 1 FAMS @F551@ 1 FAMC @F550@ 0 @I1479@ INDI 1 NAME Unknown // 1 SEX F 1 FAMS @F551@ 0 @I1480@ INDI 1 NAME John /Stuart/ 1 TITL Lord d'Aubigny V 1 SEX M 1 FAMS @F552@ 1 FAMC @F551@ 0 @I1481@ INDI 1 NAME Unknown // 1 SEX F 1 FAMS @F552@ 0 @I1482@ INDI 1 NAME Esme /Stuart/ 1 TITL Duke Lennox I 1 SEX M 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1583 1 FAMC @F552@ 0 @I1483@ INDI 1 NAME Unknown // 1 SEX F 1 FAMS @F553@ 0 @I1484@ INDI 1 NAME John // 1 TITL Duke of Albany 1 SEX M 1 NOTE Regent 1 FAMC @F553@ 0 @I1485@ INDI 1 NAME Unknown // 1 SEX F 1 FAMS @F554@ 0 @I1486@ INDI 1 NAME Murdoch // 1 TITL Duke of Albany 1 SEX M 1 FAMC @F554@ 0 @I1487@ INDI 1 NAME James /Stewart/ 1 TITL Sir 1 SEX M 1 NOTE aka: The Black Knight of Lorne 1 FAMS @F555@ 0 @I1488@ INDI 1 NAME John /Stewart/ 1 TITL Earl of Atholl 1 SEX M 1 FAMC @F555@ 0 @I1489@ INDI 1 NAME James /Stewart/ 1 TITL Earl of Buchan 1 SEX M 1 FAMC @F555@ 0 @I1490@ INDI 1 NAME Andrew /Stewart/ 1 TITL Bishop of Moray 1 SEX M 1 FAMC @F555@ 0 @I1491@ INDI 1 NAME Unknown // 1 SEX F 1 FAMS @F556@ 0 @I1492@ INDI 1 NAME James /Hamilton/ 1 TITL Earl of Arran II 1 SEX M 1 NOTE also: Duke of Chatelberault (Regent) 1 FAMS @F557@ 1 FAMC @F556@ 0 @I1493@ INDI 1 NAME Unknown // 1 SEX F 1 FAMS @F557@ 0 @I1494@ INDI 1 NAME James /Hamilton/ 1 TITL 3d Earl of Arran 1 SEX M 1 DEAT 2 DATE 1609 1 FAMC @F557@ 0 @I1495@ INDI 1 NAME Blanche of_Artois // 1 SEX F 1 DEAT 2 DATE 2 MAY 1302 1 NOTE Widow of Henry I, King of Navarre, and dau of Robert I, Count of Artois 1 FAMS @F558@ 1 FAMC @F786@ 0 @I1496@ INDI 1 NAME Thomas // 1 TITL Earl Lancaster 1 SEX M 1 FAMC @F558@ 0 @I1497@ INDI 1 NAME Henry // 1 TITL Earl Lancaster 1 SEX M 1 FAMS @F559@ 1 FAMC @F558@ 0 @I1498@ INDI 1 NAME Maud /Chaworth/ 1 SEX F 1 FAMS @F559@