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- Author/s: Many (Thanks to Luke, Jeremy, Andrew, etc.)
- Updated: June 29, 1997
- Status: Current - For VERY Advanced Users ONLY
-
- Summary: This describes how to configure Samba for improved browsing.
- =====================================================================
-
- OVERVIEW:
- =========
- SMB networking provides a mechanism by which clients can access a list
- of machines that are available within the network. This list is called
- the browse list and is heavily used by all SMB clients. Configuration
- of SMB browsing has been problematic for some Samba users, hence this
- document.
-
- =====================================================================
-
- BROWSING
- ========
- Samba now fully supports browsing. The browsing is supported by nmbd
- and is also controlled by options in the smb.conf file (see smb.conf(5)).
-
- Samba can act as a local browse master for a workgroup and the ability
- for samba to support domain logons and scripts is now available. See
- DOMAIN.txt for more information on domain logons.
-
- Samba can also act as a domain master browser for a workgroup. This
- means that it will collate lists from local browse masters into a
- wide area network server list. In order for browse clients to
- resolve the names they may find in this list, it is recommended that
- both samba and your clients use a WINS server
-
- Note that you should NOT set Samba to be the domain master for a
- workgroup that has the same name as an NT Domain.
-
- [Note that nmbd can be configured as a WINS server, but it is not
- necessary to specifically use samba as your WINS server. NTAS can
- be configured as your WINS server. In a mixed NT server and
- samba environment on a Wide Area Network, it is recommended that
- you use the NT server's WINS server capabilities. In a samba-only
- environment, it is recommended that you use one and only one nmbd
- as your WINS server].
-
- To get browsing to work you need to run nmbd as usual, but will need
- to use the "workgroup" option in smb.conf to control what workgroup
- Samba becomes a part of.
-
- Samba also has a useful option for a Samba server to offer itself for
- browsing on another subnet. It is recommended that this option is only
- used for 'unusual' purposes: announcements over the internet, for
- example. See "remote announce" in the smb.conf man page.
-
- If something doesn't work then hopefully the log.nmb file will
- help you track down the problem. Try a debug level of 2 or 3 for
- finding problems.
-
- Note that if it doesn't work for you, then you should still be able to
- type the server name as \\SERVER in filemanager then hit enter and
- filemanager should display the list of available shares.
-
- Some people find browsing fails because they don't have the global
- "guest account" set to a valid account. Remember that the IPC$
- connection that lists the shares is done as guest, and thus you must
- have a valid guest account.
-
- Also, a lot of people are getting bitten by the problem of too many
- parameters on the command line of nmbd in inetd.conf. This trick is to
- not use spaces between the option and the parameter (eg: -d2 instead
- of -d 2), and to not use the -B and -N options. New versions of nmbd
- are now far more likely to correctly find your broadcast and network
- addess, so in most cases these aren't needed.
-
- The other big problem people have is that their broadcast address,
- netmask or IP address is wrong (specified with the "interfaces" option
- in smb.conf)
-
- BROWSING ACROSS SUBNETS
- =======================
-
- With the release of Samba 1.9.17(alpha1 and above) Samba has been
- updated to enable it to support the replication of browse lists
- across subnet boundaries. New code and options have been added to
- achieve this. This section describes how to set this feature up
- in different settings.
-
- To see browse lists that span TCP/IP subnets (ie. networks separated
- by routers that don't pass broadcast traffic) you must set up at least
- one WINS server. The WINS server acts as a DNS for NetBIOS names, allowing
- NetBIOS name to IP address translation to be done by doing a direct
- query of the WINS server. This is done via a directed UDP packet on
- port 137 to the WINS server machine. The reason for a WINS server is
- that by default, all NetBIOS name to IP address translation is done
- by broadcasts from the querying machine. This means that machines
- on one subnet will not be able to resolve the names of machines on
- another subnet without using a WINS server.
-
- Remember, for browsing across subnets to work correctly, all machines,
- be they Windows 95, Windows NT, or Samba servers must have the IP address
- of a WINS server given to them by a DHCP server, or by manual configuration
- (for Win95 and WinNT, this is in the TCP/IP Properties, under Network
- settings) for Samba this is in the smb.conf file.
-
- How does cross subnet browsing work ?
- =====================================
-
- Cross subnet browsing is a complicated dance, containing multiple
- moving parts. It has taken Microsoft several years to get the code
- that achieves this correct, and Samba lags behind in some areas.
- However, with the 1.9.17 release, Samba is capable of cross subnet
- browsing when configured correctly.
-
- Consider a network set up as follows :
-
- (DMB)
- N1_A N1_B N1_C N1_D N1_E
- | | | | |
- -------------------------------------------------------
- | subnet 1 |
- +---+ +---+
- |R1 | Router 1 Router 2 |R2 |
- +---+ +---+
- | |
- | subnet 2 subnet 3 |
- -------------------------- ------------------------------------
- | | | | | | | |
- N2_A N2_B N2_C N2_D N3_A N3_B N3_C N3_D
- (WINS)
-
- Consisting of 3 subnets (1, 2, 3) conneted by two routers
- (R1, R2) - these do not pass broadcasts. Subnet 1 has 5 machines
- on it, subnet 2 has 4 machines, subnet 3 has 4 machines. Assume
- for the moment that all these machines are configured to be in the
- same workgroup (for simplicities sake). Machine N1_C on subnet 1
- is configured as Domain Master Browser (ie. it will collate the
- browse lists for the workgroup). Machine N2_D is configured as
- WINS server and all the other machines are configured to register
- their NetBIOS names with it.
-
- As all these machines are booted up, elections for master browsers
- will take place on each of the three subnets. Assume that machine
- N1_C wins on subnet 1, N2_B wins on subnet 2, and N3_D wins on
- subnet 3 - these machines are known as local master browsers for
- their particular subnet. N1_C has an advantage in winning as the
- local master browser on subnet 1 as it is set up as Domain Master
- Browser.
-
- On each of the three networks, machines that are configured to
- offer sharing services will broadcast that they are offering
- these services. The local master browser on each subnet will
- receive these broadcasts and keep a record of the fact that
- the machine is offering a service. This list of records is
- the basis of the browse list. For this case, assume that
- all the machines are configured to offer services so all machines
- will be on the browse list.
-
- For each network, the local master browser on that network is
- considered 'authoritative' for all the names it receives via
- local broadcast. This is because a machine seen by the local
- master browser via a local broadcast must be on the same
- network as the local master browser and thus is a 'trusted'
- and 'verifiable' resource. Machines on other networks that
- the local master browsers learn about when collating their
- browse lists have not been directly seen - these records are
- called 'non-authoritative'.
-
- At this point the browse lists look as follows (these are
- the machines you would see in your network neighborhood if
- you looked in it on a particular network right now).
-
- Subnet Browse Master List
- ------ ------------- ----
- Subnet1 N1_C N1_A, N1_B, N1_C, N1_D, N1_E
-
- Subnet2 N2_B N2_A, N2_B, N2_C, N2_D
-
- Subnet3 N3_D N3_A, N3_B, N3_C, N3_D
-
- Note that at this point all the subnets are separate, no
- machine is seen across any of the subnets.
-
- Now examine subnet 2. As soon as N2_B has become the local
- master browser it looks for a Domain master browser to synchronize
- its browse list with. It does this by querying the WINS server
- (N2_D) for the IP address associated with the NetBIOS name
- WORKGROUP<1B>. This name was registerd by the Domain master
- browser (N1_C) with the WINS server as soon as it was booted.
-
- Once N2_B knows the address of the Domain master browser it
- tells it that is the local master browser for subnet 2 by
- sending a MasterAnnouncement packet as a UDP port 138 packet.
- It then synchronizes with it by doing a NetServerEnum2 call. This
- tells the Domain Master Browser to send it all the server
- names it knows about. Once the domain master browser receives
- the MasterAnnouncement packet it schedules a synchronization
- request to the sender of that packet. After both synchronizations
- are done the browse lists look like :
-
- Subnet Browse Master List
- ------ ------------- ----
- Subnet1 N1_C N1_A, N1_B, N1_C, N1_D, N1_E,
- N2_A(*), N2_B(*), N2_C(*), N2_D(*)
-
- Subnet2 N2_B N2_A, N2_B, N2_C, N2_D
- N1_A(*), N1_B(*), N1_C(*), N1_D(*), N1_E(*)
-
- Subnet3 N3_D N3_A, N3_B, N3_C, N3_D
-
- Servers with a (*) after them are non-authoritative names.
-
- At this point users looking in their network neighborhood on
- subnets 1 or 2 will see all the servers on both, users on
- subnet 3 will still only see the servers on their own subnet.
-
- The same sequence of events that occured for N2_B now occurs
- for the local master browser on subnet 3 (N3_D). When it
- synchronizes browse lists with the domain master browser (N1_A)
- it gets both the server entries on subnet 1, and those on
- subnet 2. After N3_D has synchronized with N1_C and vica-versa
- the browse lists look like.
-
- Subnet Browse Master List
- ------ ------------- ----
- Subnet1 N1_C N1_A, N1_B, N1_C, N1_D, N1_E,
- N2_A(*), N2_B(*), N2_C(*), N2_D(*),
- N3_A(*), N3_B(*), N3_C(*), N3_D(*)
-
- Subnet2 N2_B N2_A, N2_B, N2_C, N2_D
- N1_A(*), N1_B(*), N1_C(*), N1_D(*), N1_E(*)
-
- Subnet3 N3_D N3_A, N3_B, N3_C, N3_D
- N1_A(*), N1_B(*), N1_C(*), N1_D(*), N1_E(*),
- N2_A(*), N2_B(*), N2_C(*), N2_D(*)
-
- Servers with a (*) after them are non-authoritative names.
-
- At this point users looking in their network neighborhood on
- subnets 1 or 3 will see all the servers on all sunbets, users on
- subnet 2 will still only see the servers on subnets 1 and 2, but not 3.
-
- Finally, the local master browser for subnet 2 (N2_B) will sync again
- with the domain master browser (N1_C) and will recieve the missing
- server entries. Finally - and as a steady state (if no machines
- are removed or shut off) the browse lists will look like :
-
- Subnet Browse Master List
- ------ ------------- ----
- Subnet1 N1_C N1_A, N1_B, N1_C, N1_D, N1_E,
- N2_A(*), N2_B(*), N2_C(*), N2_D(*),
- N3_A(*), N3_B(*), N3_C(*), N3_D(*)
-
- Subnet2 N2_B N2_A, N2_B, N2_C, N2_D
- N1_A(*), N1_B(*), N1_C(*), N1_D(*), N1_E(*)
- N3_A(*), N3_B(*), N3_C(*), N3_D(*)
-
- Subnet3 N3_D N3_A, N3_B, N3_C, N3_D
- N1_A(*), N1_B(*), N1_C(*), N1_D(*), N1_E(*),
- N2_A(*), N2_B(*), N2_C(*), N2_D(*)
-
- Servers with a (*) after them are non-authoritative names.
-
- Synchronizations between the domain master browser and local
- master browsers will continue to occur, but this should be a
- steady state situation.
-
- If either router R1 or R2 fails the following will occur:
-
- 1) Names of computers on each side of the inaccessible network fragments
- will be maintained for as long as 36 minutes, in the network neighbourhood
- lists.
-
- 2) Attempts to connect to these inaccessible computers will fail, but the
- names will not be removed from the network neighbourhood lists.
-
- 3) If one of the fragments is cut off from the WINS server, it will only
- be able to access servers on its local subnet, by using subnet-isolated
- broadcast NetBIOS name resolution. The effects are similar to that of
- losing access to a DNS server.
-
- Setting up a WINS server
- ========================
-
- Either a Samba machine or a Windows NT Server machine may be set up
- as a WINS server. To set a Samba machine to be a WINS server you must
- add the following option to the smb.conf file on the selected machine :
- in the [globals] section add the line
-
- wins support = yes
-
- Versions of Samba previous to 1.9.17 had this parameter default to
- yes. If you have any older versions of Samba on your network it is
- strongly suggested you upgrade to 1.9.17 or above, or at the very
- least set the parameter to 'no' on all these machines.
-
- Machines with "wins support = yes" will keep a list of all NetBIOS
- names registered with them, acting as a DNS for NetBIOS names.
-
- You should set up only ONE wins server. Do NOT set the
- "wins support = yes" option on more than one Samba server.
-
- To set up a Windows NT Server as a WINS server you need to set up
- the WINS service - see your NT documentation for details. Note that
- Windows NT WINS Servers can replicate to each other, allowing more
- than one to be set up in a complex subnet environment. As Microsoft
- refuse to document these replication protocols Samba cannot currently
- participate in these replications. It is possible in the future that
- a Samba->Samba WINS replication protocol may be defined, in which
- case more than one Samba machine could be set up as a WINS server
- but currently only one Samba server should have the "wins support = yes"
- parameter set.
-
- After the WINS server has been configured you must ensure that all
- machines participating on the network are configured with the address
- of this WINS server. If your WINS server is a Samba machine, fill in
- the Samba machine IP address in the "Primary WINS Server" field of
- the "Control Panel->Network->Protocols->TCP->WINS Server" dialogs
- in Windows 95 or Windows NT. To tell a Samba server the IP address
- of the WINS server add the following line to the [global] section of
- all smb.conf files :
-
- wins server = <name or IP address>
-
- where <name or IP address> is either the DNS name of the WINS server
- machine or it's IP address.
-
- Note that this line MUST NOT BE SET in the smb.conf file of the Samba
- server acting as the WINS server itself. If you set both the
- "wins support = yes" option and the "wins server = <name>" option then
- nmbd will fail to start.
-
- There are two possible scenarios for setting up cross subnet browsing.
- The first details setting up cross subnet browsing on a network containing
- Windows 95, Samba and Windows NT machines that are not configured as
- part of a Windows NT Domain. The second details setting up cross subnet
- browsing on networks that contain NT Domains.
-
- Setting up Browsing in a WORKGROUP
- ==================================
-
- To set up cross subnet browsing on a network containing machines
- in up to be in a WORKGROUP, not an NT Domain you need to set up one
- Samba server to be the Domain Master Browser (note that this is *NOT*
- the same as a Primary Domain Controller, although in an NT Domain the
- same machine plays both roles). The role of a Domain master browser is
- to collate the browse lists from local master browsers on all the
- subnets that have a machine participating in the workgroup. Without
- one machine configured as a domain master browser each subnet would
- be an isolated workgroup, unable to see any machines on any other
- subnet. It is the presense of a domain master browser that makes
- cross subnet browsing possible for a workgroup.
-
- In an WORKGROUP environment the domain master browser must be a
- Samba server, and there must only be one domain master browser per
- workgroup name (although the same Samba server can act as Domain
- master browser for multiple workgroup names). To set up a Samba
- server as a domain master browser set the following option in the
- [global] section of the smb.conf file :
-
- domain master = yes
-
- The domain master browser should also preferrably be the local master
- browser for it's own subnet. In order to achieve this set the following
- options in the [global] section of the smb.conf file :
-
- domain master = yes
- local master = yes
- preferred master = yes
- os level = 65
-
- The domain master browser may be the same machine as the WINS
- server, if you require.
-
- Next, you should ensure that each of the subnets contains a
- machine that can act as a local master browser for the
- workgroup. Any NT machine should be able to do this, as will
- Windows 95 machines (although these tend to get rebooted more
- often, so it's not such a good idea to use these). To make a
- Samba server a local master browser set the following
- options in the [global] section of the smb.conf file :
-
- domain master = no
- local master = yes
- preferred master = yes
- os level = 65
-
- Do not do this for more than one Samba server on each subnet,
- or they will war with each other over which is to be the local
- master browser.
-
- The "local master" parameter allows Samba to act as a local master
- browser. The "preferred master" causes nmbd to force a browser
- election on startup and the "os level" parameter sets Samba high
- enough so that it should win any browser elections.
-
- If you have an NT machine on the subnet that you wish to
- be the local master browser then you can disable Samba from
- becoming a local master browser by setting the following
- options in the [global] section of the smb.conf file :
-
- domain master = no
- local master = no
- preferred master = no
- os level = 0
-
- Setting up Browsing in a DOMAIN
- ===============================
-
- If you are adding Samba servers to a Windows NT Domain then
- you must not set up a Samba server as a domain master browser.
- By default, a Windows NT Primary Domain Controller for a Domain
- name is also the Domain master browser for that name, and many
- things will break if a Samba server registers the Domain master
- browser NetBIOS name (DOMAIN<1B>) with WINS instead of the PDC.
-
- For subnets other than the one containing the Windows NT PDC
- you may set up Samba servers as local master browsers as
- described. To make a Samba server a local master browser set
- the following options in the [global] section of the smb.conf
- file :
-
- domain master = no
- local master = yes
- preferred master = yes
- os level = 65
-
- If you wish to have a Samba server fight the election with machines
- on the same subnet you may set the "os level" parameter to lower
- levels. By doing this you can tune the order of machines that
- will become local master browsers if they are running. For
- more details on this see the section "FORCING SAMBA TO BE THE MASTER"
- below.
-
- If you have Windows NT machines that are members of the domain
- on all subnets, and you are sure they will always be running then
- you can disable Samba from taking part in browser elections and
- ever becoming a local master browser by setting following options
- in the [global] section of the smb.conf file :
-
- domain master = no
- local master = no
- preferred master = no
- os level = 0
-
- FORCING SAMBA TO BE THE MASTER
- ==============================
-
- Who becomes the "master browser" is determined by an election process
- using broadcasts. Each election packet contains a number of parameters
- which determine what precedence (bias) a host should have in the
- election. By default Samba uses a very low precedence and thus loses
- elections to just about anyone else.
-
- If you want Samba to win elections then just set the "os level" global
- option in smb.conf to a higher number. It defaults to 0. Using 34
- would make it win all elections over every other system (except other
- samba systems!)
-
- A "os level" of 2 would make it beat WfWg and Win95, but not NTAS. A
- NTAS domain controller uses level 32.
-
- The maximum os level is 255
-
- If you want samba to force an election on startup, then set the
- "preferred master" global option in smb.conf to "yes". Samba will
- then have a slight advantage over other potential master browsers
- that are not preferred master browsers. Use this parameter with
- care, as if you have two hosts (whether they are windows 95 or NT or
- samba) on the same local subnet both set with "preferred master" to
- "yes", then periodically and continually they will force an election
- in order to become the local master browser.
-
- If you want samba to be a "domain master browser", then it is
- recommended that you also set "preferred master" to "yes", because
- samba will not become a domain master browser for the whole of your
- LAN or WAN if it is not also a local master browser on its own
- broadcast isolated subnet.
-
- It is possible to configure two samba servers to attempt to become
- the domain master browser for a domain. The first server that comes
- up will be the domain master browser. All other samba servers will
- attempt to become the domain master browser every 5 minutes. They
- will find that another samba server is already the domain master
- browser and will fail. This provides automatic redundancy, should
- the current domain master browser fail.
-
-
- MAKING SAMBA THE DOMAIN MASTER
- ==============================
-
- The domain master is responsible for collating the browse lists of
- multiple subnets so that browsing can occur between subnets. You can
- make samba act as the domain master by setting "domain master = yes"
- in smb.conf. By default it will not be a domain master.
-
- Note that you should NOT set Samba to be the domain master for a
- workgroup that has the same name as an NT Domain.
-
- When samba is the domain master and the master browser it will listen
- for master announcements (made roughly every twelve minutes) from local
- master browsers on other subnets and then contact them to synchronise
- browse lists.
-
- If you want samba to be the domain master then I suggest you also set
- the "os level" high enough to make sure it wins elections, and set
- "preferred master" to "yes", to get samba to force an election on
- startup.
-
- Note that all your servers (including samba) and clients should be
- using a WINS server to resolve NetBIOS names. If your clients are only
- using broadcasting to resolve NetBIOS names, then two things will occur:
-
- a) your local master browsers will be unable to find a domain master
- browser, as it will only be looking on the local subnet.
-
- b) if a client happens to get hold of a domain-wide browse list, and
- a user attempts to access a host in that list, it will be unable to
- resolve the NetBIOS name of that host.
-
- If, however, both samba and your clients are using a WINS server, then:
-
- a) your local master browsers will contact the WINS server and, as long as
- samba has registered that it is a domain master browser with the WINS
- server, your local master browser will receive samba's ip address
- as its domain master browser.
-
- b) when a client receives a domain-wide browse list, and a user attempts
- to access a host in that list, it will contact the WINS server to
- resolve the NetBIOS name of that host. as long as that host has
- registered its NetBIOS name with the same WINS server, the user will
- be able to see that host.
-
- NOTE ABOUT BROADCAST ADDRESSES
- ==============================
-
- If your network uses a "0" based broadcast address (for example if it
- ends in a 0) then you will strike problems. Windows for Workgroups
- does not seem to support a 0's broadcast and you will probably find
- that browsing and name lookups won't work.
-
-
- MULTIPLE INTERFACES
- ===================
-
- Samba now supports machines with multiple network interfaces. If you
- have multiple interfaces then you will need to use the "interfaces"
- option in smb.conf to configure them. See smb.conf(5) for details.
-
-