PC World Komputer 1996 May/PCW596.iso/polskie/witsoft/gramtree/gt.pol

Borland Turbo Vision Help | 1996-01-31 | 42KB | 1,495 lines

 1) PRESENT TENSE - Czas tera
niejszy
 TRYB      Oznajmuj
cy           Przecz
cy
        I am = I'm             I am not = I'm not
        you are = you're       you are not = aren't
        he
                  he

        she
 is = 's          she
 is not = isn't
        it
                  it

        we
                 we

        you
 are = 're       you
 are not = aren't
        they
                 they

                Pytaj
        am I?       am I not? = aren't I?
        are you?    are you not? = aren't you?
        is he?      is he not? = isn't he?
        is she?     is she not? = isn't she?
        is it?      is it not? = isn't it?
        are we?      are we not? = aren't we?
        are you?     are you not? = aren't you?
        are they?    are they not? = aren't they?
 2) PAST TENSE - Czas przesz
 TRYB      Oznajmuj
cy           Przecz
cy
       I was                  I was not = wasn't
       you were               you were not = weren't
       he
                  he

       she
 was              she
 was not = wasn't
       it
                  it

       we
                 we

       you
 were            you
 were not = weren't
       they
                 they

                     Pytaj
       was I?       was I not? = wasn't I?
       were you?    were you not? = weren't you?
       was he?      was he not? = wasn't he?
       was she?     was she not? = wasn't she?
       was it?      was it not? = wasn't it?
       were we?      were we not? = weren't we?
       were you?     were you not? = weren't you?
       were they?    were they not? = weren't they?
 3) THERE IS, THERE ARE
 PRZYK
ADY: (a) There is a policeman at the door.
            (b) There is a mistake.
 (a) gdy podmiot nie zosta
 zdefiniowany
 (b) w znaczeniu: istnieje, ma miejsce, zachodzi
 BUDOWA
 TRYB      Oznajmuj
cy                 Przecz
cy
      there is = there's     there is not = there's not = there isn't
      there are = there're   there are not = there're not = there aren't
           Pytaj
      is there?
      are there?
 4) THERE IS - IT IS
ywamy wprowadzaj
cego: `it' dla opisu
 (a) czasu - It's late.
 (b) dnia  - It's Monday today.
 (c) odleg
ci - It isn't far.
 (d) pogody - It's raining.
 (e) easy/nice/better - It's nice of you.
 (f) true/certain/strange/odd - It is odd that he hasn't phoned.


 HAVE

 1) PRESENT TENSE - Czas tera
niejszy
 TRYB      Oznajmuj
cy                 Przecz
cy
    I have = I've          I have not = I've not = I haven't
    you have = you've      you have not = you've not = you haven't
    he
                  he

    she
 has = 's         she
 has not = 's not = hasn't
    it
                  it

    we
                 we

    you
 have = 've      you
 have not = 've not = haven't
    they
                 they

          Pytaj
    have I?      have I not? = haven't I?
    have you?    have you not? = haven't you?
    has he?      has he not? = hasn't he?
    has she?     has she not? = hasn't she?
    has it?      has it not? = hasn't it?
    have we?      have we not? = haven't we?
    have you?     have you not? = haven't you?
    have they?    have they not? = haven't they?
 2) PAST TENSE - Czas przesz
 TRYB   Oznajmuj
cy                 Przecz
cy
       I had                  I had not = hadn't
       you had                you had not = hadn't
       he
                  he

       she
 had              she
 had not = hadn't
       it
                  it

       we
                 we

       you
 had             you
 had not = hadn't
       they
                 they

          Pytaj
       had I?       had I not? = hadn't I?
       had you?     had you not? = hadn't you?
       had he?      had he not? = hadn't he?
       had she?     had she not? = hadn't she?
       had it?      had it not? = hadn't it?
       had we?      had we not? = hadn't we?
       had you?     had you not? = hadn't you?
       had they?    had they not? = hadn't they?
 3) HAVE jako zwyk
y czasownik
TRYB                PRESENT                  PAST U
 Oznajmuj
cy    have, has                     had
                have got, has got
 Przecz
cy      have not, has not             hadn't
                haven't got, hasn't got       hadn't got
                don't have, doesn't have      did't have
 Pytaj
cy       have you? has he?             had you?
                have you got? has he got?     had you got?
                do you have? does he have?    did you have?


 CAN - MAY

 1) CAN
 PRZYK
ADY: (a) You can leave it here.
                You could leave it here whenever you wanted to.
            (b) He can speak French fluently.
                He could speak French fluently when he was young.
                He will be able speak French fluently with more practice.
 (a) aby wyrazi
 pozwolenie lub brak przeszk
d (= may)
     w czasie przesz
ym:   could = was/were allowed to
 (b) aby wyrazi
 (zdolno
) (= be able to)
     w czasie przesz
ym:  could = was/were able to
     w czasie przysz
ym:  will be able to
 BUDOWA
can + czysty bezokolicznik (bez `to')
 2) MAY/MIGHT
 PRZYK
ADY: I may/might go to the cinema tonight.
            He may/might tell his wife.
            She may not come to the party.
            They might not believe your story.
aby wyrazi
 brak przeszk
d (mo
) w tera
niejszo
ci i przysz
 BUDOWA
may/might + czysty bezokolicznik (bez `to')


 MUST - HAVE TO - NEED - SHOULD

 1) MUST - HAVE TO
 PRZYK
ADY: (a) I must work as hard as I can.
           (b) You have to pass a test before you can get a driving license.
 Zobowi
zanie:
 (a) I must do something    = Uwa
e jest to konieczne i wa
ne.
 (b) I have to do something = Jestem zmuszony przez okoliczno
W czasie przesz
ym w obu sytuacjach u
ywamy `had to'.
 2) MUST NOT
 PRZYK
ADY: You mustn't tell her.
            She mustn't go home alone.
zakaz
I mustn't do it = wa
ne by tego nie robi
, zrobienie tego by
oby naganne.
tka forma: mustn't
 3) NEED NOT
 PRZYK
ADY: You needn't make two copies. One will do.
            You needn't pay till the 31st
brak przymusu )
I needn't do it = nie musz
 tego robi
tka forma: needn't = don't need to
 4) SHOULD
 PRZYK
ADY: You should pay on arrival.
            She shouldn't work so hard.
 `should' u
ywamy
   - aby wyrazi
 powinno
 lub obowi
   - aby wskaza
 rozs
 czynno
, dawanie rad
 BUDOWA
should + czysty bezokolicznik (bez `to')


 WOULD

 1) po `I wish'
 PRZYK
ADY: I wish it would stop raining.
            I wish he wouldn't go out every morning.
 2) czas przesz
y od `will'
 PRZYK
ADY: He promised he wouldn't be late.
            She said she would come.
 3) `would' i `used to'
 PRZYK
ADY:
   When we were children, we would get up early and go for a swim.
   We would spend the whole morning by the river.
      (`used to' mo
e zast
 `would' w tym przyk
adzie.)
ywamy `would' + czysty bezokolicznik
         `used' + bezokolicznik
opisuj
c przesz
e zwyczaje lub rutynowe czynno
ci teraz zaniechane.
 PRZYK
ADY: I used to smoke cigarettes but now I smoke a pipe.
            She used to live in London but now she lives in a small village.


TKIE ODPOWIEDZI

 1) UPRZEJME ODPOWIEDZI
 PRZYK
ADY: Do you smoke?  Yes, I do.
                         No, I don't.
YCIE
Pytania na kt
re odpowiadamy `yes' lub `no' powinny dodatkowo zawiera
  wyraz posi
kowy. Bez niego by
yby mniej uprzejme. #
 2) POTWIERDZENIE I ZAPRZECZENIE
 PRZYK
ADY: That plane can travel faster than sound.
            Yes, it can.
            So, it can. (a surprise)
            Of course, it can. (obvious)
            No, it can't.
 3) SO - NEITHER - EITHER
 PRZYK
ADY: I am tired.               - So am I.
            I haven't got any change. - Neither have I.
                                      - I haven't either.
                                      - Nor have I.


 QUESTION TAGS

 PRZYK
ADY:  (a) Peter won't lend it to you, will he?
                 Jim wasn't drinking, was he?
                 Ann doesn't smoke, does she?
                 You couldn't understand that, could you?
                 We haven't met before, have we?
                 John didn't turn up, did he?
             (b) Peter smokes a lot, doesn't he?
                 She told you about that, didn't she?
                 They have seen the film before, haven't they?
                 There was enough time to do it, wasn't there?
                 He could do that for you, couldn't he?
                 We've just in time, aren't we?
                 I'm late, aren't I?
Question tags - to kr
tkie dodatki do zda
 - odpowiedniki polskiego  `nieprawda
', cz
sto u
ywane w j
zyku angielskim.   t
 (a) Po zdaniach przecz
cych u
ywamy zwyk
ego pytania.
 (b) Po zdaniach oznajmuj
cych u
ywamy przecz
cego pytania.


 PRESENT CONTINUOUS

 PRZYK
ADY: I am reading a book.
            It is snowing now.
            We are staying at Hilton.
 co dzieje si
 teraz, w chwili bie
                        teraz

 przesz
 I am resting
> przysz

 It is raining

 BUDOWA
Dodajemy `ing' do czasownika i stosujemy z odpowiedni
 form
 czasownika  `to be'.
   I    am    writing  = I'm     writing
   you  are   going    = you're  going
   he   is    playing  = he's    playing
   she  is    having   = she's   having
   it   is    raining  = it's    raining
   we   are   watching = we're   watching
   you  are   singing  = you're  singing
   they are   sitting  = they're sitting
 PRZECZENIE
Forma przecz
ca `to be' + `-ing'  t
   I am not    coming  = I'm not    coming
   you are not playing = you're not playing = you aren't playing
   ...
Zobacz To
be na kr
tkie formy.
 PYTANIE
Forma pytaj
ca `to be' + `-ing'. 1
   am I     playing
   are you  coming
   ...
Lista wa
niejszych s
w, kt
re na og
 nie s
ywane w formie Continuous: -
  love, hate like, dislike
  forgive, refuse
  want, wish, need, prefer
  know, understand
  mean, suppose, believe, think (that), feel (that)
  remember, forget, recollect
  belong to, consist of, contain, possess, own, have (=own)
  see, hear, notice, recognize, smell, taste
  seem, appear (=seem)
Patrz r
: Present
Future


 PRESENT SIMPLE

 PRZYK
ADY: I go to school every day.
            He likes bananas.
            It often rains in Wales.
Czynno
ci zachodz
ce codziennie, od czasu do czasu, ca
y czas. Og
lne prawdy.
W odr
nieniu od Present Continuous, ten czas nie opisuje bie
cych  wydarze
sto u
ywamy Simple Present z nast
cymi s
owami: always, never, usually, sometimes, often. W pytaniach stosujemy `when'.
 przesz
        tera
niejszo
         przysz
     <-------------- I do --------------->
 BUDOWA
W trzeciej osobie liczby pojedynczej dodajemy -s lub -es (z wyj
tkiem  czasownik
w posi
kowych).
   I     walk
   you   swim
   he    plays     ale:   he  can
   she   goes             she may
   it    rains            it  should
   we    work
   you   dress
   they  pretend
 PRZECZENIE
ywamy `do not'  (lub kr
tko - don't) z bezokolicznikiem. W trzeciej osobie liczby pojedynczyj stosujemy `does not' lub `doesn't'. \
   I do not     clean  = I don't    clean
   he does not  work   = he doesn't work
   ...
 PYTANIE
ywamy `do' z bezokolicznikiem zmieniaj
c porz
dek s
w (`does' w trzeciej osobie liczby pojedynczej). (
   do you play
   does she work
   ...


 SIMPLE PAST

 PRZYK
ADY: He arrived yesterday.
            The rain stopped one hour ago.
Czynno
 wykonana w przesz
ci w okre
lonym momencie.
       przesz

   teraz
 I did it
> przysz
 He finished the job
 BUDOWA
Dodajemy -ed do bezokolicznika czasownika regularnego (lub -d  je
li bezokolicznik ko
czy si
 na `-e').  ,
   clean +ed  cleaned
   love  +d   loved
Czasem ostatnia litera jest powt
rzona. Je
li bezokolicznik ko
czy si
 na  `-y' to zast
pujemy je przez `-ied'. &
   stop  stopped
   hurry hurried
Wiele wa
nych czasownik
w jest nieregularnych i ich przesz
a forma musi  by
 poznana osobno, patrz Irregular
verbs
 PRZECZENIE
ywamy `did not' (lub kr
tko,  `didn't') z bezokolicznikiem. L
   I did not  clean = I didn't  clean
   he did not work  = he didn't work
 PYTANIE
ywamy `did' z bezokolicznikiem zmieniaj
c porz
dek s
   did you  play
   did they arrive


 PAST CONTINUOUS

 PRZYK
ADY: He arrived when I was reading a book.
            What were you doing at 4 o'clock. -  I was reading.

YCIE
Przesz
a czynno
 rozci
ta w czasie. Podczas niej co
 zdarza.
   I began reading       4.00      Tom arrives        I stopped reading
            <- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ->
                           I was reading
 BUDOWA
Przesz
a forma `to be' + `-ing' konstrukcja.
   I    was   reading
   you  were  swimming
   he   was   writing
   she  was   cooking
   it   was   raining
   we   were  playing
   you  were  singing
   they were  fishing
 PRZECZENIE
Przecz
ca forma `I was', `you were' etc. + `-ing' forma czasownika. o
   I    was not   reading  = I    wasn't   reading
   you  were not  swimming = you  weren't  swimming
   ...
 PYTANIE
Pytaj
ca forma `I was', `you were' etc. + `-ing' forma czasownika. 3
 was   I    reading ?
 were  you  swimming ?


 PRESENT PERFECT

 PRZYK
ADY: They have gone out. (they are not at home now)
            He has lost his umbrella. (he cannot find it now)
Czynno
 z przesz
ci kt
rej rezultaty s
 istotne teraz.
                                              teraz

 - - - - - - - - - - - - ->
              czynno
NIE interesuje nas kiedy co
 zdarzy
o a tylko sam fakt i jego zwi
zek  z tera
niejszymi wydarzeniami.
 BUDOWA
Odpowiednia forma `to have' + imies
w czasu przesz
ego czasownika.
 I    have  worked  =  I've    worked
 you  have  been    =  you've  been
 he   has   gone    =  he's    gone
 she  has   written =  she's   written
 it   has   rained  =  it's    rained
 we   have  bought  =  we've   bought
 you  have  brought =  you've  brought
 they have  put     =  they've put
 PRZECZENIE
Przecz
ca forma `to have" + imies
w czasu przesz
ego. Q
 I have not done    = I haven't done
 he has not eaten   = he hasn't eaten
 PYTANIE
Pytaj
ca forma `to have' + imies
w czasu przesz
ego. (
 have you been
 has she given


 PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

 PRZYK
ADY: I have been working in this company for two years.
            It has been raining since Monday.
Czynno
ca trwaj
ca od pewnego czasu.
 przesz
          teraz              przysz

--------------->
                I have been doing
 BUDOWA
Przesz
a forma od `to be' + forma `-ing' czasownika.
   I have been    watching  = I've been    watching
   you have been  writing   = you've been  writing
   he has been    sitting   = he's been    sitting
   she has been   cooking   = she's been   cooking
   is has been    raining   = it's been    raining
   we have been   waiting   = we've been   waiting
   you have been  working   = you've been  working
   they have been doing     = they've been doing
 PRZECZENIE
Przecz
ca forma `to have' + `been' + `-ing'. }
   I have not been trying   = I haven't been trying
   he has not been standing = he hasn't been standing
   ...
 PYTANIE
Pytaj
ca forma `to have' + `been' + `-ing'. 6
   have you been learning
   has he been   trying


 PAST PERFECT

 PRZYK
ADY: They dressed after they had washed.
            She thanked him for what he had done.
Past Perfect odnosi si
 do pewnego momentu w przesz
ci tak jak Present Perfect odnosi si
 do tera
niejszo
ci. W tel przesz
ej chwili pewna czynno
 jest uko
czona b
 trwa.
                      chwila
                   w przesz
ci               teraz

 - - ->
           czynno
 BUDOWA
had + imies
w czasu przesz
   I     had   gone
   you   had   met
   he    had   seen
   she   had   begun
   it    had   started
   we    had   played
   you   had   brought
   they  had   watched
 PRZECZENIE
had + not + imies
w czasu przesz
ego ^
   I   had not   gone   = I   hadn't  gone
   you had not   come   = you hadn't  come
   ...
 PYTANIE
Zmiana porz
dku wyraz
w: had + czasownik 4
   had  I    gone ?
   had  you  finished ?
   ...


 PRESENT FOR THE FUTURE

 1) GOING TO
 PRZYK
ADY: I am going to wash my hair.
            It is going to rain.
enie zamiaru zrobienia czego
. Wyra
enie pewno
 stanie.
 BUDOWA
Patrz Present Continuous. '
 2) PRESENT CONTINUOUS FOR THE FUTURE
 PRZYK
ADY: We are going our tomorrow.
            Are you coming to see us tonight?
Plany dotycz
ce ludzi. #
 3) SIMPLE PRESENT FOR THE FUTURE
 PRZYK
ADY: The train leaves at 9.15
            What time does the performance start?
ady jazdy (dotyczy rzeczy).


 SIMPLE FUTURE

 PRZYK
ADY: I think I will come.
            Shall we dance?
a przysz
 bez
adnego odcienia. Nie u
ywamy do rzeczy planowanych lub zadecydowanych. "
 (patrz: Present
Future).
 BUDOWA
shall/will + czasownik  Dla pyta
 w I osobie u
ywamy `shall'. W pierwszej osobie u
ywamy obu `shall' i `will'; `shall' jest bardziej  formalne, `will' staje si
 powszechnie u
ywane. Dla innych os
b stosujemy `will'. H
   I    will/shall go     = I'll    go
   you  will       see    = you'll  see
   he   will       come   = he'll   come
   she  will       cook   = she'll  cook
   it   will       rain   = it'll   rain
   we   will/shall work   = we'll   work
   you  will       manage = you'll  manage
   they will      take   = they'll  take
 PRZECZENIE
will/shall + not + czasownik |
   I   will not  go   = I   won't  go
   I   shall not go   = I   shan't go
   you will not  come = you won't  come
   ...
 PYTANIE
Zmiana porz
dku s
w: shall/will + czasownik L
   Shall  I    go ?
   Will   you  come
   Shall  we   dance ?
   Will ...


 FUTURE CONTINUOUS

 PRZYK
ADY: I will be swimming this time next week.
            He will be working all night.
YCIE
czynno
 w przysz
ci rozci
ta w czasie.
 BUDOWA
`shall be' lub `will be' z form
 -ing czasownika.
  I    will/shall be going    = I'll   be going
  you  will       be working  = you'll be working
  he   will       be singing  = he'll  be singing
  she  will       be cooking  = she'll be cooking
  it   will       be raining  = it'll  be raining
  we   will/shall be working  = we'll   be working
  you  will       be playing  = you'll  be playing
  they will       be teaching = they'll be teaching
 PRZECZENIE
  I  shall not be working  = I  shan't be&working
  he will  not be learning = he &won't be&learning
 PYTANIE
  shall I be staying
  will he be swimming


 PASSIVE VOICE
 (Strona bierna)

 PRZYK
ADY: Somebody washed the floor this morning. =
                        = The floor was washed this morning.
            Someone has stolen my bike. =
                        = My bike has been stolen.
YCIE
Podmiot jest nieznany b
 nieistotny.
 BUDOWA
Odpowiednia forma `to be' + imies
w czasu przesz
ego.
 present simple      am/are/is         cleaned
 simple past         was/were          washed
 present perfect     have/has been     stolen
 simple future       will be           allowed
 present continuous  am/are/is being   shown
 past continuous     was/were being    kept
 PRZECZENIE i PYTANIE
Przecz
ca lub pytaj
ca forma `to be' + imies
w czasu przesz
ego.


 REPORTED SPEECH
  (Mowa zale

 1) STWIERDZENIE
  PRZYK
 "I am busy".  He says
               He has told me
  that he is busy.
               He will tell you

               He said            that he was busy.
 BUDOWA
Gdy czasownik g
wny (say, tell, etc.) jest w czasie 1
      Present
      Present Perfect
      Future
wtedy nie ma zmiany czasu w zdaniu podrz
dnym.
Gdy czasownik g
wny (say, tell, etc.) jest w czasie przesz
ym (said, told, etc.) to nast
puje zmiana czasu w zdaniu podrz
dnym: [
  Present
> Past
     "I've seen this film."
>   He said that he had seen this film.
  Past
> Past Perfect
     "I went home."
>   He said that he had gone home.
     "I didn't know that."
>   He said that he hadn't known that.
  Future
> would, should
     "It will rain."
>   He said it would rain.
 2) ROZKAZ
 PRZYK
 "Open the door."    She asked me to open the door.
 BUDOWA
W mowie zale
nej rozkazy przechodz
 w zwroty z bezokolicznikiem.
 3) PYTANIA
 PRZYK
 "What is the matter?"
>  He asked me what the matter was.
Nie ma zmiany porz
dku wyraz
w (tak jak to jest w pytaniach). Szyk s
w  jest taki jak w stwerdzeniach.
 PRZYK
 "Do you like my new has?"
> She asked if I liked her new hat.
                               She asked whether I liked her new hat.
li pytanie wymaga odpowiedzi `yes' lub `no' to u
ywamy s
owa `if' lub  `wether' jako
cznika.
 PRZYK
 "Shall we have time to play?"
> They asked if they would have
                                                        time to play.
W pytaniach zaczynaj
cych si
 od `shall' wyra
cych zwyk
 przysz
owo `shall' jest zast
pione przez `if he would', `if she would' etc.
 PRZYK
 "Shall I open the window?"
> He asked if he should open the window.
W pytaniach zaczynaj
cych si
 od `shall' wyra
cych zamiar (polecenie)  s
owo `shall' jest zast
pione przez `if he should', `if she should' etc.


 INFINITIVE
  (Bezokolicznik)

 PRZYK
ADY: 1) They refused to pay.    I would like to go.
            2) He made her cry.
            3) They invited me to stay with  them.
Mamy dwie formy: bezokolicznik (`to cry') i czysty bezokolicznik (`cry') a
 1) Lista czasownik
w, po kt
rych u
ywamy formy z `to':
    want    promise    decide   remember
    hope    refuse     plan     forget
    choose  offer      learn    pretend
    seem    happen     agree    manage
    try     demand     claim    appear
    prove   prepare
 oraz konstrukcje:
    would like    would prefer    would hate    would love
 2) Lista czasownik
w, po kt
rych u
ywamy czystego bezokolicznika:
    make    feel    see     can   shall   must
    let     hear    watch   may   will    do
 3) Lista czasownik
ywanych w konstrukcji: czasownik + obiekt + to
    advise     allow    ask     command   enable
    encourage  expect   forbid  force     invite
    oblige     order    permit  persuade  remind
    request    teach    tell    tempt     want
    warn


 GERUND

 PRZYK
ADY: Standing in queues is a waste of time.
            His hobby is dancing.
Forma `-ing' czasownika mo
e mie
 znaczenie rzeczownika (nazywamy j
 wtedy:  Gerund).
 Lista czasownik
w, po kt
rych u
ywamy formy Gerund
  like       mind     appreciate    suggest
  love       detest   understand    mention
  enjoy      hate     consider      practise
  excuse     give up  deny          can't help
  forgive    stop     risk          can't resist
  recollect  finish   postpone      can't stand
 GERUND - INFINITIVE
 Lista czasownik
w, po kt
rych u
ywamy bezokolicznika lub formy Gerund.
 * oznacza czasowniki, kt
re maj
 to samo znaczenie w obu przypadkach.
  advise*    agree       allow*  begin*    can bear
  continue*  forget      hate    intend*   like
  love       mean        need    permit    prefer
  propose    recommend*  regret  remember  require
  start*     stop        try     used to   want


 CONDITIONAL
 (Tryb warunkowy)

 1) TYP 1
 PRZYK
ADY: If you hurt me, I will scream.
            He will come if you ask him.
 Czynno
 w warunku z `if' jest prawdopodobna.
 Znaczenie: przysz
c lub tera
niejszo
 BUDOWA
 Warunek z `if jest w czasie tera
niejszym.
 Zdanie g
wne jest w czasie przysz
ym. Gdy u
ywamy czasownik
 `can', `must', etc., to jest r
 w czasie tera
niejszym.
   (You can go tomorrow if you like.)
 2) TYP 2
 PRZYK
ADY: (a) If I had a lawn-mower I would lend it to you.
            (b) If he tried to blackmail me I would call the police.
 Gdy przypuszczenie w warunku jest sprzeczne ze znanymi faktami. (a)
 Gdy nie spodziewamy si
, aby czynno
 w warunku nast
a. (b)
 To obejmuje "nierealne" warunki
    (If I were you I would do that.)
Znaczenie jest tera
niejsze lub przysz
 BUDOWA
 Warunek jest w czasie przesz
 Zdanie g
wne zbudowane jest z `would' i bezokolicznika.
 3) TYP 3
 PRZYK
ADY: If I had known that you were coming I would have met you
               at the station.
Czas jest przesz
y a czynno
 w warunku nie mia
a miejsca. j
 BUDOWA
 Warunek jest w czasie przesz
 Zdanie g
wne jest zbudowane z `would have' i bezokolicznika.


 QUESTIONS
 (Pytania)

 1) Zazwyczaj tworzymy pytania zmieniaj
c porz
dek wyraz
 PRZYK
ADY: Are we late?
            Where has Mary gone?
            When will he be here?
 2) W czasie Simple Present w pytaniach dodajemy `do/does'.
W pytaniach w czasie Simple Past stosujemy `did'.
 PRZYK
ADY: Do you smoke?
            What time does she get up?
            When did they leave?
            What did you have for lunch?
 3) Je
li who/what/which jest podmiotem to nie stosujemy do/does/did.
  PRZYK
ADY: - `who' nie jest podmiotem    - `who' jest podmiotem
                 Jack loves someone.           Someone loves Jack.
                 Who does Jack love?           Who loves Jack?


 NOUN - SINGULAR/PLURAL
 (Rzeczownik - l. pojedyncza i mnoga)

Zazwyczaj tworzymy liczb
 mnog
 dodaj
c `s': cat - cats
Inne formy: }
  1) `es'   fox  - foxes
  2) `ies'  spy  - spies
  3) `ves'  wife - wives
  4) zmiana samog
oski: man - men, tooth - teeth
Pewne s
owa si
 nie zmieniaj
:  fruit, sheep. <
Pewne s
owa s
 zawsze w liczbie mnogiej: police, scissors. '
See also Noun
Countable/Uncountable
 NOUN - COUNTABLE/UNCOUNTABLE
 (Rzeczowniki policzalne i niepoliczalne)
Rzeczowniki, kt
re maj
 liczb
 mnog
 nazywamy policzalnymi (przedmioty,  kt
re mo
na policzy
), a te kt
re nie maj
 liczby mnogiej -  niepoliczalnymi.
Rzeczowniki niepoliczalne:
   1) Nazwy substancji:  bread, water, gold, etc.
   2) Rzeczowniki abstrakcyjne:  joy, hope, information, news, etc.
   3) Inne: luggage, furniture, weather, etc.
Z rzeczownikami niepoliczalnymi nie stosujemy `a/an'. '
Wiele mo
e funkcjonowa
 w obu rolach: g
 PRZYK
ADY: I must ask for help.  (niepoliczalne)
            A good map may be a help.  (policzalne)


 NOUN - POSSESSIVE CASE
 (Rzeczownik - dope
niacz)

 PRZYK
AD: the girl's room (the room of the girl)
           the girls' room (the room of the girls)
           your mother-in-law's umbrella
 BUDOWA
Z rzeczownikami w liczbie pojedynczej oraz rzeczownikami w liczbie mnogiej  nie ko
cymi si
 na s u
ywamy 's. Do rzeczownik
w w liczbie mnogiej  ko
cych si
 na s dodajemy tylko apostrof. W rzeczownikach z
onych dodajemy 's do ostatniego cz
onu. p
 `s  lub ` dla ludzi i zwierz
 `of' dla innych rzeczownik
w; mo
e zast
pic prawie ka
dy dope
niacz.


 PRONOUNS
 (Zaimki)

 PRZYK
ADY: I can see my face in the mirror. This book is mine.
            He is looking at me.
            I am doing all the shopping myself.
 BUDOWA:
  I     my    (mine)    me     myself
  you   your  (yours)   you    yourself
  he    his   (his)     him    himself
  she   her   (hers)    her    herself
  it    its   (its)     it     itself
  we    our   (ours)    us     ourselves
  you   your  (yours)   you    yourselves
  they  their (theirs)  them   themselves


 ARTICLES
  (Rodzajniki)

 RODZAJNIK NIEOKRE
LONY:  a/an
YCIE: Przed rzeczownikami policzalnymi w liczbie pojedynczej.
Przed rzeczownikiem zaczynaj
cym si
 na sp
 lub na samog
  wymawian
 jak sp
 stosujemy `a'. )
 PRZYK
ADY:  a boy
             a union
Przed rzeczownikiem zaczynaj
cym si
 na samog
 lub na nieme `h'  stosujemy `an'.  +
 PRZYK
ADY:  an aunt
             an hour
 RODZAJNIK OKRE
LONY: the
YCIE: U
ywamy go dla rzeczy zdefiniwanych (wprowadzonych) wcze
niej lub
jedynych w swoim rodzaju. To samo dotyczy rzeczownik
w wyznaczonych  jednoznacznie przez kontekst. Stosuje si
 w liczbie mnogiej i  do rzeczownik
w niepoliczalnych. /
Nie stosujemy `the' w nast
cych zwrotach:
  go to school, be at school
  go to work,   be at work
  go to church (aby si
 modli
  go to bed (spa
  go to hospital (chory)
Przyk
ady innych zastosowa
  `the'
  the cinema,  the theatre
  the doctor,  the dentist
  the station
  go to the hospital (odwiedzj
c kogo
  go to the church (zwiedzaj
  the rich,  the poor


 QUANTIFIERS

1) SOME U
 PRZYK
ADY: There are some chairs in the room.
            Would you like some tea?
W zdaniach twierdz
cych.
2) ANY c
 PRZYK
ADY: There aren't any eggs in the fridge.
            Are there any pictures in this book?
W zdaniach przecz
cych i pytaniach.
3) NO, NONE m
 PRZYK
ADY: I've got no money = I haven't got any money.
            "How much money have you got?" "None."
4) MUCH, MANY, A LOT OF, LITTLE, FEW
 PRZYK
ADY: We've got a lot of money.
            We haven't got much money.
            We have many coins.
            We have a little money.
            We have too few coins.
 z policzalnymi rzeczownikami: many, a lot of (lots of), few
 z niepoliczalnymi rzeczownikami: much, a lot of (lots of), little
5) LITTLE - A LITTLE, FEW - A FEW h
 a little = troch
 little   = za ma
o, bardzo ma
 a few  = kilka
 few    = za ma
o, bardzo ma


 ADVERB -USAGE
 (Przys
wek - u
ycie)

 PRZYK
ADY: It is raining terribly.
            They were listening carefully.
            He is snoring loudly
Przys
wek m
wi nam o czasowniku.
 BUDOWA
adjective + ly = adverb (dodajemy `-ly' do przymiotnika) ^
   angry               angrily
   quiet               quietly
   careful           carefully
   good                  well
His English is good. He speaks English well. (Uwaga: `well' mo
yte jako przymiotnik, np. She is well.) /
 PRZYMIOTNIK i PRZYS
OWEK o tej samej postaci
 PRZYK
 His job is very hard.                He works very hard.
 7.10 Warsaw is a fast train.         The train went fast.
 Draw a straight line.                They went straight home.
 This is a wrong answer.              He led us wrong.
 1) STILL
czynno
 trwa bez zmian J
 PRZYK
ADY: He is still asleep.
            Do you still live in London?
`still' umieszczamy po czasowniku `be'  ale przed innymi czasownikami.
 2) YET
 do teraz w
 PRZYK
ADY: He hasn't finished his homework yet.
            Has he come yet?
            Are you ready? No, not yet.
`yet' jest g
wnie u
yte w przeczeniach i pytaniach; cz
sto w czsie  Present Perfect. Zazwyczaj k
adziemy go na ko
cu zdania.
 3) ENOUGH
przys
wek stopnia. Modyfikuje przymiotnik lub inny przys
wek.
 PRZYK
ADY: The box isn't big enough.
            She is old enough to travel by herself.
            We don't have enough money to buy a house.
dek s
w: enough           + noun   (enough money)  F
               adjective/adverb + enough (big enough, quickly enough)


 ADVERB - WORD ORDER
 (Przys
wek - podz
dek s

 1) Przys
wki czasu (when - kiedy)
Zazwyczaj s
 stawiane w pozycji ko
cowej.  %
 PRZYK
AD:  We were busy yesterday.
 2) Przys
wki miejsca (where - gdzie)
Zazwyczaj s
 stawiane w pozycji ko
cowej ale przed przys
wkami czasu.  _
 PRZYK
ADY: They were playing outside.
            They were playing outside in the evening.
 3) Przys
wki sposobu (how - jak)
Pojawiaj
 w pozycji
rodkowej lub ko
cowej/ Z
 PRZYK
ADY: He searched the room carefully.
             He carefully searched the room.
 Gdy zdanie jest d
ugie to stawiamy przys
wek przed czasownikiem
 PRZYK
AD:  She carefully picked up the bits of broken glass.
 4) Przys
wki cz
ci (how often - jak cz
 zazwyczaj w pozycji
rodkowej:  - po czasowniku posi
kowym: He is always late. - przed zwyk
ym czasownikiem: I never saw her again. - przed `have to': I often have to wait for the bus.


 ADJECTIVE
 (Przymiotnik)

Przymiotnik opisuje nam rzeczownik. A
1) ADJECTIVE + rzeczownik : terrible weather, beautiful flowers `
2) ADJECTIVE po pewnych czasownikach: be, get, become, feel, look,  seem, smell, sound, taste. A
 PRZYK
ADY: The weather was horrible.
            I feel happy.
 POROWNANIE
Mamy trzy stopnie:
wny:          long         interesting
szy:         longer       more interesting
 Najwy
szy:      longest      most interesting
 Przymiotniki jedno-sylabowe: dodaj ko
 -er -est.
 Przymiotniki ponad trzy-sylabowe: dodaj `more', `most'.
 Przymiotniki dwu-sylabowe: stosujemy jeden z powy
szych sposob


 RELATIVE CLAUSES

 PRZYK
 The man       who told me about that          refused to give his name.
 The picture   which used to hang on the wall  was stolen last week.
 The hotel     we stayed at                    was very expensive.
 Relative Clause m
wi o kt
 osob
 lub rzecz chodzi.
 BUDOWA
  who    -  tylko dla ludzi
  that   -  dla ludzi i rzeczy (zwroty definiuj
  which  -  tylko dla rzeczy
emy opu
 who/that/which gdy jest to dope
nieniem. -
  whose  -  stosujemy zamiast his/her/their
 PRZYK
AD: This is the man whose car has been stoled.


 IRREGULAR VERBS
 (Czasowniki nieregularne)

 Inf  - Infinitive - bezokolicznik
 Past - Past Tense - forma czasu przesz
 PP   - Past Participle - imies
w czasu przesz
 Inf       Past      PP
     Inf        Past       PP
 be        was/were  been
     lend       lent       lent
 bear      bore      borne
     let        let        let
 beat      beat      beaten
     lie        lay        lain
 become    became    became
     light*     lit        lit
 begin     began     begun
     lose       lost       lost
 bend      bent      bent
     make       made       made
 bite      bit       bitten
     may        might      -
 break     broke     broken
     mean       meant      meant
 bring     brought   brought
     meet       met        met
 build*    built     built
     pay        paid       paid
 burn      burnt     burnt
     put        put        put
 buy       bought    bought
     read       read       read
 catch     caught    caught
     ride       rode       ridden
 choose    chose     chosen
     ring       rang       rung
 come      came      come
     rise       rose       risen
 cost      cost      cost
     run        ran        run
 cut       cut       cut
     say        said       said
 deal      dealt     dealt
     see        saw        seen
 do        did       done
     sell       sold       sold
 draw      drew      drawn
     send       sent       sent
 dream*    dreamt    dreamt
     set        set        set
 drink     drank     drunk
     shine      shone      shone
 drive     drove     driven
     shoot      shot       shot
 eat       ate       eaten
     show*      showed     shown
 fall      fell      fallen
     shut       shut       shut
 feed      fed       fed
     sing       sang       sung
 feel      felt      felt
     sit        sat        sat
 find      found     found
     sleep      slept      slept
 fly       flew      flown
     smell*     smelt      smelt
 forbid    forbade   forbidden
     speak      spoke      spoken
 forget    forgot    forgotten
     speed      sped       sped
 forgive   forgave   forgiven
     spell*     spelt      spelt
 freeze    froze     frozen
     spend      spent      spent
 get       got       got
     spill      spilt      spilt
 give      gave      given
     spring     sprang     sprung
 go        went      gone
     stand      stood      stood
 grow      grew      grown
     steal      stole      stolen
 hang      hung      hung
     strike     struck     struck
 have      had       had
     swim       swam       swum
 hear      heard     heard
     take       took       taken
 hide      hid       hidden
     teach      taught     taught
 hit       hit       hit
     tear       tore       torn
 hold      held      held
     tell       told       told
 hurt      hurt      hurt
     think      thought    thought
 keep      kept      kept
     throw      threw      throwm
 know      knew      known
     understand understood understood
 lay       laid      laid
     wake       woke       woken
 lead      led       led
     wear       wore       worn
 learn*    learnt    learnt
     win        won        won
 leave     left      left
     write      wrote      written
 *te czasowniki przyjmuj
 form
 regularn