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Chapter 8
Configuring video adapters
Configuring video adapters and monitors is the process of connecting
graphics hardware to your system and modifying the system software to
recognize that hardware. Two separate activities are required:
1. Physically install the adapter and monitor, following the
instructions in the hardware documentation.
2. Run the Video Configuration Manager to configure the SCO video
subsystem software. The video configuration window displays the
configured adapters, monitors, and resolutions, together with the
function (<F>) keys that are associated with each configured video
adapter.
When you install a new system or add new graphics hardware to an existing
one, the X server starts your graphical environment in a default mode for
resolutions and colors. You can change this default by running the Video
Configuration Manager and selecting a mode supported by your hardware.
You can also use the Video Configuration Manager to view existing
configurations and test new ones.
New and modified video adapter drivers are available periodically.
Additional and updated drivers compatible with UnixWare 7 are available
through the SCO Compatible Hardware Web Pages, located at this web site:
(http://wdb1.sco.com/chwp/owa/hch_search_form). For the new graphics
features and drivers included with UnixWare 7, see New features in
SCOhelp.
This topic describes how to use the Video Configuration Manager to
configure video adapters and monitors. It includes:
+ ``The Video Configuration Manager interface''
+ ``Understanding video configuration''
+ ``Modifying monitors, resolutions, and function keys''
+ ``Testing a video adapter configuration''
+ ``Adding a new video adapter''
+ ``Removing a video configuration''
+ ``Configuring unsupported adapters''
The Video Configuration Manager interface
Use the Video Configuration Manager to add adapters to the system, add or
modify monitors and resolutions already on the system, and remove
adapters from the system.
You can start the Video Configuration Manager in either of these ways:
+ From the CDE desktop, start the SCOadmin launcher by clicking on the
menu above the SCO logo, then choosing SCOadmin. From the launcher,
open the Hardware folder, then select the Video Configuration Manager.
+ From the command line, enter scoadmin video.
_________________________________________________________________________
NOTE While any user can view the system's video configuration,
only those with root or system owner privileges can modify video
configuration.
If this task is performed in multiuser mode, users currently logged
in and running the X server will not see any changes until their
next session.
_________________________________________________________________________
For more information on using SCOadmin managers, see Administering your
system with SCOadmin in the UnixWare 7 System Handbook.
Understanding video configuration
The Video Configuration Manager derives the configuration choices it
provides from three sources:
grafinfo(4) files
graphics adapter information
moninfo(4) files
monitor information
device files
function key information
When you run the Video Configuration Manager, it stores your
configuration settings in the /usr/lib/grafinfo/grafdev and
/usr/lib/grafinfo/grafmon files. On startup, the X server uses the
information in these files and the appropriate grafinfo and moninfo files
to interact correctly with your system's video hardware.
The grafinfo and moninfo files are ASCII text files that are located in
subdirectories of the /usr/lib/grafinfo directory. These files describe
the attributes of the graphics adapters and monitors that are supported
by the Graphical Environment. The grafinfo files use the name of the
particular adapter they describe and an .xgi extension (for example,
f1280+va.xgi); the moninfo files use the name of the particular monitor
they describe and a .mon extension (for example, 8514.mon).
The Video Configuration Manager reads the function key (or devices) files
at system startup to associate ``virtual terminals'' with function keys.
These text files are located in the /usr/X/lib/vidconf/devices directory
and contain the device driver names for all the programmed function keys
on the console (<F1> through <F12>), as well as the device driver name
for the console itself. The console driver is used when the system is
running in single-user mode.
See also:
+ ``About function keys and video configuration''
+ ``Understanding resolutions''
+ ``Searching for adapters''
+ ``Understanding multi-monitor configuration''
About function keys and video configuration
In multiuser mode, each function key on the SCO system console
corresponds to a different graphical environment. To achieve this
``virtual terminal'' capacity, each function key is associated with a
different device driver. For example, <F1> is associated with /dev/vt01,
<F2> is associated with /dev/vt02, <F3> is associated with /dev/vt03, and
so on up to <F12>. Each function key controls a different UNIX login
session, so you can configure each session as if it were a different
graphical system. In single-user mode, because access is restricted to a
single user, all of the function keys are controlled by the console
device driver and only one login session using console is available.
_________________________________________________________________________
NOTE The console is a special virtual terminal that will not run
the X server. If you invoke the X server on vt00 by running
startx(X1M), it will start on the next available virtual terminal.
_________________________________________________________________________
Essentially, video configuration consists of creating links between a
graphics adapter, a monitor and resolution (for example, Orchid
Fahrenheit 1280 Plus, and MAG MX17F at 1024x768), and a function key. In
most cases, you will use the same configuration for every function key.
However, there are situations when you might want to have different
graphical environments attached to different function keys. For example,
you might want to use fewer colors at a higher resolution, or more colors
at a lower resolution. Or, you might have more than one graphics adapter
and monitor attached to your system.
For more information about virtual terminals, see the keyboard(7),
vtlmgr(1), and newvt(1) manual pages.
See also:
+ ``Assigning function keys''
Understanding resolutions
The first time the display manager runs in a new graphical environment,
either a newly installed system or one with new graphics hardware, the X
server attempts to create a default resolution of 800x600 with 256 colors
using a compatible accelerated graphics driver. If an accelerated driver
is not available, the server will attempt the default resolution (800x600
with 256 colors) using the SCO VESA (Video Electronics Standards
Association) driver. This driver is compatible with many contemporary
graphics adapters. If your adapter cannot be configured with the VESA
driver, the X server defaults to standard IBM VGA mode. After the
initial login, you can continue to use the default, or run the Video
Configuration Manager to select another resolution supported by your
hardware.
Some resolutions only work if you have enough video adapter memory. Make
sure you have at least the minimum DRAM or VRAM to support the desired
number of colors at the specified resolution:
Memory requirements for color support at specified resolutions
________________________________________________________________________
Resolutions Colors
16 256 32K/64K 16M 16M
(4 bits) (8 bits) (15/16 bits) (24 bits) (32 bits)
________________________________________________________________________
1600x1200 N/A 2MB 4MB 6MB 8MB
1280x1024 1MB 2MB 4MB 4MB 6MB
1024x768 .5MB 1MB 2MB 4MB 4MB
800x600 .5MB .5MB 1MB 2MB 2MB
640x480 .5MB .5MB 1MB 1MB 2MB
_________________________________________________________________________
NOTE Some drivers may require memory above these minimum levels
for off-screen memory.
Refer to your video adapter documentation for additional
information on memory requirements.
_________________________________________________________________________
If you select resolutions of 1024x768 or higher, you may need to
determine if your monitor works in interlaced or non-interlaced mode at
these resolutions. Consult your monitor's documentation regarding
supported resolutions.
_________________________________________________________________________
WARNING Although your video adapter supports the resolutions
listed, your monitor may not. Do not select a resolution that is
higher than the maximum resolution supported by your monitor.
Selecting a resolution that is too high can cause double or jumbled
images to display on the monitor; it can also severely damage your
non-multi-synch monitor. If this occurs, try selecting a lower
resolution or a lower scan rate frequency.
_________________________________________________________________________
Searching for adapters
When you use the Video Configuration Manager to modify or add a
configuration, it attempts to autodetect installed adapters. The search
is usually successful, and you are prompted to confirm the adapter that
is found. In some cases, usually involving older adapters or
installations on ISA machines, autodetection might fail and you must
select your adapter from the list.
_________________________________________________________________________
NOTE If you do not know the name of your graphics adapter, use the
VideoHelp(X1M) utility, which displays names from the adapters on-
board memory.
_________________________________________________________________________
Understanding multi-monitor configuration
SCO systems provide limited support for ``multi-monitor'' configuration,
also known as ``multi-headed'' configuration. Multi-monitor support
means you can display one graphical environment on two (or more)
monitors, thus increasing your graphical work space.
To determine if your adapter will support multi-monitor configuration:
+ Ensure that your graphics adapters support multi-monitor configuration
and have no hardware conflicts. They must not use the same I/O ports
or base addresses. Your graphics adapter documentation may indicate
if your adapter supports multi-monitor (or ``multi-headed'')
configuration. Install each adapter individually to verify that the
graphical environment functions properly.
+ Consult your adapter documentation to ensure that VGA can be disabled.
_________________________________________________________________________
NOTE UnixWare 7 systems support up to 32 monitors on one system,
but for the purposes of this procedure we will assume the user is
installing only two. You must complete the configuration process
for each installed adapter, monitor, and resolution.
_________________________________________________________________________
To set up a multi-monitor configuration:
1. Once you have verified that both adapters work, and you have ensured
that there are no hardware conflicts, install the adapters in the
system and proceed with multi-monitor configuration.
2. Install the monitors.
3. Configure the first adapter, using the normal procedure.
4. While configuring the second adapter, select Multi-monitor
configuration -- specify function keys from the Function Key Setup
window.
5. From the Specify Function Keys window, select the function key(s)
that you want to control the multi-monitor environment.
6. Finish the normal configuration procedure for the second adapter.
7. After you finish configuring the last installed adapter, you must
configure your graphical environment to use the added screens. See
your graphical environment documentation in SCOhelp for more
information.
_________________________________________________________________________
NOTE If you configure a second video adapter in multi-monitor mode
on some function keys and as the primary adapter on other function
keys, configure the primary function keys first. If you configure
the multi-monitor function keys first and then configure the
remaining function keys for the primary video adapter, the multi-
monitor configuration will be changed to be the primary adapter.
_________________________________________________________________________
See also:
+ ``Understanding video configuration''
+ ``About function keys and video configuration''
Modifying monitors, resolutions, and function keys
Use the Modify window to:
+ change a configured monitor
+ change a configured resolution
+ add a new resolution
+ test a new resolution
+ configure console function keys
Display the Modify window by selecting Modify in the main Video
Configuration Manager window, or double-click on the item you want to
modify.
_________________________________________________________________________
NOTE You can also test a new adapter configuration before
modifying an existing configuration.
_________________________________________________________________________
See also:
+ ``Understanding video configuration''
+ ``About function keys and video configuration''
+ ``Understanding resolutions''
+ ``Understanding multi-monitor configuration''
Changing the configured video monitor
To change the monitor:
1. Select the monitor to change, then click on Modify in the main Video
Configuration Manager window.
2. Select either ``Monitor Not Configured'' or the monitor you want to
change and click on Change Monitor.
3. Select your new monitor from the Monitor Configuration window and
click on OK.
The monitor list includes all the monitors supported for use on your
SCO system. Use the scroll bar to move up and down in the list; in
character mode, type the first letter of the monitor's manufacturer.
_________________________________________________________________________
NOTE If you do not find your monitor in the list, choose the
``Other ...'' selection that most closely resembles your own.
_________________________________________________________________________
Changing a configured resolution
To change a resolution:
1. Select the resolution to change, then click on Modify in the main
Video Configuration Manager window.
2. Click on Change Resolution, then select the new resolution.
3. Select the new resolution in the Resolution Selection window, then
click on OK.
_____________________________________________________________________
WARNING Ensure that the resolution you select is appropriate
for your monitor; see ``Understanding resolutions'' for more
information.
_____________________________________________________________________
4. Assign function keys as described in ``Assigning function keys''.
Adding a resolution
To add a new resolution:
1. Select a resolution, then click on Modify in the main Video
Configuration Manager window.
2. Click on Add Resolution.
3. Specify the new resolution in the Resolution Selection window, then
click on OK.
_____________________________________________________________________
WARNING Ensure that the resolution you select is appropriate
for your monitor; see ``Understanding resolutions'' for more
information.
_____________________________________________________________________
4. Assign function keys as described in ``Assigning function keys''.
Assigning function keys
After you choose a monitor and resolution, you must assign one or more
console function keys (<F>) to them. This creates a link between the
particular graphics adapter, monitor, and resolution, and the assigned
function key, as described in ``About function keys and video
configuration''
+ To assign all function keys to the selected monitor and resolution,
select Assign all function keys and click on OK. This is the option
most users choose.
+ To assign specific function keys to the current adapter, monitor, and
resolution, select Specify function keys and click on OK.
+ If you are configuring a second adapter and monitor and want to
display applications on both monitors at the same time (using the same
function key), select ``Multi-monitor configuration - specify function
keys'' and click on OK.
See also:
+ ``Understanding multi-monitor configuration''
+ ``Understanding video configuration''
+ ``Running programs simultaneously with multiscreen displays'' in the
UnixWare 7 System Handbook.
Assigning specific function keys
If you elected to specify function keys in the Function Key Setup window,
you will see a Specify Function Keys window. When it appears, select the
function key or keys you want to associate with the current adapter,
monitor, and resolution, then click on OK.
If you are unsure about the current adapter and resolution, look in the
``Current selection'' field at the top of the window.
See also:
+ ``About function keys and video configuration''
Testing a video adapter configuration
When you add or change resolutions, you have the opportunity to test the
new resolution. When you select Test... and click on Continue after the
information message, you see a test pattern. If the pattern displays
normally, click on OK to configure the resolution; if not, select a
different resolution.
_________________________________________________________________________
WARNING If you selected settings that are incompatible with your
hardware (for example, you selected the wrong video adapter), you
might not be able to read the display after ending the test or you
may lose the ability to reset the display to a normal state.
If you cannot read your display after ending the test, press the
<Ctrl>, <Alt>, and <Bksp> keys at the same time to exit the X
server. If you still cannot read your display, you must reboot
your computer to reset the display. Be sure to warn any users
logged into your system before rebooting.
_________________________________________________________________________
Adding a new video adapter
To add a new video adapter:
1. Start the Video Configuration Manager.
_____________________________________________________________________
NOTE You can also test a new adapter configuration before
adding it to your system.
_____________________________________________________________________
2. Click on Add Adapter.
3. The Video Configuration Manager automatically detects many adapters
and presents any detected adapters on the graphics adapter list
instead of the complete list of supported adapters.
To configure a detected adapter, select it from the list and continue
with Step 5.
4. To configure an adapter not on the autodetected list, click on the
Configure adapter not listed above button and continue with the
configuration process.
When the graphics adapter list displays, select the graphics adapter
that you want to configure, then click on OK.
The displayed list includes all of the supported adapters and adapter
chip sets. Use the scroll bar to move up and down in the list; in
character mode, type the first letter of the adapter's manufacturer.
______________________________________________________________________
NOTE If you do not know the name of your graphics adapter, use
the VideoHelp(X1M) utility, which displays names from the
adapters on-board memory.
_____________________________________________________________________
5. Add a monitor to the new adapter configuration by selecting ``Monitor
Not Configured'', then clicking on Monitor.
6. When the monitor list displays, select the new monitor, then click on
OK.
The monitor list includes all the monitors supported for use on your
SCO system. Use the scroll bar to move up and down in the list; in
character mode, type the first letter of the monitor's manufacturer.
For more information, see ``Changing the configured video monitor''.
7. Specify a resolution by selecting ``Resolution Not Configured'', then
clicking on Resolution.
8. Select the new resolution in the Resolution Selection window, then
click on OK.
For more information, see ``Changing a configured resolution''.
_____________________________________________________________________
WARNING Ensure that the resolution you select is appropriate
for your monitor; see ``Understanding resolutions'' for more
information.
_____________________________________________________________________
9. Assign one or more function (<F>) keys to the
adapter/monitor/resolution combination. This creates a link between
the particular graphics adapter, monitor, and resolution, and the
assigned function key, as described in ``About function keys and
video configuration''
+ To assign all function keys to the selected monitor and
resolution, select Assign all function keys, then click on OK.
This is the option most users choose.
+ To assign specific function keys to the current adapter, monitor,
and resolution, select Specify function keys, then click on OK.
+ To use multiple monitors simultaneously, select Multi-monitor
configuration - specify function keys
See also:
+ ``Configuring unsupported adapters''
+ ``Understanding video configuration''
Removing a video configuration
To remove a complete video adapter configuration:
1. In the main Video Configuration Manager window, select the adapter,
monitor, or resolution of the video system to remove and click on
Remove.
2. When the Remove window appears, click on OK to confirm the removal of
the entire configured video system.
_________________________________________________________________________
CAUTION Unless you have more than one configured resolution,
removing the associated monitor or the only configured resolution
removes the entire selected graphics configuration.
_________________________________________________________________________
Configuring unsupported adapters
If your graphics adapter is not on the list of supported adapters and is
not compatible with the VESA driver:
+ Check your adapter's documentation to see if it is compatible or uses
the same chip set as a supported adapter. If your adapter is
compatible, select the supported adapter.
+ If the system is able to determine that the adapter in the system is
compatible with the VBE (Video BIOS Extension) 1.2 or 2.0 standard,
you will be able to select VESA VBE mode. This driver will operate
the adapter in high resolution modes without acceleration.
+ If your adapter is not compatible with one of the supported adapters
or chip sets, and does not support VBE mode, try selecting the IBM VGA
adapter using 640x480 with 16 colors. This will usually get your
graphics system up and running, but it does not provide access to
higher resolutions or any enhanced capabilities of your graphics
adapter.
_________________________________________________________________________
NOTE You may also be able to adjust an existing grafinfo file to
fit your graphics adapter. However, if you copy a compatible
grafinfo file and try to adapt it, you may have to supply details
about your adapter not commonly found in adapter user documentation
(for example, the coordinates of off-screen memory). Further
information about developing graphics drivers and grafinfo files
can be found in Developing NFB graphics adapter drivers, which is
included with the Hardware Developer Kit.
_________________________________________________________________________
See also:
+ ``Understanding video configuration''
+ ``Adding a new video adapter''