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-
- Chapter 6
- Creating and using emergency recovery media
-
- Emergency recovery media (diskettes and tapes) enable you to recover your
- system if your hard disk experiences an unrecoverable error. You should
- create emergency recovery media immediately after you install your
- system, and again each time you add or change system hardware and
- software.
-
- The following topics describe:
-
- + an overview of recovering your system
-
- + creating emergency recovery diskettes and tapes
-
- + recovering your system using emergency recovery media
-
-
- Keys to recovering your system
-
- To ensure that you always have a set of emergency recovery media and data
- backups, we strongly recommend that you:
-
- + Create emergency recovery diskettes and tapes immediately after
- installing and configuring your system.
-
- If you install additional system or application software at a later
- time, create new emergency recovery disks and tapes.
-
- + Back up your system on a regular basis (daily or weekly).
-
- The length between backups is correlated to the amount of possible
- data loss. If you back up your system each day, you can only lose up
- to one day's data. If you only back up your system once a month, up to
- one month's worth of data might be lost if your hardware fails.
-
- The emergency recovery diskettes contain a small, bootable version of
- UnixWare 7 from which you can boot your system.
-
- The emergency recovery tapes contain an image of critical UnixWare 7
- filesystems. If you have the UnixWare 7 NetWare Services product
- installed and configured, the tapes also contain an image of the NetWare
- Directory Services (NDS) master partitions and NetWare SYS: volume
- defined on your system.
-
- By first booting your system with the emergency diskettes and then
- restoring it from the emergency tapes, you restore all the system
- software, filesystems, and NDS partitions that existed when you created
- the diskettes and tapes.
- _________________________________________________________________________
-
- NOTE If your system does not have a tape drive, you should still
- create emergency recovery disks and then back up the entire system
- onto other media or across the network by using SCO
- ARCserve(r)/Open from Cheyenne(r) or the cpio command.
-
- See SCO ARCserve/Open from Cheyenne in SCOhelp and the cpio(1)
- manual page for more information.
- _________________________________________________________________________
-
- Performing regular system backups ensures that data added to your system
- after the creation of the emergency recovery media can also be restored.
- Data created after the most recent backup may be lost if your hard disk
- fails.
-
- The system owner can back up the entire system on a regular basis.
- Individual users without owner privileges can perform backups of their
- own directories.
-
- To ensure that you back up not only data but also any extended file
- attributes (such as privileges, ACLs, and NetWare file attributes), use
- SCO ARCserve/Open from Cheyenne or cpio(1).
-
- See SCO ARCserve/Open from Cheyenne in SCOhelp and the cpio(1) manual
- page for more information.
-
-
- Creating emergency recovery diskettes
-
- To create emergency recovery disks:
-
- 1. Use the format(1M) command to create two formatted diskettes. For
- example, this command creates a formatted, 1.44MB diskette in the
- primary diskette drive:
-
- format -v /dev/rdsk/f03ht
-
-
- 2. Label the diskettes with the name of the system, date created, and
- their name and number. For example:
-
- mymachine mymachine
- 30 January 1998 30 January 1998
- Emergency Recovery Emergency Recovery
- Diskette 1 Diskette 2
- _______________________________________________________________________
-
- NOTE Emergency recovery disks are customized for a particular
- system and only work on that system.
- _______________________________________________________________________
-
-
- 3. Log in to the system console as root. To switch from the graphical
- environment, press <Ctrl><Alt><F1>.
-
- 4. Make sure there are no active users on the system. Enter:
-
- who
-
-
- 5. If root is the only user logged in, bring the system to single-user
- mode with this command:
-
- shutdown -y -g0 -i1
-
- If other users are listed, bring the system to single-user mode with
- this command:
-
- shutdown -y -g300 -i1
-
- The -g300 flag in this command allows users 5 minutes (300 seconds)
- to close their files and log out. A broadcast message from root
- provides warnings that the system is coming down.
-
- 6. After the system enters single-user mode, determine in which
- filesystem you will create the recovery media. The filesystem must
- contain at least 30MB of free space.
-
- To determine which filesystems have enough space, enter:
-
- /sbin/dfspace
-
- For example, you might see:
-
- / : Disk space: 195.10 MB of 429.00 MB available (45.48%)
- /stand : Disk space: 5.82 MB of 9.99 MB available (58.28%)
- /home : Disk space: 238.86 MB of 479.00 MB available (49.87%)
- /tmp : Disk space: 7.98 MB of 8.00 MB available (99.85%)
- /var/tmp : Disk space: 9.99 MB of 8.99 MB available (90.00%)
-
- In this example, only the root (/) and /home filesystems have enough
- space to be used for creating the emergency recovery media.
-
- 7. Enter:
-
- /sbin/emergency_disk -d pathname diskette
-
- pathname is the filesystem you selected. diskette is the diskette
- drive where you will insert the diskette (either diskette1 or
- diskette2).
-
- The following example creates an emergency recovery diskette on the
- first diskette drive, using the /home filesystem as its working
- directory:
-
- /sbin/emergency_disk -d /home diskette1
-
-
- 8. When prompted, insert the first formatted disk into the appropriate
- diskette drive.
-
- Creating each emergency recovery disk takes about fifteen minutes.
-
- 9. When prompted, remove the first diskette, insert the second diskette
- and press <Enter>.
-
- 10. When prompted, remove the diskette from the diskette drive.
-
- Store the emergency recovery disks in a secure location.
-
- After you create the emergency recovery diskettes, do one of the
- following:
-
- + If your system has a tape drive, you should now create emergency
- recovery tapes.
- + If your system does not have a tape drive, then you should now create
- a full system backup onto the network or other media.
-
-
- Creating emergency recovery tapes
-
- Emergency recovery tapes allow you to restore your system and its data to
- the configuration stored on the media.
- _________________________________________________________________________
-
- NOTE If you have installed the NetWare Services package, you may
- need to run the Directory Services Install utility before beginning
- this procedure.
-
- If you are creating emergency recovery media immediately after
- installing your system, you do not need to run this utility. If,
- however, you add NDS partitions and NetWare volumes after
- installation, you must run Directory Services Install so that these
- partitions and data can be backed up.
-
- For more information, see ``Installing NetWare Directory Services''
- in SCOhelp.
- _________________________________________________________________________
-
- To create emergency recovery tapes:
-
- 1. Locate and label tapes for this procedure. Include the system name,
- date the tapes were created, and sequence number.
-
- The number of tapes needed varies according to the size and
- configuration of your system.
-
- 2. Log in to the system console as root. To switch from the graphical
- environment, press <Ctrl><Alt><F1>.
-
- 3. If the system is already in single-user mode, skip to step 5.
- Otherwise, make sure there are no active users on the system. Enter:
-
- who
-
-
- 4. If root is the only user logged in, bring the system to single-user
- mode with this command:
-
- shutdown -y -g0 -i1
-
- If other users are listed, bring the system to single-user mode with
- this command:
-
- shutdown -y -g300 -i1
-
- The -g300 flag in this command allows users 5 minutes (300 seconds)
- to close their files and log out. A broadcast message from root
- provides warnings that the system is coming down.
-
- 5. At the single-user prompt (#), insert the first emergency recovery
- tape into the appropriate cartridge tape drive.
-
- 6. Create the emergency recovery tapes using either step a or step b.
-
- a. Use this step only if all the conditions below are true:
-
- + you have only one hard disk installed on your system
-
- + the tape drive you are using has the capacity to back up your
- entire hard disk on one tape
-
- + (if you have the UnixWare 7 NetWare Services product
- installed) the NetWare server on your system is the only
- server on the network
-
- Enter:
-
- /sbin/emergency_rec -e tape
-
- tape is the tape drive location of your inserted tape (ctape1 or
- ctape2). The -e option tells emergency_rec to back up the entire
- primary hard disk. Wait for this command to finish processing and
- then go to Step 7.
-
- b. Use this step for a multiple hard disk system or a single disk
- system that does not meet the conditions in Step 6a.
-
- Enter:
-
- /sbin/emergency_rec tape
-
- tape is the tape drive location of your inserted tape (ctape1 or
- ctape2).
-
- The emergency_rec command (without the -e option) backs up:
-
- + all UnixWare 7 partitions on your primary hard disk
-
- + the /home, /home2, /var, and /usr filesystems from the
- secondary hard disk, if they exist there
-
- + the SYS: volume of the NetWare Server, if NetWare Services is
- installed
-
- + any master NDS partitions defined on your system, if NetWare
- Directory Services is installed
- _______________________________________________________________
-
- NOTE The emergency_rec command does not back up any
- other UnixWare 7 filesystems on the secondary disk, nor
- any filesystem on additional hard disks, nor any
- additional NetWare server volumes defined on any disk.
-
- To back up these filesystems and volumes, see ``After
- creating emergency recovery tapes''.
- _______________________________________________________________
-
- You are prompted to insert additional tapes as needed.
-
- 7. Remove the last tape from the tape drive.
-
- 8. Store the emergency recovery tapes with the emergency recovery floppy
- disks in a secure location.
-
- Handling tape error messages
-
- The following error messages may appear when you create emergency
- recovery tapes:
-
- + Cannot determine mountpoint for device <device_name>
-
- This message appears when a slice cannot be associated with a
- filesystem. This prevents the indicated slice from being backed up or
- restored.
-
- + Duplicate mountpoint <mnt_pt> detected with device <device_name>
-
- This message appears when the determination of what filesystems the
- slices are associated with produces a duplicate. Common causes of this
- error include using old style device names (dev/dsk/1s1 instead of
- /dev/dsk/c0b0t1d0s1), or having entries commented out in /etc/vfstab.
- If you encounter this message, you must fix the problem before making
- the emergency recovery tape.
-
- After creating emergency recovery tapes
-
- After you create the emergency recovery tapes, either:
-
- + Begin regularly scheduled backups of your system as soon as you begin
- using it, if you used Step 6a of ``Creating emergency recovery
- tapes''.
-
- + Separately back up any data that was not copied onto the emergency
- recovery tapes, if you used Step 6b of ``Creating emergency recovery
- tapes''.
-
- Specifically, you need to back up:
-
- - any UnixWare 7 filesystems not on the primary hard disk
-
- - the /home, /home2, and /usr filesystems, if they are defined on a
- disk other than the primary or secondary hard disk
-
- - any NetWare volumes other than SYS: (including any defined on the
- primary hard disk)
- The easiest way to do this is to make a full system backup. Then, you
- can begin a regular schedule of incremental backups. You must use the
- cpio(1) command to perform these backups if you want to retain
- privilege and NetWare-related data on the files you back up.
-
-
- Recovering an unusable system
-
- If your system will not boot, your system software is corrupted beyond
- repair, or your hard disk has been reformatted or replaced, you can use
- your emergency recovery media and incremental backups to restore your
- system.
-
- Before attempting to restore the system, ensure that your motherboard,
- hard disks, memory, and peripherals are in good working order. Do so by
- running any hardware diagnostics included with your system by the
- manufacturer. While this recovery procedure restores all the system
- software, applications, and data on the recovery media to your hard disk,
- it does not ensure proper operation of the system hardware.
- To recover the system:
-
- 1. Place the first emergency recovery diskette in the primary (boot)
- diskette drive, and reboot your system.
-
- + If you mistakenly inserted the wrong disk, replace the current
- disk with the correct emergency disk and repeat this procedure.
-
- + If you want to use this disk, enter the license number from the
- Certificate of License and Authenticity for your system.
-
- 2. Correct the system damage or restore data from the emergency recovery
- tapes.
-
- The emergency recovery main menu provides options to:
-
- + start a limited UnixWare 7 operating system command-line shell
-
- + restore data from emergency recovery tapes
-
- + mount or unmount all filesystems (if UnixWare 7 data is accessible
- on the hard disk)
-
- + reboot the system
-
- 3. Use the up or down arrow keys or the <Tab> key to select the desired
- choice and then press <Enter>.
-
- + If you select to invoke an emergency shell, a shell prompt is
- displayed and the following commands are available:
-
- cat(1) chroot(1M) cpio(1) date(1)
- dd(1M) echo(1) edvtoc(1M) fdisk(1M)
- find(1) fsck(1M) grep(1) ksh(1)
- labelit(1M) ln(1) ls(1) mkdir(1)
- mkfs(1) mount(1M) prtvtoc(1M) rm(1)
- stty(1) vi(1)
-
- Use these commands to investigate and fix the problem. To exit the
- shell and return to the main menu, press <Esc>.
- ____________________________________________________________________
-
- NOTE Some of these commands (for example, the find command)
- are limited-function shell aliases for the regular UnixWare
- 7 commands. If the hard disk is functional and mounted, you
- can execute the full-function commands from the hard disk by
- specifying the full path of the command (for example,
- /mnt/usr/bin/find).
- ____________________________________________________________________
-
-
- + If you select to reinstall your system, insert the emergency
- recovery tapes when prompted. Wait for the processing of the last
- tape to complete before going to the next step.
-
- + If you select to mount filesystems, the UnixWare 7 filesystems are
- mounted. If you then invoke the emergency shell, you can access
- all the UnixWare 7 commands on your system. If your hard disk is
- severely damaged, this option may not be available.
-
- + If you select to unmount filesystems, the UnixWare 7 filesystems
- are unmounted. If your hard disk is severely damaged, this option
- may not be available.
-
- + You can choose to reboot your system. If you used the emergency
- recovery shell to repair your system, remove the second emergency
- recovery disk from the disk drive before selecting the option to
- reboot your system.
-
- 4. Remove the emergency recovery disk. If you restored the system from
- the emergency recovery tapes, you can remove the last tape from the
- tape drive at this time.
-
- 5. Press <Esc> to reboot your system.
-
- You may notice error messages similar to the following:
-
- UX: initprivs: WARNING: File ``file'' fails validation: entry ignored
- UX: initprivs: WARNING: X entries ignored in ``/etc/security/tcb/privs''
-
- This is because the date stamp for the inode was changed during the
- restore process.
-
- You can fix these errors after your system boots into multi-user
- mode, by logging in as root and entering the following command:
-
- /etc/security/tools/setpriv -x
-
-
- 6. If your system has the Netware Services (nws) package installed, you
- are prompted to re-insert the recovery tape after the system reboots,
- to complete the restoration of the NetWare file attributes.
-
- 7. If you are running NetWare Directory Services on your system as part
- of the UnixWare 7 NetWare Services product, there are additional
- steps you need to follow to restore NDS if your system is part of a
- multiple-server NDS tree. These steps are necessary to avoid creating
- problems on the other servers on your network. For full information
- regarding restoring NDS for the UnixWare 7 NetWare Services product,
- see the Installation Handbook for that product.
-
- 8. If you created any full or incremental backups of your system after
- creating the emergency recovery tapes, restore those backups using
- the restore method corresponding to the backup method you used to
- create them.
-
- For example, if you created backups using the cpio(1) command, use
- the same method to restore the archive.
-
- See SCO ARCserve/Open from Cheyenne in SCOhelp and the cpio(1) manual
- page for more information.
-