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LS.PRT
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LS (1)
NAME
ls - list directory contents.
SYNOPSIS
ls [ CFRacdilqrstu1 ] [ file ]
DESCRIPTION
For each operand that names a file of a type other than direc-
tory, ls displays its name as well as any requested, associated
information. For each operand that names a file of type directo-
ry, ls displays the names of files contained within that directo-
ry, as well as any requested, associated information.
If no operands are given, the contents of the current directory
are displayed. If more than one operand is given, non-directory
operands are displayed first; directory and non-directory
operands are sorted separately and in lexicographical order.
The following options are available:
A - List all entries except for [.] and [..] Always set for
the super-user.
C - Force multi-column output; this is the default when out-
put is to a terminal.
F - Display a slash (/) immediately after each pathname that
is a directory, an asterisk (*) after each that is execut-
able, and an at sign (@) after each symbolic link.
L - If argument is a symbolic link, list the file or direc-
tory the link references rather than the link itself.
R - Recursively list subdirectories encountered.
T - Display complete time information for the file, includ-
ing month, day, hour, minute, second, and year.
a - Include directory entries whose names begin with a dot
(.).
c - Use time when file status was last changed for sorting
or printing.
d - Directories are listed as plain files (not searched re-
cursively).
f - Output is not sorted.
g - Include the group ownership of the file in a long output
If the group is not a known group name, the numeric ID is
printed.
i - For each file, print the file's file serial number
(inode number).
k - Modifies the option, causing the sizes to be reported in
kilobytes.
l - (The lowercase letter ``ell.'') List in long format.
(See below.) If the output is to a terminal, a total sum for
all the file sizes is output on a line before the long list-
ing.
q - Force printing of non-graphic characters in file names
as the character `?'; this is the default when output is to
a terminal.
r - Reverse the order of the sort to get reverse lexico-
graphical order or the oldest entries first.
s - Display the number of file system bytes actually used by
each file, in units of 512, where partial units are rounded
up to the next integer value. If the output is to a termi-
nal, a total sum for all the file sizes is output on a line
before the listing.
t - Sort by time modified (most recently modified first) be-
fore sorting the operands by lexicographical order.
u - Use time of last access, instead of last modification of
the file for sorting or printing
1 - (The numeric digit ``one.'') Force output to be one en-
try per line. This is the default when output is not to a
terminal.
The and options all override each other; the last one specified
determines the format used.
The and options override each other; the last one specified
determines the file time used.
By default, ls lists one entry per line to standard output; the
exceptions are to terminals or when the option is specified.
File information is displayed with one or more <blank>s
separating the information associated with the and options. If
the option is given, the following information is be displayed:
file mode, number of links, owner name, number of bytes in the
file, abbreviated month, day-of-month file was last modified,
hour file last modified, minute file last modified, and the path-
name.
If the owner name is not a known user name the numeric ID is
displayed.
If the file is a character special or block special file, the
major and minor device numbers for the file are displayed in the
size field. If the file is a symbolic link the pathname of the
linked-to file is preceded by
The file mode printed under the -l option consists of the the
entry type, owner permissions, and group permissions. The entry
type character describes the type of file, as follows:
b - Block special file.
c - Character special file.
d - Directory.
l - Symbolic link.
s - Socket link.
- - Regular file.
The next three fields are three characters each: owner permis-
sions, group permissions, and other permissions. Each field has
three character positions:
- If the file is readable; if it is not readable.
- If the file is writable; if it is not writable.
- The first of the following that applies:
S - If in the owner permissions, the file is not exe-
cutable and set-user-ID mode is set. If in the group
permissions, the file is not executable and set-group-
ID mode is set.
s - If in the owner permissions, the file is executable
and set-user-ID mode is set. If in the group permis-
sions, the file is executable and setgroup-ID mode is
set.
x - The file is executable or the directory is search-
able.
- - The file is neither readable, writeable, exectut-
able, or set-user-ID or set-group-ID mode nor sticky.
(See below.)
These next two apply only to the third character in the
last group (other permissions).
T - The sticky bit is set (mode but not execute or
search permission. (See chmod (1) or sticky (8) .
t - The sticky bit is set (mode and is searcheable or
executable. (See chmod (1) or sticky (8) .
The ls utility exits 0 on success, and >0 if an error occurs.
ENVIRONMENT
The following environment variables affect the execution of ls
- If this variable contains a string representing a decimal
integer, it is used as the column position width for
displaying multiple-text-column output. The ls utility cal-
culates how many pathname text columns to display based on
the width provided. (See
SEE ALSO
chmod (1) , sticky (8)
HISTORY
A ls command appeared in