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CHMOD.PRT
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1999-11-17
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CHMOD (1)
NAME
chmod - change file modes
SYNOPSIS
chmod [ R ] mode file ...
DESCRIPTION
The chmod utility modifies the file mode bits of the listed
files as specified by the mode operand.
The options are as follows:
R - Traverse a file hierarchy. For each file that is of
type directory, chmod changes the mode of all files in the
file hierarchy below it followed by the mode of the directo-
ry itself.
Symbolic links are not indirected through, nor are their modes
altered.
Only the owner of a file or the super-user is permitted to
change the mode of a file.
The chmod utility exits 0 on success, and >0 if an error oc-
curs.
MODES
Modes may be absolute or symbolic. An absolute mode is an oc-
tal number constructed by or Ap ing the following values:
4000 - set-user-ID-on-execution
2000 - set-group-ID-on-execution
1000 - sticky bit, see chmod(2)
0400 - read by owner
0200 - write by owner
0100 - execute (or search for directories) by owner
0070 - read, write, execute/search by group
0007 - read, write, execute/search by others
The read, write, and execute/search values for group and others
are encoded as described for owner.
The symbolic mode is described by the following grammar: mode
::= clause [, clause ...] clause ::= [who ...] [action ...]
last_action action ::= op [perm ...] last_action ::= op
[perm ...] who ::= a | u | g | o op ::= + | -
| = perm ::= r | s | t | w | X | x | u | g | o
The who symbols ``u'', ``g'', and ``o'' specify the user,
group, and other parts of the mode bits, respectively. The who
symbol ``a'' is equivalent to ``ugo''.
The perm symbols represent the portions of the mode bits as
follows:
- The read bits.
- The set-user-ID-on-execution and set-group-ID-on-
execution bits.
- The sticky bit.
- The write bits.
- The execute/search bits.
- The execute/search bits if the file is a directory or any
of the execute/search bits are set in the original (unmodi-
fied) mode. Operations with the perm symbol ``X'' are only
meaningful in conjunction with the op symbol ``+'', and it
is ignored in all other cases.
The op symbols represent the operation performed, as follows:
- If no value is supplied for perm , the ``+'' operation
has no effect. If no value is supplied for who , each per-
mission bit specified in perm , for which the corresponding
bit in the file mode creation mask is clear, is set. Other-
wise, the mode bits represented by the specified who and
perm values are set.
- If no value is supplied for perm , the ``-'' operation
has no effect. If no value is supplied for who , the mode
bits represented by perm are cleared for the owner, group
and other permissions. Otherwise, the mode bits represented
by the specified who and perm values are cleared.
- The mode bits specified by the who value are cleared, or,
if no who value is specified, the owner, group and other
mode bits are cleared. Then, if no value is supplied for
who , each permission bit specified in perm , for which the
corresponding bit in the file mode creation mask is clear,
is set. Otherwise, the mode bits represented by the speci-
fied who and perm values are set.
Each clause specifies one or more operations to be performed on
the mode bits, and each operation is applied to the mode bits in
the order specified.
Operations upon the other permissions only (specified by the
symbol ``o'' by itself), in combination with the perm symbols
``s'' or ``t'', are ignored.
EXAMPLES
644 - make a file readable by anyone and writable by the
owner only.
go-w - deny write permission to group and others.
=rw,+X - set the read and write permissions to the usual
defaults, but retain any execute permissions that are
currently set.
+X - make a directory or file searchable/executable by
everyone if it is already searchable/executable by anyone.
755 -
u=rwx,go=rx -
u=rwx,go=u-w - make a file readable/executable by everyone
and writeable by the owner only.
go= - clear all mode bits for group and others.
g=u-w - set the group bits equal to the user bits, but
clear the group write bit.
BUGS
There's no perm option for the naughty bits.
SEE ALSO
install (1) , chmod (2) , stat (2) , umask (2) , fts (3) , set-
mode (3) , chown (8)
STANDARDS
The chmod utility is expected to be compatible with the excep-
tion of the perm symbols and which are not included in that stan-
dard.