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- #! /usr/bin/env python
- """Interfaces for launching and remotely controlling Web browsers."""
- # Maintained by Georg Brandl.
-
- import os
- import shlex
- import sys
- import stat
- import subprocess
- import time
-
- __all__ = ["Error", "open", "open_new", "open_new_tab", "get", "register"]
-
- class Error(Exception):
- pass
-
- _browsers = {} # Dictionary of available browser controllers
- _tryorder = [] # Preference order of available browsers
-
- def register(name, klass, instance=None, update_tryorder=1):
- """Register a browser connector and, optionally, connection."""
- _browsers[name.lower()] = [klass, instance]
- if update_tryorder > 0:
- _tryorder.append(name)
- elif update_tryorder < 0:
- _tryorder.insert(0, name)
-
- def get(using=None):
- """Return a browser launcher instance appropriate for the environment."""
- if using is not None:
- alternatives = [using]
- else:
- alternatives = _tryorder
- for browser in alternatives:
- if '%s' in browser:
- # User gave us a command line, split it into name and args
- browser = shlex.split(browser)
- if browser[-1] == '&':
- return BackgroundBrowser(browser[:-1])
- else:
- return GenericBrowser(browser)
- else:
- # User gave us a browser name or path.
- try:
- command = _browsers[browser.lower()]
- except KeyError:
- command = _synthesize(browser)
- if command[1] is not None:
- return command[1]
- elif command[0] is not None:
- return command[0]()
- raise Error("could not locate runnable browser")
-
- # Please note: the following definition hides a builtin function.
- # It is recommended one does "import webbrowser" and uses webbrowser.open(url)
- # instead of "from webbrowser import *".
-
- def open(url, new=0, autoraise=1):
- for name in _tryorder:
- browser = get(name)
- if browser.open(url, new, autoraise):
- return True
- return False
-
- def open_new(url):
- return open(url, 1)
-
- def open_new_tab(url):
- return open(url, 2)
-
-
- def _synthesize(browser, update_tryorder=1):
- """Attempt to synthesize a controller base on existing controllers.
-
- This is useful to create a controller when a user specifies a path to
- an entry in the BROWSER environment variable -- we can copy a general
- controller to operate using a specific installation of the desired
- browser in this way.
-
- If we can't create a controller in this way, or if there is no
- executable for the requested browser, return [None, None].
-
- """
- cmd = browser.split()[0]
- if not _iscommand(cmd):
- return [None, None]
- name = os.path.basename(cmd)
- try:
- command = _browsers[name.lower()]
- except KeyError:
- return [None, None]
- # now attempt to clone to fit the new name:
- controller = command[1]
- if controller and name.lower() == controller.basename:
- import copy
- controller = copy.copy(controller)
- controller.name = browser
- controller.basename = os.path.basename(browser)
- register(browser, None, controller, update_tryorder)
- return [None, controller]
- return [None, None]
-
-
- if sys.platform[:3] == "win":
- def _isexecutable(cmd):
- cmd = cmd.lower()
- if os.path.isfile(cmd) and cmd.endswith((".exe", ".bat")):
- return True
- for ext in ".exe", ".bat":
- if os.path.isfile(cmd + ext):
- return True
- return False
- else:
- def _isexecutable(cmd):
- if os.path.isfile(cmd):
- mode = os.stat(cmd)[stat.ST_MODE]
- if mode & stat.S_IXUSR or mode & stat.S_IXGRP or mode & stat.S_IXOTH:
- return True
- return False
-
- def _iscommand(cmd):
- """Return True if cmd is executable or can be found on the executable
- search path."""
- if _isexecutable(cmd):
- return True
- path = os.environ.get("PATH")
- if not path:
- return False
- for d in path.split(os.pathsep):
- exe = os.path.join(d, cmd)
- if _isexecutable(exe):
- return True
- return False
-
-
- # General parent classes
-
- class BaseBrowser(object):
- """Parent class for all browsers. Do not use directly."""
-
- args = ['%s']
-
- def __init__(self, name=""):
- self.name = name
- self.basename = name
-
- def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=1):
- raise NotImplementedError
-
- def open_new(self, url):
- return self.open(url, 1)
-
- def open_new_tab(self, url):
- return self.open(url, 2)
-
-
- class GenericBrowser(BaseBrowser):
- """Class for all browsers started with a command
- and without remote functionality."""
-
- def __init__(self, name):
- if isinstance(name, basestring):
- self.name = name
- self.args = ["%s"]
- else:
- # name should be a list with arguments
- self.name = name[0]
- self.args = name[1:]
- self.basename = os.path.basename(self.name)
-
- def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=1):
- cmdline = [self.name] + [arg.replace("%s", url)
- for arg in self.args]
- try:
- if sys.platform[:3] == 'win':
- p = subprocess.Popen(cmdline)
- else:
- p = subprocess.Popen(cmdline, close_fds=True)
- return not p.wait()
- except OSError:
- return False
-
-
- class BackgroundBrowser(GenericBrowser):
- """Class for all browsers which are to be started in the
- background."""
-
- def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=1):
- cmdline = [self.name] + [arg.replace("%s", url)
- for arg in self.args]
- try:
- if sys.platform[:3] == 'win':
- p = subprocess.Popen(cmdline)
- else:
- setsid = getattr(os, 'setsid', None)
- if not setsid:
- setsid = getattr(os, 'setpgrp', None)
- p = subprocess.Popen(cmdline, close_fds=True, preexec_fn=setsid)
- return (p.poll() is None)
- except OSError:
- return False
-
-
- class UnixBrowser(BaseBrowser):
- """Parent class for all Unix browsers with remote functionality."""
-
- raise_opts = None
- remote_args = ['%action', '%s']
- remote_action = None
- remote_action_newwin = None
- remote_action_newtab = None
- background = False
- redirect_stdout = True
-
- def _invoke(self, args, remote, autoraise):
- raise_opt = []
- if remote and self.raise_opts:
- # use autoraise argument only for remote invocation
- autoraise = int(bool(autoraise))
- opt = self.raise_opts[autoraise]
- if opt: raise_opt = [opt]
-
- cmdline = [self.name] + raise_opt + args
-
- if remote or self.background:
- inout = file(os.devnull, "r+")
- else:
- # for TTY browsers, we need stdin/out
- inout = None
- # if possible, put browser in separate process group, so
- # keyboard interrupts don't affect browser as well as Python
- setsid = getattr(os, 'setsid', None)
- if not setsid:
- setsid = getattr(os, 'setpgrp', None)
-
- p = subprocess.Popen(cmdline, close_fds=True, stdin=inout,
- stdout=(self.redirect_stdout and inout or None),
- stderr=inout, preexec_fn=setsid)
- if remote:
- # wait five secons. If the subprocess is not finished, the
- # remote invocation has (hopefully) started a new instance.
- time.sleep(1)
- rc = p.poll()
- if rc is None:
- time.sleep(4)
- rc = p.poll()
- if rc is None:
- return True
- # if remote call failed, open() will try direct invocation
- return not rc
- elif self.background:
- if p.poll() is None:
- return True
- else:
- return False
- else:
- return not p.wait()
-
- def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=1):
- if new == 0:
- action = self.remote_action
- elif new == 1:
- action = self.remote_action_newwin
- elif new == 2:
- if self.remote_action_newtab is None:
- action = self.remote_action_newwin
- else:
- action = self.remote_action_newtab
- else:
- raise Error("Bad 'new' parameter to open(); " +
- "expected 0, 1, or 2, got %s" % new)
-
- args = [arg.replace("%s", url).replace("%action", action)
- for arg in self.remote_args]
- success = self._invoke(args, True, autoraise)
- if not success:
- # remote invocation failed, try straight way
- args = [arg.replace("%s", url) for arg in self.args]
- return self._invoke(args, False, False)
- else:
- return True
-
-
- class Mozilla(UnixBrowser):
- """Launcher class for Mozilla/Netscape browsers."""
-
- raise_opts = ["-noraise", "-raise"]
-
- remote_args = ['-remote', 'openURL(%s%action)']
- remote_action = ""
- remote_action_newwin = ",new-window"
- remote_action_newtab = ",new-tab"
-
- background = True
-
- Netscape = Mozilla
-
-
- class Galeon(UnixBrowser):
- """Launcher class for Galeon/Epiphany browsers."""
-
- raise_opts = ["-noraise", ""]
- remote_args = ['%action', '%s']
- remote_action = "-n"
- remote_action_newwin = "-w"
-
- background = True
-
-
- class Opera(UnixBrowser):
- "Launcher class for Opera browser."
-
- raise_opts = ["", "-raise"]
-
- remote_args = ['-remote', 'openURL(%s%action)']
- remote_action = ""
- remote_action_newwin = ",new-window"
- remote_action_newtab = ",new-page"
- background = True
-
-
- class Elinks(UnixBrowser):
- "Launcher class for Elinks browsers."
-
- remote_args = ['-remote', 'openURL(%s%action)']
- remote_action = ""
- remote_action_newwin = ",new-window"
- remote_action_newtab = ",new-tab"
- background = False
-
- # elinks doesn't like its stdout to be redirected -
- # it uses redirected stdout as a signal to do -dump
- redirect_stdout = False
-
-
- class Konqueror(BaseBrowser):
- """Controller for the KDE File Manager (kfm, or Konqueror).
-
- See the output of ``kfmclient --commands``
- for more information on the Konqueror remote-control interface.
- """
-
- def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=1):
- # XXX Currently I know no way to prevent KFM from opening a new win.
- if new == 2:
- action = "newTab"
- else:
- action = "openURL"
-
- devnull = file(os.devnull, "r+")
- # if possible, put browser in separate process group, so
- # keyboard interrupts don't affect browser as well as Python
- setsid = getattr(os, 'setsid', None)
- if not setsid:
- setsid = getattr(os, 'setpgrp', None)
-
- try:
- p = subprocess.Popen(["kfmclient", action, url],
- close_fds=True, stdin=devnull,
- stdout=devnull, stderr=devnull)
- except OSError:
- # fall through to next variant
- pass
- else:
- p.wait()
- # kfmclient's return code unfortunately has no meaning as it seems
- return True
-
- try:
- p = subprocess.Popen(["konqueror", "--silent", url],
- close_fds=True, stdin=devnull,
- stdout=devnull, stderr=devnull,
- preexec_fn=setsid)
- except OSError:
- # fall through to next variant
- pass
- else:
- if p.poll() is None:
- # Should be running now.
- return True
-
- try:
- p = subprocess.Popen(["kfm", "-d", url],
- close_fds=True, stdin=devnull,
- stdout=devnull, stderr=devnull,
- preexec_fn=setsid)
- except OSError:
- return False
- else:
- return (p.poll() is None)
-
-
- class Grail(BaseBrowser):
- # There should be a way to maintain a connection to Grail, but the
- # Grail remote control protocol doesn't really allow that at this
- # point. It probably never will!
- def _find_grail_rc(self):
- import glob
- import pwd
- import socket
- import tempfile
- tempdir = os.path.join(tempfile.gettempdir(),
- ".grail-unix")
- user = pwd.getpwuid(os.getuid())[0]
- filename = os.path.join(tempdir, user + "-*")
- maybes = glob.glob(filename)
- if not maybes:
- return None
- s = socket.socket(socket.AF_UNIX, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
- for fn in maybes:
- # need to PING each one until we find one that's live
- try:
- s.connect(fn)
- except socket.error:
- # no good; attempt to clean it out, but don't fail:
- try:
- os.unlink(fn)
- except IOError:
- pass
- else:
- return s
-
- def _remote(self, action):
- s = self._find_grail_rc()
- if not s:
- return 0
- s.send(action)
- s.close()
- return 1
-
- def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=1):
- if new:
- ok = self._remote("LOADNEW " + url)
- else:
- ok = self._remote("LOAD " + url)
- return ok
-
-
- #
- # Platform support for Unix
- #
-
- # These are the right tests because all these Unix browsers require either
- # a console terminal or an X display to run.
-
- def register_X_browsers():
-
- # The default GNOME browser
- if "GNOME_DESKTOP_SESSION_ID" in os.environ and _iscommand("gnome-open"):
- register("gnome-open", None, BackgroundBrowser("gnome-open"))
-
- # The default KDE browser
- if "KDE_FULL_SESSION" in os.environ and _iscommand("kfmclient"):
- register("kfmclient", Konqueror, Konqueror("kfmclient"))
-
- # The Mozilla/Netscape browsers
- for browser in ("mozilla-firefox", "firefox",
- "mozilla-firebird", "firebird",
- "seamonkey", "mozilla", "netscape"):
- if _iscommand(browser):
- register(browser, None, Mozilla(browser))
-
- # Konqueror/kfm, the KDE browser.
- if _iscommand("kfm"):
- register("kfm", Konqueror, Konqueror("kfm"))
- elif _iscommand("konqueror"):
- register("konqueror", Konqueror, Konqueror("konqueror"))
-
- # Gnome's Galeon and Epiphany
- for browser in ("galeon", "epiphany"):
- if _iscommand(browser):
- register(browser, None, Galeon(browser))
-
- # Skipstone, another Gtk/Mozilla based browser
- if _iscommand("skipstone"):
- register("skipstone", None, BackgroundBrowser("skipstone"))
-
- # Opera, quite popular
- if _iscommand("opera"):
- register("opera", None, Opera("opera"))
-
- # Next, Mosaic -- old but still in use.
- if _iscommand("mosaic"):
- register("mosaic", None, BackgroundBrowser("mosaic"))
-
- # Grail, the Python browser. Does anybody still use it?
- if _iscommand("grail"):
- register("grail", Grail, None)
-
- # Prefer X browsers if present
- if os.environ.get("DISPLAY"):
- register_X_browsers()
-
- # Also try console browsers
- if os.environ.get("TERM"):
- # The Links/elinks browsers <http://artax.karlin.mff.cuni.cz/~mikulas/links/>
- if _iscommand("links"):
- register("links", None, GenericBrowser("links"))
- if _iscommand("elinks"):
- register("elinks", None, Elinks("elinks"))
- # The Lynx browser <http://lynx.isc.org/>, <http://lynx.browser.org/>
- if _iscommand("lynx"):
- register("lynx", None, GenericBrowser("lynx"))
- # The w3m browser <http://w3m.sourceforge.net/>
- if _iscommand("w3m"):
- register("w3m", None, GenericBrowser("w3m"))
-
- #
- # Platform support for Windows
- #
-
- if sys.platform[:3] == "win":
- class WindowsDefault(BaseBrowser):
- def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=1):
- try:
- os.startfile(url)
- except WindowsError:
- # [Error 22] No application is associated with the specified
- # file for this operation: '<URL>'
- return False
- else:
- return True
-
- _tryorder = []
- _browsers = {}
-
- # First try to use the default Windows browser
- register("windows-default", WindowsDefault)
-
- # Detect some common Windows browsers, fallback to IE
- iexplore = os.path.join(os.environ.get("PROGRAMFILES", "C:\\Program Files"),
- "Internet Explorer\\IEXPLORE.EXE")
- for browser in ("firefox", "firebird", "seamonkey", "mozilla",
- "netscape", "opera", iexplore):
- if _iscommand(browser):
- register(browser, None, BackgroundBrowser(browser))
-
- #
- # Platform support for MacOS
- #
-
- try:
- import ic
- except ImportError:
- pass
- else:
- class InternetConfig(BaseBrowser):
- def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=1):
- ic.launchurl(url)
- return True # Any way to get status?
-
- register("internet-config", InternetConfig, update_tryorder=-1)
-
- if sys.platform == 'darwin':
- # Adapted from patch submitted to SourceForge by Steven J. Burr
- class MacOSX(BaseBrowser):
- """Launcher class for Aqua browsers on Mac OS X
-
- Optionally specify a browser name on instantiation. Note that this
- will not work for Aqua browsers if the user has moved the application
- package after installation.
-
- If no browser is specified, the default browser, as specified in the
- Internet System Preferences panel, will be used.
- """
- def __init__(self, name):
- self.name = name
-
- def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=1):
- assert "'" not in url
- # hack for local urls
- if not ':' in url:
- url = 'file:'+url
-
- # new must be 0 or 1
- new = int(bool(new))
- if self.name == "default":
- # User called open, open_new or get without a browser parameter
- script = 'open location "%s"' % url.replace('"', '%22') # opens in default browser
- else:
- # User called get and chose a browser
- if self.name == "OmniWeb":
- toWindow = ""
- else:
- # Include toWindow parameter of OpenURL command for browsers
- # that support it. 0 == new window; -1 == existing
- toWindow = "toWindow %d" % (new - 1)
- cmd = 'OpenURL "%s"' % url.replace('"', '%22')
- script = '''tell application "%s"
- activate
- %s %s
- end tell''' % (self.name, cmd, toWindow)
- # Open pipe to AppleScript through osascript command
- osapipe = os.popen("osascript", "w")
- if osapipe is None:
- return False
- # Write script to osascript's stdin
- osapipe.write(script)
- rc = osapipe.close()
- return not rc
-
- # Don't clear _tryorder or _browsers since OS X can use above Unix support
- # (but we prefer using the OS X specific stuff)
- register("MacOSX", None, MacOSX('default'), -1)
-
-
- #
- # Platform support for OS/2
- #
-
- if sys.platform[:3] == "os2" and _iscommand("netscape"):
- _tryorder = []
- _browsers = {}
- register("os2netscape", None,
- GenericBrowser(["start", "netscape", "%s"]), -1)
-
-
- # OK, now that we know what the default preference orders for each
- # platform are, allow user to override them with the BROWSER variable.
- if "BROWSER" in os.environ:
- _userchoices = os.environ["BROWSER"].split(os.pathsep)
- _userchoices.reverse()
-
- # Treat choices in same way as if passed into get() but do register
- # and prepend to _tryorder
- for cmdline in _userchoices:
- if cmdline != '':
- cmd = _synthesize(cmdline, -1)
- if cmd[1] is None:
- register(cmdline, None, GenericBrowser(cmdline), -1)
- cmdline = None # to make del work if _userchoices was empty
- del cmdline
- del _userchoices
-
- # what to do if _tryorder is now empty?
-
-
- def main():
- import getopt
- usage = """Usage: %s [-n | -t] url
- -n: open new window
- -t: open new tab""" % sys.argv[0]
- try:
- opts, args = getopt.getopt(sys.argv[1:], 'ntd')
- except getopt.error, msg:
- print >>sys.stderr, msg
- print >>sys.stderr, usage
- sys.exit(1)
- new_win = 0
- for o, a in opts:
- if o == '-n': new_win = 1
- elif o == '-t': new_win = 2
- if len(args) <> 1:
- print >>sys.stderr, usage
- sys.exit(1)
-
- url = args[0]
- open(url, new_win)
-
- print "\a"
-
- if __name__ == "__main__":
- main()
-