Chip 1999 December/Chip_1999-12_cd.bin/zkuste/Svet_OS2/HTML_REF/HTML40.INF

OS/2 Help File | 1998-06-19 | 338KB | 9,351 lines

ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1. HTML 4.0 Reference ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

HTML 4.0 Reference

HTML 4.0 became a W3C Recommendation in December of 1997. The new HTML standard
provides a number of significant improvements over previous versions of the
language while emphasizing the concepts of accessibility and structural markup.

Contents

What's New in HTML 4.0
          A summary of the new features in HTML 4.0 and a look at the key
          concepts behind the new standard.

Structure of an HTML 4.0 Document
          An explanation of elements, tags, and attributes, and how they are
          used in an HTML 4.0 document.

Organizational List of HTML 4.0 Elements
          All HTML 4.0 elements organized by their function.

Alphabetical List of HTML 4.0 Elements
          All HTML 4.0 elements listed alphabetically.

HTML 4.0 Entities
          All character entity references in HTML 4.0 along with their numeric
          character references and rendering in your browser.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.1. Credits and other info. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

Original HTML documents by Liam Quinn <[e-mail]>
Conversion to INF format by Mark Healey <[e-mail]>

This file is meant to be concatenated with CSS.inf.  Some of the links in this
file lead to panels in that file.

To concatenate the files place the files anywhere in your "BOOKSHELF" path and
create a program object with the fields in the properties ("settings" in pre
4.0 versions) notebook thus:

Program Page

   Path and file name
             view.exe
   Parameters
             html40.inf+css.inf
Icon Page ("general" in pre 4.0 versions)

   Title
             what ever you want

   Current Icon
             Drop any icon you like (I hope it is the one I made for this.)


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.2. What's New in HTML 4.0 ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

What's New in HTML 4.0

o New Elements in HTML 4.0
o Separation of Structure and Presentation
o Accessibility
o Internationalization
o Style Sheets
o Client-side Scripting
o Frames
o Advanced Tables


═══ 1.2.1. New Elements in HTML 4.0 ═══

New Elements in HTML 4.0

The following elements are new in HTML 4.0:

o ABBR - Abbreviation
o ACRONYM - Acronym
o BDO - BiDi override
o BUTTON - Button
o COL - Table column
o COLGROUP - Table column group
o DEL - Deleted text
o FIELDSET - Form control group
o FRAME - Frame
o FRAMESET - Frameset
o IFRAME - Inline frame
o INS - Inserted text
o LABEL - Form field label
o LEGEND - Fieldset caption
o NOFRAMES - Frames alternate content
o NOSCRIPT - Alternate script content
o OBJECT - Object
o OPTGROUP - Option group
o Q - Short quotation
o S - Strike-through text
o SPAN - Generic inline container
o TBODY - Table body
o TFOOT - Table foot
o THEAD - Table head


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.2.2. Separation of Structure and Presentation ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

Separation of Structure and Presentation

By deprecating many presentational features from HTML 3.2 and adding hooks for
style sheets , HTML 4.0 encourages separating a document's structure from its
presentation. This concept is key to understanding HTML 4.0.

When authors use HTML to markup a document's structure and style sheets to
suggest the document's presentation, they can more easily achieve the
device-independence that helped bring HTML its initial popularity. A document
with a rich structure can be presented in many different ways on different
media, allowing the document to adjust to new technologies such as phone or
in-car aural browsers. The separation of content and presentation also allows
authors to change the presentation of an entire site by editing a single style
sheet, providing significant advantages in site maintenance.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.2.3. Accessibility ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

Accessibility

Many of HTML 4.0's improvements in the area of accessibility follow from its
emphasis on the separatoin of structure and presentation. When HTML is used
structurally, a document can adapt to different browsing environments,
accommodating large fonts, special colors, speech synthesizers, and Braille
tactile feedback devices. This adaptability allows blind, low-vision,
colorblind, and cognitively-challenged users access to the Web, opening a door
for the world's 600 million disabled people.

HTML 4.0 includes many new elements and attributes aimed at improving the Web's
accessibility. The multi-dimensional nature of HTML tables has long posed
problems for non-visual browsing, but new attributes on the TABLE, TH, and TD
elements allow table summaries and a more explicit association between a cell
and its header information. These attributes give non-visual browsers the
ability to render a cell's header information, possibly in an abbreviated form,
before giving the cell's content.

New elements in HTML 4.0 also bring accessibility improvements to forms. The
new FIELDSET element allows form controls to be grouped together and the LEGEND
element provides a caption for the group. By grouping related form controls,
authors allow those with non-visual browsers to more easily navigate
complicated forms. As well, the new LABEL element associates a text label with
a form control so that users can more easily determine what information is
required in a given field.

Other accessibility improvements include full image descriptions through the
LONGDESC attribute on the IMG element, rich alternatives to images and videos
through the OBJECT element, and richer alternatives to image maps through a new
content model for the MAP element.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.2.4. Internationalization ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

Internationalization

To allow representation of the world's languages, HTML 4.0 adopts the Universal
Character Set as its character set. Previous versions of HTML were restricted
to ISO-8859-1, a character set that only handled some western European
languages. The Universal Character Set is character-by-character equivalent to
Unicode 2.0 and contains characters for almost all of the world's languages.

The LANG and DIR attributes are new in HTML 4.0 and apply to almost all
elements. These attributes allow authors to specify the language and
directionality of text. The BDO element allows authors to override the
bidirectional algorithm used when right-to-left text such as Hebrew is
presented.

HTML 4.0 also offers new entities for easy entry of mathematical symbols and
Greek letters as well as other special characters.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.2.5. Style Sheets ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

Style Sheets

HTML 4.0 adds new hooks for style sheets, which suggest how a document is
presented. The new ID, CLASS, and STYLE attributes allow style information to
be attached to specific elements. The LINK and STYLE elements have new TYPE and
MEDIA attributes for specifying the style sheet language and target media,
respectively.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.2.6. Client-side Scripting ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

Client-side Scripting

HTML 4.0 embraces client-side scripting through the addition of a number of new
attributes. The SCRIPT element now includes attributes for specifying the
scripting language, embedding an external script, and deferring execution of a
script. As well, a number of event attributes have been added to enable
execution of a script upon events such as the user clicking an element,
pressing a key, moving the mouse over an element, or changing the value of a
form control.

The NOSCRIPT element, also new in HTML 4.0, provides alternate content for
browsers with client-side scripting disabled or not supported.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.2.7. Frames ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

Frames

The inclusion of frames in HTML 4.0 gives authors the ability to present
multiple documents in one window. The frames model used in HTML 4.0 is not
changed from the flawed frames model originally proposed by Netscape.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.2.8. Advanced Tables ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

Advanced Tables

The simple table model of HTML 3.2 is expanded in HTML 4.0 to include row and
column groups, greater flexibility in defining a table's rules, and
accessibility improvements. The use of row groups (THEAD, TFOOT, TBODY) allows
visual browsers to render static header and footer rows with scrollable body
rows, thus improving the readability of large tables.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.2.9. HTML 4.0 Deprecated Features ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

HTML 4.0 Deprecated Features

A number of elements and attributes are deprecated in HTML 4.0 as an indication
that other methods of accomplishing the same task are preferred. Deprecated
features may become obsolete in future versions of HTML, though browsers that
support the features will likely continue to support them. Deprecated features
are included in HTML 4.0 Transitional and HTML 4.0 Frameset but not HTML 4.0
Strict.

Many presentational elements and attributes are deprecated in favor of style
sheets, which allow authors to suggest a presentation with more flexibility and
without sacrificing accessibility. Presentational attributes that cannot
currently be replaced with style sheets  are in most cases not deprecated.

The following elements are deprecated in favor of style sheets :

o BASEFONT - Base font change
o CENTER - Centered block
o FONT - Font change
o S - Strike-through text
o STRIKE - Strike-through text
o U - Underlined text

link reftype=hd res=.The following elements are also deprecated:

o APPLET - Java applet (deprecated in favor of OBJECT)
o DIR - Directory list (deprecated in favor of UL)
o ISINDEX - Input prompt (deprecated in favor of INPUT)
o MENU - Menu list (deprecated in favor of UL)


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.3. Structure of an HTML 4.0 Document ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

Structure of an HTML 4.0 Document

o Elements and Tags
o Attributes
o Special Characters
o Comments
o A Complete HTML 4.0 Document
o Validating your HTML


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.3.1. Elements and Tags ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

Elements and Tags

Elements are the structures that describe parts of an HTML document. For
example, the P element represents a paragraph while the EM element gives
emphasized content.

An element has three parts: a start tag, content, and an end tag. A tag is
special text--"markup"--that is delimited by "<" and ">". An end tag includes a
"/" after the "<". For example, the EM element has a start tag, <EM>, and an
end tag, </EM>. The start and end tags surround the content of the EM element:

<EM>This is emphasized text</EM>

Element names are always case-insensitive, so <em>, <eM>, and <EM> are all the
same.

Elements cannot overlap each other. If the start tag for an EM element appears
within a P, the EM's end tag must also appear within the same P element.

Some elements allow the start or end tag to be omitted. For example, the LI end
tag is always optional since the element's end is implied by the next LI
element or by the end of the list:

<UL>
  <LI>First list item; no end tag
  <LI>Second list item; optional end tag included</LI>
  <LI>Third list item; no end tag
</UL>

Some elements have no end tag because they have no content. These elements,
such as the BR element for line breaks, are represented only by a start tag and
are said to be empty.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.3.1.1. HTML 4.0 Block-Level Elements ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

HTML 4.0 Block-Level Elements

Most HTML 4.0 elements permitted within the BODY are classified as either
block-level elements or inline elements. Block-level elements typically contain
inline elements and other block-level elements. When rendered visually,
block-level elements usually begin on a new line.

The following are defined as block-level elements in HTML 4.0:

o ADDRESS - Address
o BLOCKQUOTE - Block quotation
o CENTER - Centered block
o DIR - Directory list
o DIV - Generic block-level container
o DL - Definition list
o FIELDSET - Form control group
o FORM - Interactive form
o H1 - Level-one heading
o H2 - Level-two heading
o H3 - Level-three heading
o H4 - Level-four heading
o H5 - Level-five heading
o H6 - Level-six heading
o HR - Horizontal rule
o ISINDEX - Input prompt
o MENU - Menu list
o NOFRAMES - Frames alternate content
o NOSCRIPT - Alternate script content
o OL - Ordered list
o P - Paragraph
o PRE - Preformatted text
o TABLE - Table
o UL - Unordered list

The following elements may also be considered block-level elements since they
may contain block-level elements:

o DD - Definition description
o DT - Definition term
o FRAMESET - Frameset
o LI - List item
o TBODY - Table body
o TD - Table data cell
o TFOOT - Table foot
o TH - Table header cell
o THEAD - Table head
o TR - Table row

The following elements may be used as either block-level elements or inline
elements. If used as inline elements (e.g., within another inline element or a
P), these elements should not contain any block-level elements.

o APPLET - Java applet
o BUTTON - Button
o DEL - Deleted text
o IFRAME - Inline frame
o INS - Inserted text
o MAP - Image map
o OBJECT - Object
o SCRIPT - Client-side script


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.3.1.2. HTML 4.0 Inline Elements ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

HTML 4.0 Inline Elements

Most HTML 4.0 elements permitted within the BODY are classified as either
block-level elements or inline elements. Inline elements typically may only
contain text and other inline elements. When rendered visually, inline elements
do not usually begin on a new line.

The following are defined as inline elements in HTML 4.0:

o A - Anchor
o ABBR - Abbreviation
o ACRONYM - Acronym
o B - Bold text
o BASEFONT - Base font change
o BDO - BiDi override
o BIG - Large text
o BR - Line break
o CITE - Citation
o CODE - Computer code
o DFN - Defined term
o EM - Emphasis
o FONT - Font change
o I - Italic text
o IMG - Inline image
o INPUT - Form input
o KBD - Text to be input
o LABEL - Form field label
o Q - Short quotation
o S - Strike-through text
o SAMP - Sample output
o SELECT - Option selector
o SMALL - Small text
o SPAN - Generic inline container
o STRIKE - Strike-through text
o STRONG - Strong emphasis
o SUB - Subscript
o SUP - Superscript
o TEXTAREA - Multi-line text input
o TT - Teletype text
o U - Underlined text
o VAR - Variable

The following elements may be used as either block-level elements or inline
elements. If used as inline elements (e.g., within another inline element or a
P), these elements should not contain any block-level elements.

o APPLET - Java Applet
o BUTTON - Button
o DEL - Deleted text
o IFRAME - Inline frame
o INS - Inserted text
o MAP - Image map
o OBJECT - Object
o SCRIPT - Client-side script


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.3.2. Attributes ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

Attributes

An element's attributes define various properties for the element. For example,
the IMG element takes a SRC attribute to provide the location of the image and
an ALT attribute to give alternate text for those not loading images:

<IMG SRC="wdglogo.gif" ALT="Web Design Group">

An attribute is included in the start tag only--never the end tag--and takes
the form Attribute-name="Attribute-value". The attribute value is delimited by
single or double quotes. The quotes are optional if the attribute value
consists solely of letters in the range A-Z and a-z, digits (0-9), hyphens
("-"), and periods (".").

Attribute names are case-insensitive, but attribute values may be
case-sensitive.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.3.2.1. HTML 4.0 Attribute Values ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

HTML 4.0 Attribute Values

There are various kinds of attribute values in HTML 4.0. This document
describes common types of values.

CDATA

Attribute values of type CDATA are made up of a sequence of characters that may
include entities. Line feeds are ignored while each carriage return and tab is
replaced with a space. Browsers may ignore leading and trailing whitespace
within the attribute value.

CDATA attribute values are typically case-sensitive, though this is not the
case with all attributes that take CDATA values.

ID and NAME

Attribute values of type ID and NAME must begin with a letter in the range A-Z
or a-z and may be followed by letters (A-Za-z), digits (0-9), hyphens ("-"),
underscores ("_"), colons (":"), and periods ("."). These values are
case-sensitive.

IDREF and IDREFS

IDREF and IDREFS values refer to values of other elements' ID attributes. An
IDREF value is a single ID while an IDREFS value is a space-separated list of
IDs. IDREF and IDREFS are case-sensitive.

Number

Number attribute values are numbers made of at least one digit in the range
0-9.

Text

Text attribute values are CDATA values intended to be human readable strings.

URI

URI attribute values are Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs), as defined in the
URI Internet-Draft, a work-in-progress that is expected to replace RFC 1738 and
RFC 1808.

URI attribute values may include full URIs such as http://www.htmlhelp.com/. as
well as relative URIs such as foo.html and ../foo/.

While parts of a URI may be case-insensitive, in general URI values are
case-sensitive.

Color

Color attribute values give a color definition. The value can be any
hexadecimal number, specified according to the sRGB color space, or one of
sixteen color names. Hexadecimal numbers must be prefixed by a "#" character.

The case-insensitive color names and their sRGB values are as follows:

Color Name     sRGB Value

Black          #000000

Silver         #C0C0C0

Gray           #808080

White          #FFFFFF

Maroon         #800000

Red            #FF0000

Purple         #800080

Fuchsia        #FF00FF

Green          #008000

Lime           #00FF00

Olive          #808000

Yellow         #FFFF00

Navy           #000080

Blue           #0000FF

Teal           #008080

Aqua           #00FFFF

Note that the hexadecimal form is better supported than the color names for the
color attributes of BODY.

Pixels

These attribute values are integers that represent a number of pixels.

Length

Length attribute values may be either an integer--interpreted as a number of
pixels--or a percentage of the horizontal or vertical space. The value 50%
means half the available space while 50 means 50 pixels.

MultiLength and MultiLengths

MultiLength attribute values may be an integer in pixels, a percentage of the
horizontal or vertical space, or a relative length expressed as i* where i is
an integer. In allotting space, a browser first allots pixel and percentage
lengths, then divides the remaining space among all elements with a relative
length. An element with a length of 3* will be allotted three times the space
of an element with length 1*. The value * is equivalent to 1* and is often used
to mean "fill the remaining space."

A MultiLengths value is a comma-separated list of MultiLength values.

ContentType and ContentTypes

These attribute values are content types (also known as media types or MIME
types) of a linked or embedded resource. Values of type ContentType give a
single content type while values of type ContentTypes give a comma-separated
list of content types. Content types are case-insensitive.

Commonly used content types include text/html, image/jpeg, model/vrml,
video/quicktime, application/java, text/css, and text/javascript. Many common
content types are registered at the IANA.

LanguageCode

Attribute values of type LanguageCode specify a language code according to RFC
1766. Examples of language codes include en for English, en-US for American
English, and ja for Japanese. Whitespace is not allowed in the language code,
which is case-insensitive.

Charset and Charsets

These attribute values specify character encodings of linked resources. Values
of type Charset give a single character encoding while values of type Charsets
give a space- and/or comma-separated list of character encodings. Character
encodings are case-insensitive.

Examples of character encodings include ISO-8859-1, SHIFT_JIS, and UTF-8. A
list of registered character encodings is available at the IANA.

Character

Character attribute values take a single Unicode character. The character may
be specified with an entity.

Datetime

Datetime attribute values give a date and time in the format
YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ssTZD where YYYY is a four-digit year, MM is a two-digit month
(01 through 12), DD is a two-digit day (01 through 31), hh is a two-digit
hour(00 through 23), mm is a two-digit minute (00 through 59), ss is a
two-digit second (00 through 59), and TZD is the time zone designator. Note
that the T separating the date from the time must appear literally and is
case-sensitive.

The time zone designator may be one of the following:

o Z (case-sensitive), which indicates Universal Coordinated Time (UTC,
  basically the same as GMT);
o +hh:mm, the time ahead of UTC in hours and minutes;
o -hh:mm, the time behind UTC in hours and minutes.

If any of the two-digit components of the Datetime value are unknown, 00 should
be used.

LinkTypes

Attribute values of type LinkTypes give a space-separated list of link types. A
link type is case-insensitive and may not contain whitespace. Each link type
may be used any number of times in a given document.

While link types are case-insensitive, the Lynx browser will render LINK
elements with the same case as is given in the REL or REV attribute. Authors
should therefore be consistent in their case, and may wish to capitalize the
first letter while using lowercase for the rest.

The following link types are defined in HTML 4.0, though authors may use other
link types. The Made link type, widely used as <LINK REV=Made
HREF="mailto:[e-mail]"> to provide a contact link for the document
author, is notably missing from the list of link types defined in HTML 4.0.

o Alternate specifies an alternate version of the document. When used with the
  LINK element's HREFLANG attribute, this value implies a translation of the
  document. When used with LINK's MEDIA attribute, a media-specific version
  (e.g., for printing) is implied.
o StyleSheet specifies an external style sheet for the document. This link type
  can be combined with the Alternate link type to define an alternate style
  sheet for the user to choose.
o Start specifies the first document in a collection.
o Next specifies the next document in a suggested sequence of reading. Browsers
  such as WebTV will preload documents identified as "next" to improve the
  perceived load time.
o Prev specifies the previous document in a suggested sequence of reading.
o Contents specifies a table of contents for the document.
o Index gives an index for the document.
o Glossary gives a glossary of terms used in the document.
o Copyright specifies a document with copyright information.
o Chapter specifies the chapter of a collection of documents.
o Section specifies the section of a collection of documents.
o Subsection specifies a subsection of a collection of documents.
o Appendix gives an appendix for the collection of documents.
o Help specifies a help document.
o Bookmark refers to a key related document. The TITLE attribute provides a
  label for the bookmark.

MediaDesc

Attribute values of type MediaDesc are media descriptors--a comma-separated
list of media for which the linked resource is tailored. Media descriptors are
case-sensitive.

The following media descriptors are defined in HTML 4.0:

o screen (the default), for non-paged computer screens;
o tty, for fixed-pitch character grid displays (such as the display used by
  Lynx);
o tv, for television-type devices with low resolution and limited
  scrollability;
o projection, for projectors;
o handheld, for handheld devices (characterized by a small, monochrome display
  and limited bandwidth);
o print, for output to a printer;
o braille, for braille tactile feedback devices;
o aural, for speech synthesizers;
o all, for all devices.

Script

Script attribute values are client-side scripts, typically a function call or a
few short statements. The value may contain entities (e.g., ").

StyleSheet

Attribute values of type StyleSheet are style sheet data. The value may contain
entities.

FrameTarget

Attribute values of type FrameTarget must begin with a letter in the range A-Z
or a-z, with the exception of the following special values that begin with an
underscore:

o _blank renders the link in a new, unnamed window
o _self renders the link in the current frame (useful for overriding a BASE
  TARGET)
o _parent renders the link in the immediate FRAMESET parent
o _top renders the link in the full, unframed window


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.3.2.2. HTML 4.0 Common Attributes ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

HTML 4.0 Common Attributes

A number of attributes in HTML 4.0 are common to most elements. These
attributes are divided into core attributes, internationalization attributes,
and scripting events.

Core Attributes

ID

The ID attribute uniquely identifies an element within a document. No two
elements can have the same ID value in a single document. The attribute's value
must begin with a letter in the range A-Z or a-z and may be followed by letters
(A-Za-z), digits (0-9), hyphens ("-"), underscores ("_"), colons (":"), and
periods (".").

The following example uses the ID attribute to identify each of the first two
paragraphs of a document:

<P ID=firstp>My first paragraph.</P>
<P ID=secondp>My second paragaph.</P>

The paragraphs in the example could have style rules associated with them
through their ID attributes. The following Cascading Style Sheet defines unique
colors for the two paragraphs:

P#firstp {
  color: navy;
  background: transparent
}

P#secondp {
  color: black;
  background: transparent
}

The paragraphs in the initial example could also be used as a target anchor for
links:

<P>See <A HREF="#firstp">the opening paragraph</A>
for more information.</P>

Note that most browsers do not support the ID attribute for link anchors. For
current browsers, authors should use <A NAME>...</A> within the element instead
of ID.

Since ID and NAME share the same name space, authors cannot use the same value
for an ID attribute and a NAME attribute in the same document. Also note that
while NAME may contain entities, the ID attribute value may not.

CLASS

The CLASS attribute specifies the element to be a member of one or more
classes. Classes allow authors to define specific kinds of a given element. For
example, an author could use <CODE CLASS=Java> when giving Java code and <CODE
CLASS=Perl> when giving Perl code.

Unlike with the ID attribute, any number of elements can share the same class.
An element may also belong to multiple classes; the CLASS attribute value is a
space-separated list of class names.

Note that most current browsers do not support multiple classes. Such browsers
typically ignore a CLASS attribute that specifies multiple classes.

The CLASS attribute is particularly useful when combined with style sheets .
For example, consider the following navigation bar:

<DIV CLASS=navbar>
<P><A HREF="/">Home</A> | <A HREF="./">Index</A> | <A
HREF="/search.html">Search</A></P>
<P><A HREF="/"><IMG SRC="logo.gif" ALT="" TITLE="WDG
Logo"></A></P>
</DIV>

This example's use of the CLASS attribute allows style rules to easily be
added. The following Cascading Style Sheet suggests a presentation for the
preceding example:

.navbar {
  margin-top: 2em;
  padding-top: 1em;
  border-top: solid thin navy
}

.navbar IMG { float: right }

@media print {
  .navbar { display: none }
}

STYLE

The STYLE attribute allows authors to specify style rules inline for a single
occurrence of an element. An example follows:

<P>A popular font for on-screen reading is
<SPAN STYLE="font-family: Verdana">Verdana</SPAN>.</P>

When the STYLE attribute is used, a default style sheet language must be
specified for the document by setting the Content-Style-Type HTTP header to the
media type of the style sheet language. The previous example could use the
following META element in the document's HEAD:

<META HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Style-Type" CONTENT="text/css">

In most cases, use of the CLASS or ID attributes is a better choice than using
STYLE since ID and CLASS can be selectively applied to different media and
since they provide a separation of content and presentation that often
simplifies maintenance.

TITLE

The TITLE attribute provides a title for an element and is commonly implemented
as a "tooltip" on visual browsers, though many browsers lack support for TITLE.
The attribute is most useful with A, LINK, IMG, and OBJECT elements, where it
provides a title for the linked or embedded resource. Some examples follow:

o

    <A HREF="mailto:[e-mail]"
    TITLE="Feedback on HTML 4.0 Reference">
    [e-mail]</A>

o

    <A HREF="http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/ftp/pub/software/WWW/cgi_docs.html"
    TITLE="CGI.pm - a Perl5 CGI Library">CGI.pm</A>

  o <LINK REL=Alternate HREF="index.fr.html" HREFLANG=fr LANG=fr
    TITLE="Version franЗaise">

o

    <OBJECT CLASSID="java:Yahtzee.class"
    CODETYPE="application/java" WIDTH=400 HEIGHT=250
    STANDBY="Ready to play Yahtzee?" TITLE="My Yahtzee Game">
    <IMG SRC="yahtzee.gif" ALT="" TITLE="A Yahtzee animation">
    Yahtzee is my <EM>favorite</EM> game!
    </OBJECT>

TITLE is also helpful with the ABBR and ACRONYM elements to provide the long
form of the abbreviation. Examples:

o He weighs 180 <ABBR TITLE=pounds>lbs.</ABBR>
o <ABBR TITLE="Parti QuВbВcois" LANG=fr-CA>PQ</ABBR>
o <ACRONYM TITLE="North Atlantic Treaty Organization">NATO</ACRONYM>

Internationalization Attributes

LANG

The LANG attribute specifies the language of an element's attribute values and
its content, including all contained elements that do not specify their own
LANG attribute. While the LANG attribute is not widely supported, its use may
help search engines index a document by its language while allowing speech
synthesizers to use language-dependent pronunciation rules. As well, visual
browsers can use the language's proper quotation marks when rendering the Q
element.

The attribute value is case-insensitive, and should be specified according to
RFC 1766; examples include en for English, en-US for American English, and ja
for Japanese. Whitespace is not allowed in the language code.

Use of the LANG attribute also allows authors to easily change the style of
text depending on the language. For example, a bilingual document may have one
language in italics if rendered visually or a different voice if rendered
aurally. The HTML of such a document might be as follows:

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"
   "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/strict.dtd">
<TITLE>Welcome - Bienvenue</TITLE>
<H1>
  <SPAN LANG=en>Welcome</SPAN> -
  <SPAN LANG=fr>Bienvenue</SPAN>
</H1>
<P LANG=en>This paragraph is in English.</P>
<P LANG=fr>Ce paragraphe est en franЗais.</P>
...

A document's primary language may be set using the LANG attribute on the HTML
element, or, alternatively, by using the Content-Language HTTP header.

DIR

The DIR attribute specifies the directionality of text--left-to-right (DIR=ltr,
the default) or right-to-left (DIR=rtl). Characters in Unicode are assigned a
directionality, left-to-right or right-to-left, to allow the text to be
rendered properly. For example, while English characters are presented
left-to-right, Hebrew characters are presented right-to-left.

Unicode defines a bidirectional algorithm that must be applied whenever a
document contains right-to-left characters. While this algorithm usually gives
the proper presentation, some situations leave directionally neutral text and
require the DIR attribute to specify the base directionality.

Text is often directionally neutral when there are multiple embeddings of
content with a different directionality. For example, an English sentence that
contains a Hebrew phrase that contains an English quotation would require the
DIR attribute to define the directionality of the Hebrew phrase. The Hebrew
phrase, including the English quotation, should be contained within a SPAN
element with DIR=rtl.

Common Scripting Events

A number of attributes that define client-side scripting events are common to
most elements. The attribute value is a script--typically a function call or a
few short statements--that is executed when the event occurs. The value may
contain entities (e.g., " ).

The following example features JavaScript code to handle two events of a submit
button, giving the user a reminder in the status bar when the mouse moves over
the button and clearing the status bar when the mouse moves away. Note that the
attribute values are delimited by single quotes since double quotes are used
within them.

<INPUT TYPE=submit ONMOUSEOVER='window.status="Did you fill in
all required fields?";' ONMOUSEOUT='window.status="";'>

When an event attribute is used, a default scripting language must be specified
for the document by setting the Content-Script-Type HTTP header to the media
type of the scripting language. The previous example could use the following
META element in the document's HEAD:

<META HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Script-Type" CONTENT="text/javascript">

The common event attributes are device-dependent and largely tailored for the
graphical user interface. The available events are as follows:

o ONCLICK, when the mouse button is clicked on an element;
o ONDBLCLICK, when the mouse button is double-clicked on an element;
o ONMOUSEDOWN, when the mouse button is pressed over an element;
o ONMOUSEUP, when the mouse button is released over an element;
o ONMOUSEOVER, when the mouse is moved onto an element;
o ONMOUSEMOVE, when the mouse is moved while over an element;
o ONMOUSEOUT, when the mouse is moved away from an element;
o ONKEYPRESS, when a key is pressed and released over an element;
o ONKEYDOWN, when a key is pressed down over an element;
o ONKEYUP, when a key is released over an element.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.3.2.2.1. Core Attributes ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

Core Attributes

ID

The ID attribute uniquely identifies an element within a document. No two
elements can have the same ID value in a single document. The attribute's value
must begin with a letter in the range A-Z or a-z and may be followed by letters
(A-Za-z), digits (0-9), hyphens ("-"), underscores ("_"), colons (":"), and
periods (".").

The following example uses the ID attribute to identify each of the first two
paragraphs of a document:

<P ID=firstp>My first paragraph.</P>
<P ID=secondp>My second paragaph.</P>

The paragraphs in the example could have style rules associated with them
through their ID attributes. The following Cascading Style Sheet defines unique
colors for the two paragraphs:

P#firstp {
  color: navy;
  background: transparent
}

P#secondp {
  color: black;
  background: transparent
}

The paragraphs in the initial example could also be used as a target anchor for
links:

<P>See <A HREF="#firstp">the opening paragraph</A>
for more information.</P>

Note that most browsers do not support the ID attribute for link anchors. For
current browsers, authors should use <A NAME>...</A> within the element instead
of ID.

Since ID and NAME share the same name space, authors cannot use the same value
for an ID attribute and a NAME attribute in the same document. Also note that
while NAME may contain entities, the ID attribute value may not.

CLASS

The CLASS attribute specifies the element to be a member of one or more
classes. Classes allow authors to define specific kinds of a given element. For
example, an author could use <CODE CLASS=Java> when giving Java code and <CODE
CLASS=Perl> when giving Perl code.

Unlike with the ID attribute, any number of elements can share the same class.
An element may also belong to multiple classes; the CLASS attribute value is a
space-separated list of class names.

Note that most current browsers do not support multiple classes. Such browsers
typically ignore a CLASS attribute that specifies multiple classes.

The CLASS attribute is particularly useful when combined with style sheets .
For example, consider the following navigation bar:

<DIV CLASS=navbar>
<P><A HREF="/">Home</A> | <A HREF="./">Index</A> | <A
HREF="/search.html">Search</A></P>
<P><A HREF="/"><IMG SRC="logo.gif" ALT="" TITLE="WDG
Logo"></A></P>
</DIV>

This example's use of the CLASS attribute allows style rules to easily be
added. The following Cascading Style Sheet suggests a presentation for the
preceding example:

.navbar {
  margin-top: 2em;
  padding-top: 1em;
  border-top: solid thin navy
}

.navbar IMG { float: right }

@media print {
  .navbar { display: none }
}

STYLE

The STYLE attribute allows authors to specify style rules inline for a single
occurrence of an element. An example follows:

<P>A popular font for on-screen reading is
<SPAN STYLE="font-family: Verdana">Verdana</SPAN>.</P>

When the STYLE attribute is used, a default style sheet language must be
specified for the document by setting the Content-Style-Type HTTP header to the
media type of the style sheet language. The previous example could use the
following META element in the document's HEAD:

<META HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Style-Type" CONTENT="text/css">

In most cases, use of the CLASS or ID attributes is a better choice than using
STYLE since ID and CLASS can be selectively applied to different media and
since they provide a separation of content and presentation that often
simplifies maintenance.

TITLE

The TITLE attribute provides a title for an element and is commonly implemented
as a "tooltip" on visual browsers, though many browsers lack support for TITLE.
The attribute is most useful with A, LINK, IMG, and OBJECT elements, where it
provides a title for the linked or embedded resource. Some examples follow:

o

    <A HREF="mailto:[e-mail]"
    TITLE="Feedback on HTML 4.0 Reference">
    [e-mail]</A>

o

    <A HREF="http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/ftp/pub/software/WWW/cgi_docs.html"
    TITLE="CGI.pm - a Perl5 CGI Library">CGI.pm</A>

  o <LINK REL=Alternate HREF="index.fr.html" HREFLANG=fr LANG=fr
    TITLE="Version franЗaise">

o

    <OBJECT CLASSID="java:Yahtzee.class"
    CODETYPE="application/java" WIDTH=400 HEIGHT=250
    STANDBY="Ready to play Yahtzee?" TITLE="My Yahtzee Game">
    <IMG SRC="yahtzee.gif" ALT="" TITLE="A Yahtzee animation">
    Yahtzee is my <EM>favorite</EM> game!
    </OBJECT>

TITLE is also helpful with the ABBR and ACRONYM elements to provide the long
form of the abbreviation. Examples:

o He weighs 180 <ABBR TITLE=pounds>lbs.</ABBR>
o <ABBR TITLE="Parti QuВbВcois" LANG=fr-CA>PQ</ABBR>
o <ACRONYM TITLE="North Atlantic Treaty Organization">NATO</ACRONYM>


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.3.2.2.2. Internationalization Attributes ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

Internationalization Attributes

LANG

The LANG attribute specifies the language of an element's attribute values and
its content, including all contained elements that do not specify their own
LANG attribute. While the LANG attribute is not widely supported, its use may
help search engines index a document by its language while allowing speech
synthesizers to use language-dependent pronunciation rules. As well, visual
browsers can use the language's proper quotation marks when rendering the Q
element.

The attribute value is case-insensitive, and should be specified according to
RFC 1766; examples include en for English, en-US for American English, and ja
for Japanese. Whitespace is not allowed in the language code.

Use of the LANG attribute also allows authors to easily change the style of
text depending on the language. For example, a bilingual document may have one
language in italics if rendered visually or a different voice if rendered
aurally. The HTML of such a document might be as follows:

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"
   "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/strict.dtd">
<TITLE>Welcome - Bienvenue</TITLE>
<H1>
  <SPAN LANG=en>Welcome</SPAN> -
  <SPAN LANG=fr>Bienvenue</SPAN>
</H1>
<P LANG=en>This paragraph is in English.</P>
<P LANG=fr>Ce paragraphe est en franЗais.</P>
...

A document's primary language may be set using the LANG attribute on the HTML
element, or, alternatively, by using the Content-Language HTTP header.

DIR

The DIR attribute specifies the directionality of text--left-to-right (DIR=ltr,
the default) or right-to-left (DIR=rtl). Characters in Unicode are assigned a
directionality, left-to-right or right-to-left, to allow the text to be
rendered properly. For example, while English characters are presented
left-to-right, Hebrew characters are presented right-to-left.

Unicode defines a bidirectional algorithm that must be applied whenever a
document contains right-to-left characters. While this algorithm usually gives
the proper presentation, some situations leave directionally neutral text and
require the DIR attribute to specify the base directionality.

Text is often directionally neutral when there are multiple embeddings of
content with a different directionality. For example, an English sentence that
contains a Hebrew phrase that contains an English quotation would require the
DIR attribute to define the directionality of the Hebrew phrase. The Hebrew
phrase, including the English quotation, should be contained within a SPAN
element with DIR=rtl.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.3.2.2.3. Common Scripting Events ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

Common Scripting Events

A number of attributes that define client-side scripting events are common to
most elements. The attribute value is a script--typically a function call or a
few short statements--that is executed when the event occurs. The value may
contain entities (e.g., " ).

The following example features JavaScript code to handle two events of a submit
button, giving the user a reminder in the status bar when the mouse moves over
the button and clearing the status bar when the mouse moves away. Note that the
attribute values are delimited by single quotes since double quotes are used
within them.

<INPUT TYPE=submit ONMOUSEOVER='window.status="Did you fill in
all required fields?";' ONMOUSEOUT='window.status="";'>

When an event attribute is used, a default scripting language must be specified
for the document by setting the Content-Script-Type HTTP header to the media
type of the scripting language. The previous example could use the following
META element in the document's HEAD:

<META HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Script-Type" CONTENT="text/javascript">

The common event attributes are device-dependent and largely tailored for the
graphical user interface. The available events are as follows:

o ONCLICK, when the mouse button is clicked on an element;
o ONDBLCLICK, when the mouse button is double-clicked on an element;
o ONMOUSEDOWN, when the mouse button is pressed over an element;
o ONMOUSEUP, when the mouse button is released over an element;
o ONMOUSEOVER, when the mouse is moved onto an element;
o ONMOUSEMOVE, when the mouse is moved while over an element;
o ONMOUSEOUT, when the mouse is moved away from an element;
o ONKEYPRESS, when a key is pressed and released over an element;
o ONKEYDOWN, when a key is pressed down over an element;
o ONKEYUP, when a key is released over an element.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.3.3. Special Characters ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

Special Characters

Certain characters in HTML are reserved for use as markup and must be escaped
to appear literally. The "<" character may be represented with an entity, <.
Similarly, ">" is escaped as >, and "&" is escaped as &. If an attribute
value contains a double quotation mark and is delimited by double quotation
marks, then the quote should be escaped as ".

Other entities exist for special characters that cannot easily be entered with
some keyboards. For example, the copyright symbol ("Γòò") may be represented with
the entity ©. See the Entities section for a complete list of HTML┬á4.0
entities.

As an alternative to entities, authors may also use numeric character
references. Any character may be represented by a numeric character reference
based on its "code position" in Unicode. For example, one could use © for
the copyright symbol or ا for the Arabic letter ALEF.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.3.4. Comments ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

Comments

Comments in HTML have a complicated syntax that can be simplified by following
this rule: Begin a comment with "<!--", end it with "-->", and do not use "--"
within the comment.

<!-- An example comment -->


═══ 1.3.5. A Complete HTML 4.0 Document ═══

A Complete HTML 4.0 Document

An HTML 4.0 document begins with a DOCTYPE declaration that declares the
version of HTML to which the document conforms. The HTML element follows and
contains the HEAD and BODY. The HEAD contains information about the document,
such as its title and keywords, while the BODY contains the actual content of
the document, made up of block-level elements and inline elements. A basic
HTML 4.0 document takes on the following form:

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"
         "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/strict.dtd">
<HTML>
  <HEAD>
    <TITLE>The document title</TITLE>
  </HEAD>
  <BODY>
    <H1>Main heading</H1>
    <P>A paragraph.</P>
    <P>Another paragraph.</P>
    <UL>
      <LI>A list item.</LI>
      <LI>Another list item.</LI>
    </UL>
  </BODY>
</HTML>

In a Frameset document, the FRAMESET element replaces the BODY element.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.3.6. Validating your HTML ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

Validating your HTML

Each HTML document should be validated to check for errors such as missing
quotation marks (<A HREF="oops.html>Oops</A>), misspelled element or attribute
names, and invalid structures. Such errors are not always apparent when viewing
a document in a browser since browsers are designed to recover from an author's
errors. However, different browsers recover in different ways, sometimes
resulting in invisible text on one browser but not on others.

The W3C HTML Validation Service checks the validity of HTML 4.0 documents.

Note that some programs claim to be validators but really are not. A validator
checks a document against a formal document type definition (DTD) while other
programs such as lints warn about valid but unsafe HTML. Both kinds of programs
are useful, but validation should never be forgotten.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.4. Organizational List of HTML 4.0 Elements ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

HTML 4.0 Elements

The following is an organizational list of all HTML 4.0 elements. An
alphabetical list is also available.

o Top-level Elements

   - HTML - HTML document

      o HEAD - Document head
      o BODY - Document body
      o FRAMESET - Frameset

o Head Elements

   - BASE - Document base URI
   - ISINDEX - Input prompt
   - LINK - Document relationship
   - META - Metadata
   - SCRIPT - Client-side script
   - STYLE - Embedded style sheet
   - TITLE - Document title

o Generic Block-level Elements

   - ADDRESS - Address
   - BLOCKQUOTE - Block quotation
   - CENTER - Centered block
   - DEL - Deleted text
   - DIV - Generic block-level container
   - H1 - Level-one heading
   - H2 - Level-two heading
   - H3 - Level-three heading
   - H4 - Level-four heading
   - H5 - Level-five heading
   - H6 - Level-six heading
   - INS - Inserted text
   - ISINDEX - Input prompt
   - NOSCRIPT - Alternate script content
   - P - Paragraph
   - PRE - Preformatted text

o Lists

   - DIR - Directory list
   - DL - Definition list

      o DT - Definition term
      o DD - Definition description

   - LI - List item
   - MENU - Menu list
   - OL - Ordered list
   - UL - Unordered list

o Tables

   - TABLE - Table

      o CAPTION - Table caption
      o COLGROUP - Table column group

         - COL - Table column

      o THEAD - Table head
      o TFOOT - Table foot
      o TBODY - Table body
      o TR - Table row

         - TD - Table data cell
         - TH - Table header cell

o Forms

   - FORM - Interactive form

      o BUTTON - Button
      o FIELDSET - Form control group

         - LEGEND - Fieldset caption

      o INPUT - Form input
      o LABEL - Form field label
      o SELECT - Option selector

         - OPTGROUP - Option group

            o OPTION - Menu option

      o TEXTAREA - Multi-line text input

o Special Inline Elements

   - A - Anchor
   - APPLET - Java applet
   - BASEFONT - Base font change
   - BDO - BiDi override
   - BR - Line break
   - FONT - Font change
   - IFRAME - Inline frame
   - IMG - Inline image
   - MAP - Image map

      o AREA - Image map region

   - OBJECT - Object
   - PARAM - Object parameter
   - Q - Short quotation
   - SCRIPT - Client-side script
   - SPAN - Generic inline container
   - SUB - Subscript
   - SUP - Superscript

o Phrase Elements

   - ABBR - Abbreviation
   - ACRONYM - Acronym
   - CITE - Citation
   - CODE - Computer code
   - DEL - Deleted text
   - DFN - Defined term
   - EM - Emphasis
   - INS - Inserted text
   - KBD - Text to be input
   - SAMP - Sample output
   - STRONG - Strong emphasis
   - VAR - Variable

o Font Style Elements

   - B - Bold text
   - BIG - Large text
   - I - Italic text
   - S - Strike-through text
   - SMALL - Small text
   - STRIKE - Strike-through text
   - TT - Teletype text
   - U - Underlined text

o Frames

   - FRAMESET - Frameset

      o FRAME - Frame

   - NOFRAMES - Frames alternate content


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.4.1. HTML 4.0 Top-Level Elements ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

Top-Level Elements

o HTML - HTML document

   - HEAD - Document head
   - BODY - Document body
   - FRAMESET - Frameset


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.4.2. HTML 4.0 Head Elements ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

Head Elements

o BASE - Document base URI
o ISINDEX - Input prompt
o LINK - Document relationship
o META - Metadata
o SCRIPT - Client-side script
o STYLE - Embedded style sheet
o TITLE - Document title


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.4.3. HTML 4.0 Generic Block-level Elements ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

Generic Block-level Elements

o ADDRESS - Address
o BLOCKQUOTE - Block quotation
o CENTER - Centered block
o DEL - Deleted text
o DIV - Generic block-level container
o H1 - Level-one heading
o H2 - Level-two heading
o H3 - Level-three heading
o H4 - Level-four heading
o H5 - Level-five heading
o H6 - Level-six heading
o INS - Inserted text
o ISINDEX - Input prompt
o NOSCRIPT - Alternate script content
o P - Paragraph
o PRE - Preformatted text


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.4.4. HTML 4.0 List Elements ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

List Elements

o DIR - Directory list
o DL - Definition list

   - DT - Definition term
   - DD - Definition description

o LI - List item
o MENU - Menu list
o OL - Ordered list
o UL - Unordered list


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.4.5. HTML 4.0 Table Elements ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

Table Elements

o TABLE - Table

   - CAPTION - Table caption
   - COLGROUP - Table column group

      o COL - Table column

   - THEAD - Table head
   - TFOOT - Table foot
   - TBODY - Table body
   - TR - Table row

      o TD - Table data cell
      o TH - Table header cell


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.4.6. HTML 4.0 Form Elements ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

Form Elements

o FORM - Interactive form

   - BUTTON - Button
   - FIELDSET - Form control group

      o LEGEND - Fieldset caption

   - INPUT - Form input
   - LABEL - Form field label
   - SELECT - Option selector

      o OPTGROUP - Option group

         - OPTION - Menu option

   - TEXTAREA - Multi-line text input


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.4.7. HTML 4.0 Special Inline Elements ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

Special Inline Elements

o A - Anchor
o APPLET - Java applet
o BASEFONT - Base font change
o BDO - BiDi override
o BR - Line break
o FONT - Font change
o IFRAME - Inline frame
o IMG - Inline image
o MAP - Image map

   - AREA - Image map region

o OBJECT - Object
o PARAM - Object parameter
o Q - Short quotation
o SCRIPT - Client-side script
o SPAN - Generic inline container
o SUB - Subscript
o SUP - Superscript


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.4.8. HTML 4.0 Phrase Elements ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

Phrase Elements

o ABBR - Abbreviation
o ACRONYM - Acronym
o CITE - Citation
o CODE - Computer code
o DEL - Deleted text
o DFN - Defined term
o EM - Emphasis
o INS - Inserted text
o KBD - Text to be input
o SAMP - Sample output
o STRONG - Strong emphasis
o VAR - Variable


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.4.9. HTML 4.0 Font Style Elements ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

Font Style Elements

o B - Bold text
o BIG - Large text
o I - Italic text
o S - Strike-through text
o SMALL - Small text
o STRIKE - Strike-through text
o TT - Teletype text
o U - Underlined text


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.4.10. HTML 4.0 Frames ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

Frames

Frames allow an author to display multiple documents in a single window that is
divided into rectangular subspaces called frames. Visual browsers allow these
frames to be scrolled independently of each other, and links can be loaded in a
frame without changing the content of other frames.

The HTML 4.0 frames model has significant flaws that make frames hated by many
users. Frames should only be used with great care; see the Guide to frames
usage for some guidelines on suitable use of frames.

In a Frameset document, the outermost FRAMESET element takes the place of BODY
and immediately follows the HEAD. Contained within the FRAMESET element are
FRAME elements that define each frame, other FRAMESET elements for complex
layouts, and a NOFRAMES element to provide alternate content for browsers with
frames disabled or not supported.

o FRAMESET - Frameset

   - FRAME - Frame

o NOFRAMES - Frames alternate content


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5. Alphabetical List of HTML 4.0 Elements ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

HTML 4.0 Elements

The following is an alphabetical list of all HTML 4.0 elements. An
organizational list is also available.

o A - Anchor
o ABBR - Abbreviation
o ACRONYM - Acronym
o ADDRESS - Address
o APPLET - Java applet
o AREA - Image map region
o B - Bold text
o BASE - Document base URI
o BASEFONT - Base font change
o BDO - BiDi override
o BIG - Large text
o BLOCKQUOTE - Block quotation
o BODY - Document body
o BR - Line break
o BUTTON - Button
o CAPTION - Table caption
o CENTER - Centered block
o CITE - Citation
o CODE - Computer code
o COL - Table column
o COLGROUP - Table column group
o DD - Definition description
o DEL - Deleted text
o DFN - Defined term
o DIR - Directory list
o DIV - Generic block-level container
o DL - Definition list
o DT - Definition term
o EM - Emphasis
o FIELDSET - Form control group
o FONT - Font change
o FORM - Interactive form
o FRAME - Frame
o FRAMESET - Frameset
o H1 - Level-one heading
o H2 - Level-two heading
o H3 - Level-three heading
o H4 - Level-four heading
o H5 - Level-five heading
o H6 - Level-six heading
o HEAD - Document head
o HR - Horizontal rule
o HTML - HTML document

   - DOCTYPE

o I - Italic text
o IFRAME - Inline frame
o IMG - Inline image
o INPUT - Form input
o INS - Inserted text
o ISINDEX - Input prompt
o KBD - Text to be input
o LABEL - Form field label
o LEGEND - Fieldset caption
o LI - List item
o LINK - Document relationship
o MAP - Image map
o MENU - Menu list
o META - Metadata
o NOFRAMES - Frames alternate content
o NOSCRIPT - Alternate script content
o OBJECT - Object
o OL - Ordered list
o OPTGROUP - Option group
o OPTION - Menu option
o P - Paragraph
o PARAM - Object parameter
o PRE - Preformatted text
o Q - Short quotation
o S - Strike-through text
o SAMP - Sample output
o SCRIPT - Client-side script
o SELECT - Option selector
o SMALL - Small text
o SPAN - Generic inline container
o STRIKE - Strike-through text
o STRONG - Strong emphasis
o STYLE - Embedded style sheet
o SUB - Subscript
o SUP - Superscript
o TABLE - Table
o TBODY - Table body
o TD - Table data cell
o TEXTAREA - Multi-line text input
o TFOOT - Table foot
o TH - Table header cell
o THEAD - Table head
o TITLE - Document title
o TR - Table row
o TT - Teletype text
o U - Underlined text
o UL - Unordered list
o VAR - Variable


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.1. A - Anchor ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

A - Anchor

Syntax
          <A>...</A>

Attribute Specifications

   o HREF= URI  (hypertext reference)
   o NAME= CDATA  (named link destination)
   o REL= LinkTypes  (relationship to link)
   o REV= LinkTypes  (relationship from link)
   o TYPE= ContentType  (content-type of link)
   o TARGET= FrameTarget  (frame to render link in)
   o HREFLANG= LanguageCode  (language of link)
   o CHARSET= Charset  (character encoding of link)
   o ACCESSKEY= Character  (shortcut key)
   o TABINDEX= Number  (position in tabbing order)
   o SHAPE=[ rect  | circle | poly | default ] (client-side image map)
   o COORDS=Coords  (client-side image map)
   o ONFOCUS= Script  (element received focus)
   o ONBLUR= Script  (element lost focus)
   o common attributes

Contents
          Inline elements  except A

Contained in
          Block-level elements, inline elements  except A

The A  element denotes an anchor--a hypertext link or the destination of a
link.  The HREF  attribute specifies a hypertext link to another resource, such
as an HTML  document or a JPEG  image.  Examples:

<A HREF="album.html">My photo album</A>

<A HREF="images/me.jpg">Picture of me</A>

<A HREF="/sounds/auldlang.mid" TYPE="audio/midi"
ACCESSKEY=A>Auld Lang Syne (5 kB MIDI)</A>

<A HREF="section2.html" TARGET="content"
TITLE="Elements of the HEAD" REL=next>Section 2</A>

<A HREF="mailto:[e-mail]"
TITLE="Feedback on HTML 4.0 Reference">[e-mail]</A>

<A HREF="http://www.htmlhelp.com/"
TARGET="_top">Web Design Group</A>

<A
HREF="http://babel.alis.com:8080/langues/iso639.zh.htm"
CHARSET="big5" HREFLANG=zh>ISO 639</A>

 The value of the HREF  attribute is the URI  of the link.  The TYPE  attribute
can be used to specify the Internet media type of the link, allowing browsers
to avoid fetching a resource that they cannot handle.

The TITLE  attribute can be used to briefly describe the contents of the link
and is rendered as a "tooltip" by some visual browsers.  With mailto links,
some browsers use the TITLE  attribute value as a subject for the e-mail
message.

The content of an A  element used as a link should be as context-free as
possible.  In other words, a user should be able to pull all A  elements from a
document and still have an idea what lies behind each link.  Link text that
contains Click here  or simply here  is extremely bad form.

The TARGET attribute is used with frames  to specify in which frame the link
should be rendered.  If no frame with such a name exists, the link is rendered
in a new window unless overridden by the user.  Special frame names begin with
an underscore:

o _blank  renders the link in a new, unnamed window
o _self  renders the link in the current frame (useful for overriding a  BASE
  TARGET)
o _parent  renders the link in the immediate  FRAMESET  parent
o _top  renders the link in the full, unframed window

The optional HREFLANG  and CHARSET  attributes give the language and character
encoding, respectively, of the link.  The language should be specified
according to RFC  1766; examples include en  for English, en-US  for American
English, and ja  for Japanese.  Examples of character encodings include
ISO-8859-1, SHIFT_JIS, and UTF-8.

The ACCESSKEY  attribute specifies a single Unicode character as a shortcut key
for following the link. Entities  (e.g. é)  may be used as the ACCESSKEY
value.

The TABINDEX  attribute specifies a number between 0 and 32767 to indicate the
tabbing order of the element.  An anchor with TABINDEX=0  or no TABINDEX
attribute will be visited after any elements with a positive TABINDEX.  Among
positive TABINDEX  values, the lower number receives focus first.  In the case
of a tie, the element appearing first in the HTML  document takes precedence.

The REL  and REV  attributes define relationships between an anchor and the
linked resource.  REL  defines a link relationship from the current document to
the linked document while REV  defines a relationship in the opposite
direction.  For example,

<A HREF="foo.html" REL=glossary>...</A>

indicates that foo.html  is a glossary for the current document while

<A HREF="bar.html" REV=subsection>...</A>

indicates that the current document is a subsection of bar.html.  The value of
the REL  and REV  attributes is a space-separated list of link types.

The NAME attribute defines a destination for a link. For example, a document
containing

<H1><A NAME=foo>My Heading</A></H1>

defines a link destination named "foo" at the indicated heading.  One could
then use HREF="#foo"  in an A  element within the same document or
HREF="somedoc.html#foo"  from within another document.

An A  element cannot contain another A  element, so one must be careful that
named anchors do not contain link anchors.  Authors can use both the NAME  and
HREF  attributes in a single A  element to avoid this problem.

HTML 4.0's  ID  attribute is intended to eliminate the need for A NAME.  The ID
attribute can be used with almost any element to define a link destination, so
that the following could be used in place of the previous example:

<H1 ID=foo>My heading</H1>

However, browser support for ID  link destinations is very poor, so A NAME
will be needed for quite awhile.

NAME  and ID  values must be unique in any document, and different values must
differ by more than just the case.  Values must begin with a letter in the
range A-Z or a-z, and may be followed by A-Z, a-z, 0-9, hyphens, underscores,
colons, or periods.  When linking to a named anchor, the name is treated as
case sensitive.

The SHAPE and COORDS  attributes of A  can be used to create client-side image
maps  via the  OBJECT  element.  The default SHAPE  value is rect, which
defines a rectangular region using COORDS="left, top, right, bottom".  Other
SHAPE  values are

o default, which specifies the entire image;
o circle, which specifies a circular region using COORDS="center-x, center-y,
  radius";
o poly, which specifies a polygonal region using COORDS="x1, y1, x2, y2, ...,
  xN, yN".

Coordinate values are relative to the top left corner of the object and may be
expressed as pixels or percentages.  A percentage radius value for circular
regions is calculated relative to the smaller of the object's width and height.
If two or more regions overlap, the earliest specified region takes precedence.

In addition to the core events  common to most elements, A  accepts the
following event attributes for client-side scripting:

o ONFOCUS, when the link receives focus;
o ONBLUR, when the link loses focus.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.2. ABBR - Abbreviation ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

ABBR - Abbreviation

Syntax
          <ABBR>...</ABBR>

Attribute Specifications

   o common attributes

Contents
          Inline elements

Contained in
          Inline elements, block-level elements

The ABBR  element is used to markup abbreviations. The  TITLE  attribute is
useful in conjunction with ABBR  to give the long form of the abbreviation,
allowing visual browsers to provide the long form as a "tooltip".  If the short
form is a pronounceable word, the  ACRONYM  element should be used instead of
ABBR.

Examples:

<ABBR TITLE="United Nations">U.N.</ABBR>

He weighs 180 <ABBR TITLE=pounds>lbs.</ABBR>

<ABBR TITLE="Parti Quщbщcois" LANG=fr-CA>PQ</ABBR>

<ACRONYM TITLE="North Atlantic Treaty
Organization">NATO</ACRONYM>

Some short forms, such as "SQL"  and "URL," are pronounced as words by some but
pronounced letter-by-letter by others.  In such cases, the ABBR  element should
be favored over  ACRONYM.  A style sheet could be used to suggest the aural
rendering.  For example, one could use

<ABBR TITLE="Uniform Resource Locator">URL</ABBR>

with the following CSS2  style sheet:

abbr[title="Uniform Resource Locator"] { speak:  spell-out }


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.3. ACRONYM - Acronym ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

Syntax
          <ACRONYM>...</ACRONYM>

Attribute Specifications

   o common attributes

Contents
          Inline elements

Contained in
          Inline elements, block-level elements

The ACRONYM  element is used to markup acronyms. The  TITLE  attribute is
useful in conjunction with ACRONYM  to give the long form of the acronym,
allowing visual browsers to provide the long form as a "tooltip".  Examples:

<ACRONYM TITLE="North Atlantic Treaty
Organization">NATO</ACRONYM>

<ACRONYM TITLE="radio detecting and ranging">radar</ACRONYM>

<ABBR TITLE="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</ABBR>

Unlike other kinds of abbreviations, acronyms are pronounceable words, though
in some cases the pronunciation is strictly a presentation issue.  For example,
"SQL"  and "URL"  are pronounced as words by some people and pronounced
letter-by-letter by others.  In such cases, authors should use the  ABBR
element, possibly with a style sheet rule specifying the pronunciation for
aural rendering.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.4. ADDRESS - Address ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

ADDRESS - Contact Information

Syntax
          <ADDRESS>...</ADDRESS>

Attribute Specifications

   o common attributes

Contents

   o In HTML 4.0 Strict: inline elements
   o In HTML 4.0 Transitional: inline elements, P

Contained in
          APPLET, BLOCKQUOTE, BODY, BUTTON, CENTER, DD, DEL, DIV, FIELDSET,
          FORM, IFRAME, INS, LI, MAP, NOFRAMES, NOSCRIPT, OBJECT, TD, TH

The ADDRESS  element provides contact information  for a document or part of a
document.  Information provided by ADDRESS  may include the names of the
document's maintainers, links to the maintainers' Web pages, e-mail addresses
for feedback, postal addresses, phone numbers, and so on.  The ADDRESS  element
is not appropriate for all postal and e-mail addresses; it should be reserved
for providing such information about the contact people for the document.

The following example, most appropriate at the end of a document, gives contact
information about the maintainer:

<ADDRESS>
Maintained by <A HREF="/%7Eliam/">Liam Quinn</A> <
<A HREF="mailto:[e-mail]">[e-mail]</A>>
</ADDRESS>

ADDRESS  can also be used to provide contact information for a portion of a
document, typically a form.  The next example gives users contact information
to use in conjunction with an order form:

<FORM METHOD=post ACTION="/cgi-bin/order.cgi">

  <FIELDSET>
    <LEGEND ACCESSKEY=C>Credit Card Information<BR></LEGEND>
    <P>
      <LABEL ACCESSKEY=V>
        <INPUT TYPE=radio NAME=card VALUE=visa> Visa
      </LABEL>
      <LABEL ACCESSKEY=M>
        <INPUT TYPE=radio NAME=card VALUE=mc> MasterCard
      </LABEL>
      <BR>
      <LABEL ACCESSKEY=N>
        Number:  <INPUT TYPE=text NAME=number>
      </LABEL>
      <LABEL ACCESSKEY=E>
        Expiry:  <INPUT TYPE=text NAME=expiry>
      </LABEL>
    </P>
  </FIELDSET>
  <P>
    <INPUT TYPE=submit VALUE="Submit order" ACCESSKEY=S>
  </P>

  <ADDRESS>
    If you have any questions about ordering, contact us at
    <A HREF="mailto:[e-mail]">[e-mail]</A>,
    or phone our offices at 555-5555.
  </ADDRESS>

</FORM>


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.5. APPLET - Java applet ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

APPLET - Java Applet

Syntax
          <APPLET>...</APPLET>

Attribute Specifications

   o CODE= CDATA  (class file)
   o CODEBASE= URI  (base URI  for class files)
   o WIDTH= Length  (applet width)
   o HEIGHT= Length  (applet height)
   o ARCHIVE= CDATA  (archive files)
   o OBJECT= CDATA  (serialized applet)
   o NAME= CDATA  (name for inter-applet communication)
   o ALT= Text  (alternate text)
   o ALIGN=[ top | middle | bottom | left | right ] (applet alignment)
   o HSPACE= Pixels  (horizontal gutter)
   o VSPACE= Pixels  (vertical gutter)
   o common attributes

Contents
          PARAM  elements followed by block-level elements  and/or inline
          elements

Contained in
          Inline elements, block-level elements  except PRE

The APPLET  element is used to embed Java applets. It has been deprecated  in
HTML 4.0 in favor of the more generalized  OBJECT  element.  However, since the
few browsers that support OBJECT  do so with significant bugs, APPLET  is
currently a more reliable method of embedding Java applets.

APPLET's CODE  attribute specifies the name of the class file that contains the
compiled Applet subclass.  The value is relative to the URI  specified in the
CODEBASE  attribute, or to the HTML  document's base URI  if the CODEBASE
attribute is not given.

The required WIDTH  and HEIGHT  attributes define the dimensions of the applet.
The value may be given in pixels or as a percentage of the parent element's
width or height.

The ALT  attribute can be used to give alternate text for browsers that
recognize the APPLET  element but do not support Java or do not have Java
enabled.  Authors can also give alternate content between the start and end
tags of the APPLET  element--a better method than using the ALT  attribute
since it allows authors to include HTML markup in the alternate content and
also works with pre- HTML 3.2  browsers that do not support APPLET.

An APPLET  may contain  PARAM  elements to define applet-specific parameters.
PARAM  elements should be specified before any other content of the APPLET
element.  In the following example, a decorative Java applet takes two
parameters.  The APPLET contains an animated GIF as an alternative for non-Java
browsers.

<APPLET CODE="Animate.class" WIDTH=100 HEIGHT=100>
<PARAM NAME=img1 VALUE="/images/1.jpg">
<PARAM NAME=img2 VALUE="/images/2.jpg">
<IMG SRC="animation.gif" ALT="" WIDTH=100 HEIGHT=100>
</APPLET>

The ARCHIVE  attribute can specify a comma-separated list of archived files
(either absolute URIs or URIs relative to the CODEBASE), allowing the browser
to download many files with a single connection and hence decreasing the total
download time.  The standard archive format for Java files is JAR.  JAR files
can be created with the jar  tool included with the Java Development Kit  1.1
and up.

Note that some browsers do not support the ARCHIVE  attribute, so all necessary
files should be available unarchived as well.  Other browsers only support a
single URI  as the ARCHIVE  value.

The OBJECT  attribute specifies a serialized (saved) representation of an
applet.  The CODE  attribute should not be used if and only if the OBJECT
attribute is specified.  When the applet is deserialized, its init()  method is
not invoked, but its start()  method is.  Sun recommends restraint in using
this poorly supported feature.

The ALIGN  attribute specifies the alignment of the applet. The values top,
middle, and bottom  specify the applet's position with respect to surrounding
content on its left and right.

ALIGN=middle  aligns the center of the applet with the current baseline.  To
center the applet horizontally on the page, place the applet in a centered
block, e.g.,

<P ALIGN=center><APPLET CODE="Game.class" WIDTH=300
HEIGHT=100></APPLET></P>

The other ALIGN  values, left  and right, specify a floating  applet; the
applet is placed at the left or right margin and content flows around it.  To
place content below the applet, use <BR CLEAR=left|right|all>  as appropriate.

The  vertical-align  and  float  properties of Cascading Style Sheets  provide
more flexible methods of aligning applets.

The HSPACE  and VSPACE  attributes allow an author to suggest horizontal
gutters and vertical gutters, respectively, around the applet.  The value must
be in pixels and applies to both sides of the applet. Style sheets  provide
more flexibility in specifying the space around applets.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.6. AREA - Image map region ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

AREA - Image Map Region

Syntax
          <AREA>

Attribute Specifications

   o SHAPE=[ rect  | circle | poly | default ] (shape of region)
   o COORDS=Coords  (coordinates of region)
   o HREF= URI  (linked resource)
   o TARGET= FrameTarget  (frame to render link in)
   o NOHREF (inactive region)
   o ALT= Text  (alternate text)
   o TABINDEX= Number  (position in tabbing order)
   o ONFOCUS= Script  (region received focus)
   o ONBLUR= Script  (region lost focus)
   o common attributes

Contents
          Empty

Contained in
          MAP

The AREA  element defines a map region  in a client-side image map.  Each map
region is a piece of the image with a different action when clicked.

The SHAPE  and COORDS  attributes of AREA  specify what part of the image is
included in the region. The default SHAPE  value is rect, which defines a
rectangular region using COORDS="left, top, right, bottom".  Other SHAPE
values are

o default, which specifies the entire image;
o circle, which specifies a circular region using COORDS="center-x, center-y,
  radius";
o poly, which specifies a polygonal region using COORDS="x1, y1, x2, y2, ...,
  xN, yN".

Coordinate values are relative to the top left corner of the object and may be
expressed as pixels or percentages.  A percentage radius value for circular
regions is calculated relative to the smaller of the object's width and height.
If two or more regions overlap, the earliest specified region takes precedence.

The HREF  attribute specifies a link to another resource, such as an HTML
document or a JPEG  image.  The TITLE  attribute can be used to briefly
describe the contents of the link and is rendered as a "tooltip" by some visual
browsers.  The boolean NOHREF  attribute indicates that the region has no link.

The required ALT  attribute provides alternate text for those not loading
images.  Effective ALT  text should generally give the function  of the map
region rather than a description  of the region.  For example, ALT="WDG Home"
or ALT="Web Design Group"  would be more appropriate than ALT="WDG Logo"  for a
map region whose link went to the WDG  home page.  Good ALT  text is crucial to
the document's accessibility for the significant portion of users who do not
load images.

The TARGET  attribute  is used with frames  to specify in which frame the link
should be rendered.  If no frame with such a name exists, the link is rendered
in a new window unless overridden by the user.  Special frame names begin with
an underscore:

o _blank  renders the link in a new, unnamed window
o _self  renders the link in the current frame (useful for overriding a  BASE
  TARGET)
o _parent  renders the link in the immediate  FRAMESET  parent
o _top  renders the link in the full, unframed window

The ACCESSKEY  attribute specifies a single Unicode character as a shortcut key
for following the link. Entities  (e.g. é)  may be used as the ACCESSKEY
value.

The TABINDEX  attribute specifies a number between 0 and 32767 to indicate the
tabbing order of the map region.  A region with TABINDEX=0  or no TABINDEX
attribute will be visited after any elements with a positive TABINDEX.  Among
positive TABINDEX  values, the lower number receives focus first.  In the case
of a tie, the element appearing first in the HTML  document takes precedence.

In addition to the core events  common to most elements, AREA  accepts the
following event attributes for client-side scripting:

o ONFOCUS, when the region receives focus;
o ONBLUR, when the region loses focus.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.7. B - Bold Text ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

B - Bold Text

Syntax
          <B>...</B>

Attribute Specifications
          common attributes"

Contents
          Inline elements

Contained in
          Inline elements, block-level elements

The B element suggests that text be rendered as bold text. In most cases, use
of a phrase element such as STRONG is more appropriate since such elements
express the meaning of the text more clearly.

The B element is a suitable choice for marking a structure for which no phrase
element exists. For example, vectors in mathematics have no structural element
in HTML 4.0, but bold text is often an appropriate visual rendering:

If two vectors <B CLASS=vector>v</B> and
<B CLASS=vector>w</B> are orthogonal, we write
<B CLASS=vector>v</B>┬á⊥┬á<B CLASS=vector>w</B>.

Note the use of the CLASS attribute to add structural significance to the B
elements. This allows greater flexibility when applying style sheets to
different kinds of bold text.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.8. BASE - Document base URI ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

BASE - Document Base URI

Syntax
          <BASE>

Attribute Specifications

   o HREF= URI  (base URI  reference)
   o TARGET= FrameTarget  (frame to render links in)

Contents
          Empty

Contained in
          HEAD

The BASE  element defines the document's base URI  for resolving relative URIs
contained within the document.  A document cannot contain more than one BASE
element.  When present, the BASE  element must appear in the HEAD, prior to any
elements that include a partial URI.

BASE's HREF  attribute, required in HTML 4.0 Strict, specifies the absolute URI
used to resolve relative URIs.  See  Using Relative URLs for more details on
using and resolving relative URIs.

Most Web pages do not require an explicit base URI  since the document's URI
is a suitable base.  An explicit base URI  is only required when the same
document may be accessed at different URIs or when the document has no URI
(e.g., sending an HTML  document by e-mail).

The TARGET attribute is used with frames  to specify in which frame all links
in document should be rendered by default.  The target frame specified by BASE
can be overridden by a given link using the link's TARGET  attribute.

If no frame with the specified target name exists, the links are rendered in a
new window unless overridden by the user.  Special frame names begin with an
underscore:

o _blank  renders the links in a new, unnamed window
o _self  renders the links in the current frame
o _parent  renders the links in the immediate  FRAMESET  parent
o _top  renders the links in the full, unframed window


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.9. BASEFONT - Base font change ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

BASEFONT - Base Font Change

Syntax
          <BASEFONT>

Attribute Specifications

   o SIZE= CDATA  (font size adjustment)
   o COLOR= Color  (font color adjustment)
   o FACE= CDATA  (font face adjustment)
   o ID= ID  (unique ID)

Contents
          Empty

Contained in
          Inline elements, block-level elements  except PRE

The BASEFONT  element, deprecated  in HTML 4.0 in favor of style sheets, allows
authors to suggest rudimentary font changes.  Use of the BASEFONT element
brings the same usability and accessibility problems as  FONT, as discussed in
the article  What's Wrong With FONT?

Unlike FONT, BASEFONT's changes affect the base font, and so apply to all
content following the BASEFONT  element except for headings.  However, most
browsers fail to apply changes in the base font size and color to  TABLEs.

BASEFONT's required SIZE  attribute specifies the font size to use on a
browser-dependent scale of 1  to 7, with the default being 3.

The poorly supported COLOR  and FACE  attributes suggest a font color and face,
respectively. Style sheets  are better supported and more flexible than
BASEFONT's COLOR  and FACE attributes.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.10. BDO - BiDi override ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

BDO - BiDi Override

Syntax
          <BDO>...</BDO>

Attribute Specifications

   o DIR=[ ltr | rtl ] (directionality of text)
   o LANG= LanguageCode  (language of text)
   o core attributes

Contents
          Inline elements

Contained in
          Inline elements, block-level elements

The BDO  element overrides the bidirectional algorithm for the enclosed text.
Characters in Unicode  are assigned a directionality, left-to-right or
right-to-left, to allow the text to be rendered properly. For example, while
English characters are presented left-to-right, Hebrew characters are presented
right-to-left.

Unicode defines a bidirectional algorithm  that must be applied whenever a
document contains right-to-left characters.  While this algorithm usually gives
the proper presentation, occasionally authors must override the bidirectional
algorithm and specify the directionality of the text.  One such case is when
Hebrew characters are stored in visual order, where the first character of a
word is after the second character.  Unicode assumes that the characters are
stored in logical order, where the first character of a word is before the
second character, so the bidirectional algorithm would result in a rendering
with the first character incorrectly to the left  of the second character.

The BDO  element requires the  DIR  attribute to specify the directionality of
the enclosed text.  If a document contains Hebrew characters stored in visual
order, one should use <BDO DIR=ltr>text</BDO>  to force the proper presentation
for that text.

Authors may alternatively override the bidirectional algorithm using the
Unicode character ‭  to force left-to-right directionality or ‮
to force right-to-left directionality.  The character ‬  ends the
overriding of the algorithm. These characters should not be used in combination
with the  DIR  attribute.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.11. BIG - Large text ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

BIG - Large Font

Syntax
          <BIG>...</BIG>

Attribute Specifications

   o common attributes

Contents
          Inline elements

Contained in
          Inline elements, block-level elements except PRE

The BIG element suggests that text be rendered in a larger font. In most cases,
use of a structural element such as STRONG or a heading (e.g., H3) is more
appropriate since these elements express the meaning of the text more clearly.
One can suggest that STRONG text be rendered in a larger font with the
following Cascading Style Sheet:

STRONG { font-size: larger }

Most browsers support nested BIG elements, but authors should be wary of making
significant changes to the font size. Different users have different font
sizes, eyesight, and window sizes. Large changes in font size may look right to
the author but ridiculous to some users.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.12. BLOCKQUOTE - Block quotation ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

BLOCKQUOTE - Block Quotation

Syntax
          <BLOCKQUOTE>...</BLOCKQUOTE>

Attribute Specifications

   o CITE= URI  (source of quotation)
   o common attributes

Contents

   o In HTML 4.0 Strict:  one or more block-level elements  or SCRIPT
   o In HTML 4.0 Transitional: inline elements  or block-level elements

Contained in
          APPLET, BLOCKQUOTE, BODY, BUTTON, CENTER, DD, DEL, DIV, FIELDSET,
          FORM, IFRAME, INS, LI, MAP, NOFRAMES, NOSCRIPT, OBJECT, TD, TH

The BLOCKQUOTE  element defines a block quotation. Unlike inline quotations,
block quotations may contain block-level elements  such as  P  and  TABLE, but
BLOCKQUOTE  may not be contained within a paragraph or inline element.

The optional CITE  attribute of BLOCKQUOTE  provides the URI  of the source of
the quotation.  This attribute, not widely supported among browsers, allows
readers to verify the authenticity of the quotation and also find related
information.

The content of the BLOCKQUOTE  element should be contained within other
block-level elements, typically  P.  The following example features a quotation
that includes multiple paragraphs and its own block quotation:

<BLOCKQUOTE
CITE="http://www.bibliomania.com/Fiction/joyce/ulysses/telemac.html">
<P>
He pointed his finger in friendly jest and went over to the parapet, laughing
to himself.  Stephen Dedalus stepped up, followed him wearily half way and
sat down on the edge of the gunrest, watching him still as he propped his mirror
on the parapet, dipped the brush in the bowl and lathered cheeks and
neck.</P> <P>Buck Mulligan's gay voice went on.
</P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>
My name is absurd too:  Malachi Mulligan, two dactyls.
But it has a Hellenic ring, hasn't it?  Tripping and sunny like the buck
himself.  We must go to Athens.  Will you come if I can get the aunt to
fork out twenty quid?
</P>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
</BLOCKQUOTE>

Authors should not use BLOCKQUOTE  for unquoted material just to achieve a
block indentation in common visual browsers.  With the rise of style sheets,
such misuse of BLOCKQUOTE  will become less reliable while also reducing the
author's ability to fully exploit the power of style sheets. Cascading Style
Sheets  provide the  margin-left  property to indent a block.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.13. BODY - Document body ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

BODY - Document Body

Syntax
          <BODY>...</BODY>

Attribute Specifications

   o BACKGROUND= URI  (background image for document)
   o BGCOLOR= Color  (background color for document)
   o TEXT= Color  (text color for document)
   o LINK= Color  (link color for document)
   o VLINK= Color  (visited link color for document)
   o ALINK= Color  (active link color for document)
   o ONLOAD= Script  (document has been loaded)
   o ONUNLOAD= Script  (document has been exited)
   o common attributes

Contents

   o In HTML 4.0 Strict:  one or more block-level elements  or SCRIPT, INS, DEL
   o In HTML 4.0 Transitional: inline elements, block-level elements, INS, DEL

Contained in

   o In HTML 4.0 Strict  or Transitional: HTML
   o In HTML 4.0 Frameset: NOFRAMES

The BODY  element contains the document body. BODY  is required in non-frames
documents, but its start and end tags are always optional.  In frames
documents, BODY  must be contained within the  NOFRAMES  element, if NOFRAMES
is used.

The BODY  element contains the document's content.  The content should be
contained within block-level elements  or SCRIPT  elements, though HTML 4.0
Transitional  also allows inline elements  directly within BODY.

BODY  takes a number of attributes for specifying the background and colors of
the document on visual browsers.  These attributes are deprecated  in HTML 4.0
in favor of style sheets, which provide greater flexibility in suggesting the
presentation of a document.  BGCOLOR  suggests a background color, TEXT
suggests a text color, LINK suggests a link color, VLINK  suggests a visited
link color, and ACTIVE  suggests an active link color (when the link is
selected).  If one of these attributes is given, then all of them should be
included to ensure that the user's chosen colors do not interfere with those
suggested in the <BODY>  tag.  Authors should not rely on the specified colors
being used since browsers allow these colors to be overridden by the user.

The BACKGROUND  attribute suggests a background image for tiling on the
document canvas.  To help ensure a readable document, the BGCOLOR, TEXT, LINK,
VLINK, and ALINK  attributes should always be included when BACKGROUND  is
given.  The BGCOLOR  will be used for those not loading images.

Style sheets  allow more flexibility in suggesting a background image,
including the ability to specify the position of the image, how the image is
tiled, and whether the image should scroll with the document.

In addition to the core events  common to most elements, BODY  accepts the
following event attributes for client-side scripting:

o ONLOAD, when the document has been loaded;
o ONUNLOAD, when the document is exited.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.14. BR - Line break ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

BR - Line Break

Syntax
          <BR>

Attribute Specifications

   o CLEAR=[ left | all | right | none  ] (clear floating objects)
   o core attributes

Contents
          Empty

Contained in
          Inline elements, block-level elements

The BR  element forces a break  in the current line of text.  BR  can be useful
in formatting addresses within the  ADDRESS  element, but it is often misused
to break lines of text in a paragraph or table cell when it looks "nice" to the
author.  This usually results in an awkward presentation when viewed with a
font size other than that used by the author.

The CLEAR  attribute of BR  is used to move below floating objects (typically
images  or tables).  In the following example, the second paragraph should be
rendered below the floating image:

<P>
<IMG SRC="toronto.jpg" ALIGN=left ALT="" TITLE="Toronto's CN Tower">
Toronto is the largest city in Canada and the fourth largest in North
America.
</P>
<BR CLEAR=left>
<P>The city is highly multicultural, with over 80 ethnic
communities  from Africa, Asia, and Europe...

Style sheets  provide more flexibility in controlling text flow around objects
and eliminate the need to use BR for this purpose since CSS1's  clear  property
can be applied to any element (such as the second paragraph in the preceding
example).


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.15. BUTTON - Button ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

BUTTON - Button

Syntax
          <BUTTON>...</BUTTON>

Attribute Specifications

   o NAME= CDATA  (key in submitted form)
   o VALUE= CDATA  (value in submitted form)
   o TYPE=[ submit  | reset | button ] (type of button)
   o DISABLED (disable button)
   o ACCESSKEY= Character  (shortcut key)
   o TABINDEX= Number  (position in tabbing order)
   o ONFOCUS= Script  (element received focus)
   o ONBLUR= Script  (element lost focus)
   o common attributes

Contents

   o Inline elements  except A, INPUT, SELECT, TEXTAREA, LABEL, BUTTON, and
     IFRAME
   o Block-level elements  except FORM, ISINDEX, and FIELDSET

Contained in
          Block-level elements, inline elements  except BUTTON

The BUTTON  element defines a submit button, reset button, or push button.
Authors can also use  INPUT  to specify these buttons, but the BUTTON  element
allows richer labels, including images and emphasis.  However, BUTTON  is new
in HTML 4.0 and poorly supported among current browsers, so INPUT  is a more
reliable choice at this time.

The TYPE  attribute of BUTTON  specifies the kind of button and takes the value
submit  (the default), reset, or button.  The NAME  and VALUE  attributes
determine the name/value pair sent to the server when a submit button is
pushed.  These attributes allow authors to provide multiple submit buttons and
have the form handler take a different action depending on the submit button
used.

Some examples of BUTTON  follow:

<BUTTON NAME=submit VALUE=modify ACCESSKEY=M>
Modify information
</BUTTON>
<BUTTON NAME=submit VALUE=continue ACCESSKEY=C>
Continue with application
</BUTTON>

<BUTTON ACCESSKEY=S>
Submit <IMG SRC="checkmark.gif" ALT="✔">
</BUTTON>
<BUTTON TYPE=reset ACCESSKEY=R>Reset
<IMG SRC="x.gif" ALT="✘">
</BUTTON>

<BUTTON TYPE=button ID=toggler ONCLICK="toggle()" ACCESSKEY=H>
Hide <strong>non-strict</strong> attributes
</BUTTON>

The ACCESSKEY  attribute, used throughout the preceding examples, specifies a
single Unicode character as a shortcut key for pressing the button. Entities
(e.g. é)  may be used as the ACCESSKEY  value.

The boolean DISABLED  attribute makes the BUTTON element unavailable.  The user
is unable to push the button, the button cannot receive focus, and the button
is skipped when navigating the document by tabbing.

The TABINDEX  attribute specifies a number between 0 and 32767 to indicate the
tabbing order of the button.  A BUTTON  element with TABINDEX=0  or no TABINDEX
attribute will be visited after any elements with a positive TABINDEX.  Among
positive TABINDEX  values, the lower number receives focus first.  In the case
of a tie, the element appearing first in the HTML  document takes precedence.

The BUTTON  element also takes a number of attributes to specify client-side
scripting actions for various events.  In addition to the core events  common
to most elements, BUTTON  accepts the following event attributes:

o ONFOCUS, when the element receives focus;
o ONBLUR, when the element loses focus.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.16. CAPTION - Table caption ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

CAPTION - Table Caption

Syntax
          <CAPTION>...</CAPTION>

Attribute Specifications

   o ALIGN=[ top | bottom | left | right ] (caption alignment)
   o common attributes

Contents
          Inline elements

Contained in
          TABLE

The CAPTION  element defines a table caption.  When used, CAPTION  must be the
first element in the  TABLE.  Only inline elements (e.g.,  STRONG)  may be used
within CAPTION.

A good caption should provide a short heading for the table.  For simple
tables, the caption can also act as an adequate summary, but for more complex
tables, authors should supplement the CAPTION  with a full summary, either
through  TABLE's  SUMMARY  attribute or within a paragraph outside of the
TABLE.  The following example features a simple table where the CAPTION
provides a heading and an adequate table summary:

<TABLE>
  <CAPTION>Common Usenet Abbreviations</CAPTION>
  <THEAD>
    <TR>
      <TH>Abbreviation</TH>
      <TH>Long Form</TH>
    </TR>
  </THEAD>
  <TBODY>
    <TR>
      <TD>AFAIK</TD>
      <TD>As Far As I Know</TD>
    </TR>
    <TR>
      <TD>IMHO</TD>
      <TD>In My Humble Opinion</TD>
    </TR>
    <TR>
      <TD>OTOH</TD>
      <TD>On The Other Hand</TD>
    </TR>
  </TBODY>
</TABLE>

The next example uses TABLE's SUMMARY  attribute to complement the CAPTION:

<TABLE SUMMARY="This table gives the character entity reference,
                   decimal character reference, and hexadecimal character
                   reference for symbols and Greek letters.">
  <CAPTION>Symbols and Greek Letters in HTML 4.0</CAPTION>
  <COLGROUP>
  <COLGROUP SPAN=3>
  <THEAD>
    <TR>
      <TH SCOPE=col>Character</TH>
      <TH SCOPE=col>Entity</TH>
      <TH SCOPE=col>Decimal</TH>
      <TH SCOPE=col>Hex</TH>
    </TR>
  </THEAD>
  <TBODY>
    <TR>
      <TD SCOPE=row>Latin small f with hook</TD>
      <TD>&fnof;</TD>
      <TD>&#402;</TD>
      <TD>&#x192;</TD>
    </TR>
    ...
  </TBODY>
</TABLE>

The deprecated  ALIGN  attribute of CAPTION  specifies the alignment of the
caption relative to the table.  Possible values are top  (the default), bottom,
left, and right.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.17. CENTER - Centered block ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

CENTER - Centered Block

Syntax
          <CENTER>...</CENTER>

Attribute Specifications

   o common attributes

Contents
          Inline elements, block-level elements

Contained in
          APPLET, BLOCKQUOTE, BODY, BUTTON, CENTER, DD, DEL, DIV, FIELDSET,
          FORM, IFRAME, INS, LI, MAP, NOFRAMES, NOSCRIPT, OBJECT, TD, TH

The CENTER  element defines a block whose contents are centered  horizontally
on visual browsers.  <CENTER> is a shorthand for < DIV  ALIGN=center>, though
CENTER  is slightly better supported among browsers.  Both methods of centering
are deprecated  in favor of style sheets.

CENTER  is still useful for centering tables  since many browsers lack support
for <TABLE ALIGN=center>  as well as the method of centering tables with
Cascading Style Sheets (setting  margin-left  and  margin-right  to auto). An
example follows:

<CENTER>
  <TABLE>
    <TR ALIGN=center>
      <TH SCOPE=col>Name</TH>
      <TH SCOPE=col>Age</TH>
      <TH SCOPE=col>Country</TH>
    </TR>
    <TR ALIGN=center>
      <TD>Liam Quinn</TD>
      <TD>20</TD>
      <TD>Canada</TD>
    </TR>
  </TABLE>
</CENTER>

Note that CENTER  only centers the table as a whole, not the contents of each
table cell.  The preceding example uses the ALIGN  attribute of  TR  to center
the contents of each cell.  The  text-align  property of Cascading Style Sheets
provides greater flexibility in suggesting horizontal alignment.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.18. CITE - Citation ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

CITE - Citation

Syntax
          <CITE>...</CITE>

Attribute Specifications

   o common attributes

Contents
          Inline elements

Contained in
          Inline elements, block-level elements

The CITE  element is used to markup citations, such as titles of magazines or
newspapers, ship names, references to other sources, and quotation
attributions.  Visual browsers typically render CITE as italic text, but
authors can suggest a rendering using style sheets.  Since CITE  is a
structural element, it carries meaning, making it preferable to font style
elements such as  I  when marking up citations.

Example:

<CITE>The Toronto Star</CITE> gave its review of the movie
<CITE>Titanic</CITE> yesterday.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.19. CODE - Computer code ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

CODE - Computer Code

Syntax
          <CODE>...</CODE>

Attribute Specifications

   o common attributes

Contents
          Inline elements

Contained in
          Inline elements, block-level elements

The CODE  element denotes computer code.  Visual browsers typically render CODE
as monospaced text, but authors can suggest a rendering using style sheets.
Since CODE  is a structural element, it carries meaning, making it preferable
to font style elements such as  TT  when marking up computer code.

Since spacing is often important when presenting computer code, the  PRE
element can be useful as a container for CODE  elements.  When used within
other containers, a CODE  element has multiple spaces collapsed.  The following
example uses CODE  within PRE:

<PRE><CODE>
class HelloWorld {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    System.out.println("Hello World!");
}
} </CODE></PRE>


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.20. COL - Table column ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

COL - Table Column

Syntax
          <COL>

Attribute Specifications

   o SPAN= Number  (number of columns)
   o WIDTH= MultiLength  (width of each column)
   o ALIGN=[ left | center | right | justify | char ] (horizontal alignment of
     cells)
   o CHAR= Character  (alignment character for cells)
   o CHAROFF= Length  (alignment character offset)
   o VALIGN=[ top | middle | bottom | baseline ] (vertical alignment of cells)
   o common attributes

Contents
          Empty

Contained in
          COLGROUP, TABLE

The COL  element defines attributes common to a table column.  If used, COL
must be after the optional  CAPTION  and before the optional  THEAD  in the
TABLE.  Unlike  COLGROUP, COL  does not group columns structurally; it merely
defines attributes common to all cells in one or more columns.

COL's SPAN  attribute defines the number of columns that will share the COL
element's other attributes; the default value is 1.  COL  may be contained
directly in the TABLE  element or it may be contained within a COLGROUP.  If
COL  is in a COLGROUP, the COL's attributes override those of the COLGROUP  for
the columns spanned by COL.

The next example uses COL  elements within COLGROUPs to assign a different
CLASS  to each column:

<TABLE SUMMARY="This table gives the character entity reference,
                 decimal character reference, and hexadecimal character
                 reference for 8-bit Latin-1 characters, as well as the
                 rendering of each in your browser.">
  <COLGROUP CLASS="character-description">
  <COLGROUP>
    <COL CLASS=entity>
    <COL SPAN=2 CLASS=numeric>
  <COLGROUP>
    <COL CLASS="entity-rendering">
    <COL CLASS="decimal-rendering">
    <COL CLASS="hex-rendering">
  <THEAD>
    <TR>
      <TH SCOPE=col ROWSPAN=2>Character</TH> <TH SCOPE=col ROWSPAN=2>Entity</TH>
      <TH SCOPE=col ROWSPAN=2>Decimal</TH>
      <TH SCOPE=col ROWSPAN=2>Hex</TH>
      <TH SCOPE=colgroup COLSPAN=3>Rendering in Your Browser</TH>
    </TR>
    <TR>
      <TH SCOPE=col>Entity</TH>
      <TH SCOPE=col>Decimal</TH>
      <TH SCOPE=col>Hex</TH>
    </TR>
  </THEAD>
  <TBODY>
    <TR>
      <TD SCOPE=row>non-breaking space</TD>
      <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
      <TD>&#160;</TD>
      <TD>&#xA0;</TD>
      <TD> </TD>
      <TD> </TD>
      <TD> </TD>
    </TR>
    ...
  </TBODY>
</TABLE>

COL  also takes a number of presentational attributes, many of which cannot be
completely replaced by style sheets.  Since few browsers support COL, authors
may wish to specify these attributes on the  TD  or  TH  elements instead.

The WIDTH  attribute specifies a width for each column spanned by COL.  The
value must be a number in pixels, a percentage of the table width, or a
relative length expressed as i*  where i  is an integer.  A column with
WIDTH="3*" will be allotted three times the width of a column with WIDTH="1*".
The value 0*  is equivalent to the minimum width necessary for the column's
contents.

The ALIGN  attribute specifies the horizontal alignment for each cell in the
spanned columns.  Possible values are left, center, right, justify, and char.
ALIGN=char  aligns a cell's contents on the character given in the CHAR
attribute.  The default value for the CHAR  attribute is the decimal point of
the current language--a period in English.  The CHAROFF  attribute specifies
the offset to the first occurrence of the alignment character.  The attribute's
value is a number in pixels or a percentage of the cell's width; CHAROFF="50%"
centers the alignment character horizontally in a cell.

The VALIGN  attribute specifies the vertical position of a cell's contents.
Possible values are:

o top, which positions data at the top of the cell;
o middle, the default value, which centers the cell data vertically;
o bottom, which positions data at the bottom of the cell;
o baseline, which specifies that the first line of each cell in the row with
  ALIGN=baseline  should occur on a common baseline.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.21. COLGROUP - Table column group ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

COLGROUP - Table Column Group

Syntax
          <COLGROUP>...</COLGROUP>

Attribute Specifications

   o SPAN= Number  (number of columns in group)
   o WIDTH= MultiLength  (width of each column)
   o ALIGN=[ left | center | right | justify | char ] (horizontal alignment of
     cells in group)
   o CHAR= Character  (alignment character for cells)
   o CHAROFF= Length  (alignment character offset)
   o VALIGN=[ top | middle | bottom | baseline ] (vertical alignment of cells
     in group)
   o common attributes

Contents
          Zero or more COL  elements

Contained in
          TABLE

The COLGROUP  element defines a column group  in a table.  If used, COLGROUP
must be after the optional  CAPTION  and before the optional  THEAD  in the
TABLE.  The structural divisions defined by COLGROUP  allow authors to easily
suggest a presentation for groups of columns through style sheets.

COLGROUP's SPAN  attribute defines the number of columns in the group; the
default value is 1.  A number of other attributes are permitted on COLGROUP,
and these are shared among the cells of the group.  COLGROUP  may contain  COL
elements that define attributes for the cells of individual columns, overriding
attributes defined for the column group.  The SPAN  attribute should not be
used if the COLGROUP  contains any COL  elements.

The next example features three column groups to structurally divide the table
into three parts.  The first part is a single column that gives the description
of a character.  The second part consists of three columns giving different
ways of representing the character in HTML.  The third part consists of three
columns with renderings of the character in the user's browser.

<TABLE SUMMARY="This table gives the character entity reference,
                 decimal character reference, and hexadecimal character
                 reference for 8-bit Latin-1 characters, as well as the
                 rendering of each in your browser.">
  <COLGROUP>
  <COLGROUP SPAN=3>
  <COLGROUP SPAN=3>
  <THEAD>
    <TR>
      <TH SCOPE=col ROWSPAN=2>Character</TH>
      <TH SCOPE=col ROWSPAN=2>Entity</TH>
      <TH SCOPE=col ROWSPAN=2>Decimal</TH> <TH SCOPE=col ROWSPAN=2>Hex</TH>
      <TH SCOPE=colgroup COLSPAN=3>Rendering in Your Browser</TH>
    </TR>
    <TR>
      <TH SCOPE=col>Entity</TH>
      <TH SCOPE=col>Decimal</TH>
      <TH SCOPE=col>Hex</TH>
    </TR>
  </THEAD>
  <TBODY>
    <TR>
      <TD SCOPE=row>non-breaking space</TD>
      <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
      <TD>&#160;</TD>
      <TD>&#xA0;</TD>
      <TD> </TD>
      <TD> </TD>
      <TD> </TD>
    </TR>
    ...
  </TBODY>
</TABLE>

In place of the <COLGROUP SPAN=3>  tag in the preceding example, a COLGROUP
with three COL  elements could have been used:

<COLGROUP>
  <COL CLASS=entity>
  <COL CLASS=decimal>
  <COL CLASS=hex>
</COLGROUP>

Here we have used the  CLASS  attribute to distinguish the individual columns
of the group, allowing us to easily suggest different presentations for the
columns through style sheets.

COLGROUP  also takes a number of presentational attributes, many of which
cannot be completely replaced by style sheets.  Since few browsers support
COLGROUP, authors may wish to specify these attributes on the TD  or  TH
elements instead.

The WIDTH  attribute specifies a width for each column in the group.  The value
must be a number in pixels, a percentage of the table width, or a relative
length expressed as i*  where i  is an integer.  A column with WIDTH="3*" will
be allotted three times the width of a column with WIDTH="1*".  The value 0*
is equivalent to the minimum width necessary for the column's contents.

The ALIGN  attribute specifies the horizontal alignment for each cell in the
column group.  Possible values are left, center, right, justify, and char.
ALIGN=char  aligns a cell's contents on the character given in the CHAR
attribute.  The default value for the CHAR  attribute is the decimal point of
the current language--a period in English.  The CHAROFF  attribute specifies
the offset to the first occurrence of the alignment character.  The attribute's
value is a number in pixels or a percentage of the cell's width; CHAROFF="50%"
centers the alignment character horizontally in a cell.

The VALIGN  attribute specifies the vertical position of a cell's contents.
Possible values are:

o top, which positions data at the top of the cell;
o middle, the default value, which centers the cell data vertically;
o bottom, which positions data at the bottom of the cell;
o baseline, which specifies that the first line of each cell in the row with
  ALIGN=baseline  should occur on a common baseline.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.22. DD - Definition description ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

DD - Definition Description

Syntax
          <DD>...</DD>

Attribute Specifications

   o common attributes

Contents
          Inline elements, block-level elements

Contained in
          DL

The DD  element provides the definition  of a term  in a definition list.  The
closing tag for DD  is optional, but its use prevents common browser bugs with
style sheets.

DD  may contain block-level elements  such as  P,  H2,  TABLE, and  DL.  This
allows definition lists to be nested, as in the following example:

<DL>

  <DT><A NAME="spanning-tree">Spanning tree</A></DT>
  <DD>
    <P>
      A spanning tree of a graph is a <A HREF="#tree">tree</A>
      that contains all the vertices of the graph.  There are two
      main types of spanning trees:
    </P>

    <DL>
      <DT>BFS spanning tree</DT>
      <DD>
        A spanning tree formed by a breadth-first search on the graph.
      </DD>
      <DT>DFS spanning tree</DT>
      <DD>
        A spanning tree formed by a depth-first search on the graph.
      </DD>
    </DL>
  </DD>

  <DT><A NAME=tree>Tree</A></DT>
  <DD>
    <P>
      A tree is connected, undirected graph without cycles.
    </P>
  </DD>

</DL>

A DD  element should generally be preceded by a  DT  element that gives the
term defined by the DD.  A single definition term may have multiple definitions
associated with it, and a single definition may have multiple terms.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.23. DEL - Deleted text ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

DEL - Deleted Text

Syntax
          <DEL>...</DEL>

Attribute Specifications

   o CITE= URI  (reason for deletion)
   o DATETIME= Datetime  (date and time of deletion)
   o common attributes

Contents
          Inline elements, block-level elements

Contained in
          Inline elements, block-level elements

The DEL  element contains content that has been deleted.  This element is
useful in marking changes from one version of a document to the next.  Through
style sheets, authors can suggest an appropriate rendering, such as not
displaying the deleted content or rendering the text with a strike-through
style.

DEL  may be used as either a block-level element  or an inline element.  If
used as an inline element (e.g., within a  P), then DEL  may not contain any
block-level elements.

The optional CITE  attribute of DEL  gives a URI  with information on why the
content was deleted.  A brief explanation for the deletion can be given with
the TITLE  attribute, which may be rendered as a "tooltip" by some browsers.

The optional DATETIME  attribute specifies the date and time of the deletion.
The value is case-sensitive and of the form YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ssTZD. See the
values  section for a full explanation of this format.

An example follows:

<DEL CITE="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/appendix/changes.html#h-A.1.3"
DATETIME="1997-12-19T00:00:00-05:00" TITLE="XMP is obsolete">
<P>The XMP element contains preformatted text in which markup
other than an end tag is treated as literal
text.</P>
</DEL>

Since DEL  is poorly supported among browsers, authors may wish to use a font
style element  such as  STRIKE  ( deprecated  in HTML 4.0) to attempt to convey
the meaning of DEL  to non-supporting visual browsers. The previous example
could also be marked up as follows:

<DEL CITE="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/appendix/changes.html#h-A.1.3"
DATETIME="1997-12-19T00:00:00-05:00" TITLE="XMP is obsolete">
<P><STRIKE>The XMP element is used for preformatted text in
which markup other than an end tag is treated as literal
text.</STRIKE></P>
</DEL>


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.24. DFN - Defined term ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

DFN - Defined Term

Syntax
          <DFN>...</DFN>

Attribute Specifications

   o common attributes

Contents
          Inline elements

Contained in
          Inline elements, block-level elements

The DFN  element denotes the defining instance of a term.  Visual browsers
typically render DFN  as italic text, but authors can suggest a rendering using
style sheets.  Since DFN  is a structural element, it carries meaning, making
it preferable to font style elements such as  I  when marking up the defining
instance of a term.

Netscape Navigator  does not support the DFN  element.  In most cases, the lack
of support is not a significant problem; concerned authors could nest the DFN
element within an  I  element or another font style  element.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.25. DIR - Directory List ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

DIR

Syntax
          <DIR>...</DIR>

Attribute Specifications

   o COMPACT (compact display)
   o common attributes

Contents
          One or more LI  elements that cannot contain block-level elements

Contained in
          APPLET, BLOCKQUOTE, BODY, BUTTON, CENTER, DD, DEL, DIV, FIELDSET,
          FORM, IFRAME, INS, LI, MAP, NOFRAMES, NOSCRIPT, OBJECT, TD, TH

The DIR  element defines a directory list.  The element contains one or more
LI  elements that define the actual items of the list.  The LI  elements must
not contain block-level elements, which prevents DIRs from being nested.

The COMPACT  attribute suggests that visual browsers render the list compactly,
perhaps with reduced spacing between items.  This attribute is not well
supported among browsers.

DIR  is deprecated  in HTML 4.0 in favor of  UL.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.26. DIV - Generic block-level container ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

DIV - Generic Block-level Container

Syntax
          <DIV>...</DIV>

Attribute Specifications

   o ALIGN=[ left | center | right | justify ] (horizontal alignment)
   o common attributes

Contents
          Inline elements, block-level elements

Contained in
          APPLET, BLOCKQUOTE, BODY, BUTTON, CENTER, DD, DEL, DIV, FIELDSET,
          FORM, IFRAME, INS, LI, MAP, NOFRAMES, NOSCRIPT, OBJECT, TD, TH

The DIV  element defines a generic block-level container, allowing authors to
provide style or language information to blocks of content.  The element may
contain any inline  or block-level  element, including another DIV.

The DIV  element is most useful in combination with the  CLASS,  ID, or  LANG
attributes.  For example, a navigation bar could be contained within a DIV
marked as CLASS=navbar, allowing the author to use style sheets  to easily
change the background of all navigation bars on a site, or to eliminate
navigation bars when printing.

The deprecated  ALIGN  attribute suggests the horizontal alignment for the
content of the division on visual browsers.  Possible values are left, right,
center, and justify.  <CENTER>  is a slightly better-supported alias for <DIV
ALIGN=center>, though both methods of centering are deprecated in favor of
style sheets, which provide greater flexibility in suggesting alignment.

SPAN  is a text-level equivalent of DIV  for use within paragraphs  and inline
elements.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.27. DL - Definition list ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

DL - Definition List

Syntax
          <DL>...</DL>

Attribute Specifications

   o COMPACT (compact display)
   o common attributes

Contents
          One or more DT  or DD  elements

Contained in
          APPLET, BLOCKQUOTE, BODY, BUTTON, CENTER, DD, DEL, DIV, FIELDSET,
          FORM, IFRAME, INS, LI, MAP, NOFRAMES, NOSCRIPT, OBJECT, TD, TH

The DL  element defines a definition list.  An entry in the list is created
using the  DT  element for the term being defined and the  DD  element for the
definition of the term.

A definition list can have multiple terms for a given definition as well as
multiple definitions for a given term.  Authors can also give a term without a
corresponding definition, and vice versa, but such a structure rarely makes
sense.

An example follows:

<DL>

  <DT>Block-level elements</DT>
  <DD>
    <P>
      In HTML, block-level elements may generally contain
      inline elements and other block-level elements.  They are
      usually formatted differently than inline elements,
      typically on a new line in visual browsers.
    </P>
  </DD>

  <DT>Inline elements</DT> <DT>Text-level elements</DT>
  <DD>
    <P>
      Inline (or text-level) elements generally only contain
      character data and other inline elements.
    </P>
  </DD>

</DL>

The DL  element can be adapted for use with structures that are not strict
terms and definitions, a practice that is justified when other HTML  elements
cannot adequately describe a structure.  Some examples follow:

<H1>Community Calendar</H1>

<DL CLASS=calendar>

  <DT>March 8</DT>
  <DD>
    The Symphony Orchestra presents <CITE>A Rising Star</CITE>
    at the Anderson Center.  Call 555-1234 for details.
  </DD>

  <DT>March 10</DT>
  <DD>
    Bereaved Families Support Night, 7:00 to 9:00 at
    523 Main <ABBR TITLE=Street>St.</ABBR>
  </DD>

</DL>

<DL CLASS=play>

  <DT>Brutus</DT>
  <DD CLASS="role Brutus">
    <P>
      I kiss thy hand, but not in flattery, Caesar;<BR>
      Desiring thee that Publius Cimber may<BR>
      Have an immediate freedom of repeal.
    </P>
  </DD>

  <DT>Caesar</DT>
  <DD CLASS="role Caesar">
    <P>
      What, Brutus!
    </P>
  </DD>

  <DT>Cassius</DT>
  <DD CLASS="role Cassius">
    <P>
      Pardon, Caesar; Caesar, pardon:<BR>
      As low as to thy foot doth Cassius fall,<BR>
      To beg enfranchisement for Publius Cimber.
    </P>
  </DD>

</DL>

Note the use of the  CLASS  attribute in the preceding examples.  This allows
the author to easily suggest, through style sheets, a distinguishing
presentation for different kinds of definition lists.

In addition to the common attributes  shared by most elements, DL  takes a
COMPACT  attribute.  This attribute, deprecated  in HTML 4.0 and poorly
supported among browsers, suggests that visual browsers render the list
compactly, perhaps with reduced spacing between items.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.28. DT - Definition term ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

DT - Definition Term

Syntax
          <DT>...</DT>

Attribute Specifications

   o common attributes

Contents
          Inline elements

Contained in
          DL

The DT  element defines a term  in a definition list.  The closing tag for DT
is optional, but its use prevents common browser bugs with style sheets.  Note
that DT cannot contain block-level elements  such as  P  and  H2.

A DT  element should generally be followed by a  DD  element that provides the
definition for the term given by the DT.  A single definition term may have
multiple definitions associated with it, and a single definition may have
multiple terms.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.29. EM - Emphasis ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

EM - Emphasis

Syntax
          <EM>...</EM>

Attribute Specifications

   o common attributes

Contents
          Inline elements

Contained in
          Inline elements, block-level elements

The EM  element gives emphasis  to its contents. Visual browsers typically
render EM  as italic text, but authors can suggest a rendering using style
sheets.  Since EM  is a structural element, it carries meaning, making it
preferable to font style elements such as  I  when emphasis is the intended
meaning.

For strong emphasis, use the  STRONG  element.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.30. FIELDSET - Form control group ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

FIELDSET - Form Control Group

Syntax
          <FIELDSET>...</FIELDSET>

Attribute Specifications

   o common attributes

Contents
          A LEGEND  element followed by zero or more block-level elements  and
          inline elements

Contained in
          APPLET, BLOCKQUOTE, BODY, CENTER, DD, DEL, DIV, FIELDSET, FORM,
          IFRAME, INS, LI, MAP, NOFRAMES, NOSCRIPT, OBJECT, TD, TH

The FIELDSET  element defines a form control group. By grouping related form
controls, authors can divide a form into smaller, more manageable parts,
improving the usability disaster that can strike when confronting users with
too many form controls.  The grouping provided by FIELDSET  also helps the
accessibility of forms to those using aural browsers by allowing these users to
more easily orient themselves when filling in a large form.

While FIELDSET  is not widely supported by current browsers, it can be used
safely by explicitly closing any preceding  P  element with </P>  or by
including an empty P  prior to the FIELDSET.  This causes non-supporting
browsers to infer the start of a block-level element  even though they ignore
the block-level FIELDSET  element.

The content of a FIELDSET  element must begin with a  LEGEND  to provide a
caption for the group of controls.  Following the LEGEND, FIELDSET may contain
any inline  or block-level  element, including another FIELDSET.

An example follows:

<FORM METHOD=post ACTION="/cgi-bin/order.cgi">

  <FIELDSET>
    <LEGEND ACCESSKEY=I>Contact Information</LEGEND>
    <TABLE>
      <TR>
        <TD>
          <LABEL FOR=name ACCESSKEY=N>Name:</LABEL>
        </TD>
        <TD>
          <INPUT TYPE=text NAME=name ID=name>
        </TD>
      </TR>
      <TR>
        <TD>
          <LABEL FOR=email ACCESSKEY=E>E-mail Address:</LABEL>
        </TD>
        <TD>
          <INPUT TYPE=text NAME=email ID=email>
        </TD>
      </TR>
      <TR>
        <TD>
          <LABEL FOR=addr ACCESSKEY=A>Mailing Address:</LABEL>
        </TD>
        <TD>
          <TEXTAREA NAME=address ID=addr ROWS=4 COLS=40></TEXTAREA>
        </TD>
      </TR>
    </TABLE>
  </FIELDSET>

  <FIELDSET>
    <LEGEND ACCESSKEY=O>Ordering Information</LEGEND>
      <P>Please select the product(s) that you wish to order:</P>
      <P>
        <LABEL ACCESSKEY=3>
          <INPUT TYPE=checkbox NAME=products VALUE="HTML 3.2 Reference">
          <A HREF="/reference/wilbur/">HTML 3.2 Reference</A>
        </LABEL>
        <BR>
        <LABEL ACCESSKEY=4>
          <INPUT TYPE=checkbox NAME=products VALUE="HTML 4.0 Reference">
          <A HREF="/reference/html40/">HTML 4.0 Reference</A>
        </LABEL>
        <BR>
        <LABEL ACCESSKEY=S>
          <INPUT TYPE=checkbox NAME=products VALUE="CSS Guide">
          <A HREF="/reference/css/">Cascading Style Sheets Guide</A>
        </LABEL>
      </P>
  </FIELDSET>

  <FIELDSET>
    <LEGEND ACCESSKEY=C>Credit Card Information</LEGEND>
    <P>
      <LABEL ACCESSKEY=V>
        <INPUT TYPE=radio NAME=card VALUE=visa> Visa
      </LABEL>
      <LABEL ACCESSKEY=M>
        <INPUT TYPE=radio NAME=card VALUE=mc> MasterCard
      </LABEL>
      <BR>
      <LABEL ACCESSKEY=u>
        Number:  <INPUT TYPE=text NAME=number>
      </LABEL>
      <BR>
      <LABEL ACCESSKEY=E>
        Expiry:  <INPUT TYPE=text NAME=expiry>
      </LABEL>
    </P>
  </FIELDSET>

  <P>
  <INPUT TYPE=submit VALUE="Submit order">
  <INPUT TYPE=reset VALUE="Clear order form"> </P>

</FORM>


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.31. FONT - Font change ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

FONT - Font Change

Syntax
          <FONT>...</FONT>

Attribute Specifications

   o SIZE= CDATA  (font size adjustment)
   o COLOR= Color  (font color adjustment)
   o FACE= CDATA  (font face adjustment)
   o core attributes
   o internationalization attributes

Contents
          Inline elements

Contained in
          Inline elements, block-level elements  except PRE

The FONT  element, deprecated  in HTML 4.0 in favor of style sheets, allows
authors to suggest rudimentary font changes.  Use of the FONT  element brings
numerous usability and accessibility problems, as discussed in the article
What's Wrong With FONT?

The least harmful use of the FONT  element is in suggesting relative changes in
font size with <FONT SIZE="+1">  or <FONT SIZE="-1">.  These tags increment or
decrement the font size relative to the size specified in the  BASEFONT
element, or relative to a base size of 3  if no BASEFONT  element is used.
Sizes are based on a seven-point scale (1..7)  that is browser dependent.

While authors can specify SIZE  values such as -2  and +3, as well as absolute
values such as 1, these kinds of changes are strongly discouraged due to the
sensitivity some users have to different font sizes.  While a value like -2
may look right to you with your eyesight and user settings, it could easily be
unreadable to a user with different eyesight and user settings.

The COLOR  attribute suggests a text color.  While most browsers allow users to
override author color changes, the widely used Netscape Navigator 2.x, 3.x, and
4.x  do not override colors specified with FONT.  This makes the COLOR
attribute very dangerous from an accessibility point of view.

Authors often use the COLOR  attribute as a form of emphasis or to indicate a
heading.  In these cases, use of structural HTML (e.g.,  STRONG,  H1)  along
with a style sheet provides a more flexible, accessible document.

The FACE  attribute gives a comma-separated list of font faces in which to
display text.  The fonts are listed in order of preference, so that if the
browser does not have the first font listed, it will try the second, then the
third, and so on.

The FONT  element is an inline element, meaning that it cannot contain
block-level elements  such as  P  and  TABLE.  Again, style sheets  provide
much more flexibility in suggesting font styles.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.32. FORM - Interactive form ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

FORM - Interactive Form

Syntax
          <FORM>...</FORM>

Attribute Specifications

   o ACTION= URI  (form handler)
   o METHOD=[ get  | post ] (HTTP  method for submitting form)
   o ENCTYPE= ContentType  (content type to submit form as)
   o ACCEPT-CHARSET= Charsets  (supported character encodings)
   o TARGET= FrameTarget  (frame to render form result in)
   o ONSUBMIT= Script  (form was submitted)
   o ONRESET= Script  (form was reset)
   o common attributes

Contents

   o In HTML 4.0 Strict, one or more SCRIPT  or block-level elements  except
     FORM
   o In HTML 4.0 Transitional, inline elements  or block-level elements  except
     FORM

Contained in
          APPLET, BLOCKQUOTE, BODY, CENTER, DD, DEL, DIV, FIELDSET, IFRAME,
          INS, LI, MAP, NOFRAMES, NOSCRIPT, OBJECT, TD, TH

The FORM  element defines an interactive form.  The element should contain form
controls-- INPUT,  SELECT,  TEXTAREA, and  BUTTON--through which the user
interacts.

When the user submits the form, through an INPUT  or BUTTON  element with
TYPE=submit, the form values are submitted to the URI  given in FORM's required
ACTION  attribute.  ACTION  usually points to a CGI  script or Java servlet
that handles the form submission.

A mailto URI  (e.g., mailto:[e-mail])  is also allowed as an ACTION,
but this is not supported by all browsers. Non-supporting browsers such as
Microsoft Internet Explorer 3.x typically will open a blank e-mail message when
the user submits a mailto form.  Even on supporting browsers, mailto forms are
troublesome in that they fail to provide feedback to the user after the form
submission.

Free CGI  scripts  exist for handling forms; some are even remotely hosted  for
authors whose providers refuse to allow CGI  scripts to be run locally.

How the form input is sent to the server depends on the METHOD and ENCTYPE
attributes.  When the METHOD  is get  (the default), the form input is
submitted as an HTTP GET request with ?form_data  appended to the URI
specified in the ACTION  attribute.

Using the get  method allows the form submission to be contained completely in
a URL.  This can be advantageous in that it permits bookmarking in current
browsers, but it also prevents form data from containing non-ASCII  characters
such as "щ" and "й".  As well, the amount of form data that can be handled by
the get  method is limited by the maximum length of the URL  that the server
and browser can process.  To be safe, any form whose input might contain
non-ASCII  characters or more than 100 characters should use METHOD=post.

With a METHOD  value of post, the form input is submitted as an HTTP  POST
request with the form data sent in the body of the request.  Most current
browsers are unable to bookmark POST requests, but POST does not entail the
character encoding and length restrictions imposed by GET.

The ENCTYPE  attribute specifies the content type used in submitting the form,
and defaults to application/x-www-form-urlencoded.  This content type results
in name/value pairs sent to the server as name1=value1&name2=value2... with
space characters replaced by "+" and reserved characters (like "#") replaced by
"%HH"  where HH  is the ASCII  code of the character in hexadecimal.  Line
breaks are encoded as "%0D%0A"--a carriage return followed by a line feed.

Authors should generally only use a different ENCTYPE  when the form includes a
TYPE=file  INPUT  element, in which case the ENCTYPE  should be
multipart/form-data  and the METHOD  must be post.  The format of
multipart/form-data requests is given in  RFC  1867.

Tools such as cg-eye  allow authors to easily create and view a request,
simulating the submission of a form.  However, authors often do not need to
concern themselves with the exact format of the submission; CGI  libraries
including CGI.pm  transparently handle get and post  submissions sent as
application/x-www-form-urlencoded or multipart/form-data.

The ACCEPT-CHARSET  attribute specifies a list of character encodings that are
accepted by the form handler.  The value consists of a list of "charsets"
separated by commas and/or spaces.  The default value is UNKNOWN  and is
usually considered to be the character encoding used to transmit the document
containing the FORM.

The TARGET  attribute is used with frames  to specify in which frame the form
response should be rendered.  If no frame with such a name exists, the response
is rendered in a new window unless overridden by the user.  Special frame names
begin with an underscore:

o _blank  renders the response in a new, unnamed window
o _self  renders the response in the current frame (useful for overriding a
  BASE  TARGET)
o _parent  renders the response in the immediate  FRAMESET  parent
o _top  renders the response in the full, unframed window

The FORM  element also takes a number of attributes to specify client-side
scripting actions for various events.  In addition to the core events  common
to most elements, INPUT  accepts the following event attributes:

o ONSUBMIT, when the form is submitted;
o ONRESET, when the form is reset.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.33. FRAME - Frame ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

FRAME - Frame

Syntax
          <FRAME>

Attribute Specifications

   o NAME= CDATA  (name of frame)
   o SRC= URI  (content of frame)
   o LONGDESC= URI  (long description of frame)
   o FRAMEBORDER=[ 1  | 0 ] (frame border)
   o MARGINWIDTH= Pixels  (margin width)
   o MARGINHEIGHT= Pixels  (margin height)
   o NORESIZE (disallow frame resizing)
   o SCROLLING=[ yes | no | auto  ] (ability to scroll)
   o core attributes

Contents
          Empty

Contained in
          FRAMESET

The FRAME  element defines a frame--a rectangular subspace within a Frameset
document.  Each FRAME must be contained within a  FRAMESET  that defines the
dimensions of the frame.

The SRC  attribute provides the URI  of the frame's content, which is typically
an HTML  document.  If the frame's content is an image, video, or similar
object, and if the object cannot be described adequately using the  TITLE
attribute of FRAME, then authors should use the LONGDESC  attribute to provide
the URI  of a full HTML  description of the object.

For better accessibility to disabled users and better indexing with search
engines, authors should not use an image or similar object as the content of a
frame.  Rather, the object should be embedded within an HTML document to allow
the indexing of keywords and easier provision of alternate content.

The NAME  attribute gives a name to the frame for use with the TARGET
attribute of the  A,  AREA,  BASE,  FORM, and  LINK  elements.  The NAME
attribute value must begin with a character in the range A-Z or a-z.

The NAME  should be human-readable and based on the content of the frame since
non-windows browsers may use the NAME  as a title for presenting a list of
frames to the user.  For example, NAME=left would be inappropriate since it
says nothing about the content while NAME=nav  would be inappropriate since it
is not very human-readable.  More suitable would be NAME=Content  and
NAME=Navigation.  The TITLE  attribute can also be used to provide a slightly
longer title for the frame, though this is not widely supported by current
browsers.

An example follows:

<FRAMESET ROWS="*,100">
  <FRAMESET COLS="40%,*">
    <FRAME NAME="Menu" SRC="nav.html" TITLE="Menu">
    <FRAME NAME="Content" SRC="main.html" TITLE="Content">
  </FRAMESET>
  <FRAME NAME="Ad" SRC="ad.html" TITLE="Advertisement">
  <NOFRAMES>
    <BODY>
      <H1>Table of Contents</H1>
      <UL>
        <LI>
          <A HREF="reference/html40/">HTML 4.0 Reference</A>
        </LI>
        <LI>
          <A HREF="reference/wilbur/">HTML 3.2 Reference</A>
        </LI>
        <LI>
          <A HREF="reference/css/">CSS Guide</A>
        </LI>
      </UL>
      <P>
        <IMG SRC="ad.gif" ALT="Ad:  Does your bank charge too much?">
      </P>
    </BODY>
  </NOFRAMES>
</FRAMESET>

The FRAME  element also accepts a number of attributes to specify the
presentation on visual browsers. Style sheets  provide a more flexible method
of defining the presentation of frames, but the element's presentational
attributes are more widely supported.

The FRAMEBORDER  attribute specifies whether or not the frame has a visible
border.  The default value, 1, tells the browser to draw a border between the
frame and all adjoining frames.  The value 0  indicates that no border should
be drawn, though borders from other frames will override this.

To fully remove the border, some browsers also require the use of other,
non-standard attributes.  See  How do I remove the border around frames? for
more details.

Note that removing the border of a frame takes away the user's ability to
resize the frame on most browsers.

The MARGINWIDTH  and MARGINHEIGHT  attributes define the number of pixels to
use as the left/right margins and top/bottom margins, respectively, within the
frame.  The value must be greater than one pixel.

The boolean NORESIZE  attribute prevents the user from resizing the frame.
This attribute should never be used in a user-friendly Web site.

The SCROLLING  attribute specifies whether scrollbars are provided for the
frame.  The default value, auto, generates scrollbars only when necessary.  The
value yes  gives scrollbars at all times, and the value no  suppresses
scrollbars--even when they are needed to see all the content.  The value no
should never be used.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.34. FRAMESET - Frameset ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

FRAMESET - Frameset

Syntax
          <FRAMESET>...</FRAMESET>

Attribute Specifications

   o ROWS= MultiLengths  (row lengths)
   o COLS= MultiLengths  (column lengths)
   o ONLOAD= Script  (all frames have been loaded)
   o ONUNLOAD= Script  (all frames have been removed)
   o core attributes

Contents
          One or more FRAMESET and FRAME  elements, as well as an optional
          NOFRAMES

Contained in
          HTML

The FRAMESET  element is a frame container  for dividing a window into
rectangular subspaces called frames.  In a Frameset  document, the outermost
FRAMESET  element takes the place of  BODY  and immediately follows the  HEAD.

The FRAMESET  element contains one or more FRAMESET  or FRAME  elements, along
with an optional NOFRAMES  element to provide alternate content for browsers
that do not support frames or have frames disabled.  A meaningful NOFRAMES
element should always be provided and should at the very least contain links to
the main frame or frames.

The ROWS  and COLS  attributes define the dimensions of each frame in the set.
Each attribute takes a comma-separated list of lengths, specified in pixels, as
a percentage, or as a relative length.  A relative length is expressed as i*
where i  is an integer.  For example, a frameset defined with ROWS="3*,*"  (*
is equivalent to 1*) will have its first row allotted three times the height of
the second row.

The values specified for the ROWS  attribute give the height of each row, from
top to bottom.  The COLS  attribute gives the width of each column from left to
right.  If ROWS  or COLS  is omitted, the implied value for the attribute is
100%.  If both attributes are specified, a grid is defined and filled
left-to-right then top-to-bottom.

The following example sets up a grid with two rows and three columns:

<FRAMESET ROWS="70%,30%" COLS="33%,33%,34%">
<FRAME NAME="Photo1" SRC="Row1_Column1.html">
<FRAME NAME="Photo2" SRC="Row1_Column2.html">
<FRAME NAME="Photo3" SRC="Row1_Column3.html">
<FRAME NAME="Caption1" SRC="Row2_Column1.html">
<FRAME NAME="Caption2" SRC="Row2_Column2.html">
<FRAME NAME="Caption3" SRC="Row2_Column3.html">
<NOFRAMES>
  <BODY>
    <H1>Table of Contents</H1>
      <UL>
        <LI>
          <A HREF="Row1_Column1.html">Photo 1</A>
          (<A HREF="Row2_Column1.html">Caption</A>)
        </LI>
        <LI>
          <A HREF="Row1_Column2.html">Photo 2</A>
          (<A HREF="Row2_Column2.html">Caption</A>)
        </LI>
        <LI>
          <A HREF="Row1_Column3.html">Photo 3</A>
          (<A HREF="Row2_Column3.html">Caption</A>)
        </LI>
      </UL>
    </BODY>
  </NOFRAMES>
</FRAMESET>

The next example features nested FRAMESET  elements to define two frames in the
first row and one frame in the second row:

<FRAMESET ROWS="*,100">
  <FRAMESET COLS="40%,*">
    <FRAME NAME="Menu" SRC="nav.html" TITLE="Menu">
    <FRAME NAME="Content" SRC="main.html" TITLE="Content">
  </FRAMESET>
  <FRAME NAME="Ad" SRC="ad.html" TITLE="Advertisement">
  <NOFRAMES>
    <BODY>
      <H1>Table of Contents</H1>
      <UL>
        <LI>
          <A HREF="reference/html40/">HTML 4.0 Reference</A>
        </LI>
        <LI>
          <A HREF="reference/wilbur/">HTML 3.2 Reference</A>
        </LI>
        <LI>
          <A HREF="reference/css/">CSS Guide</A>
        </LI>
      </UL>
      <P>
        <IMG SRC="ad.gif" ALT="Ad:  Does your bank charge too much?">
      </P>
    </BODY>
  </NOFRAMES>
</FRAMESET>

When pixel lengths are used, they should always be combined with a relative
length to handle various window sizes.  Pixel lengths should only be used when
the frame consists primarily of images or other objects with a fixed size in
pixels.  Due to their ability to adapt to different window sizes, percentages
and relative lengths are generally preferred.

The FRAMESET  element also accepts ONLOAD  and ONUNLOAD  attributes to specify
client-side scripting actions to perform when the frames have all been loaded
or removed.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.35. H1 - Level-one heading ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

H1 - Level-one Heading

Syntax
          <H1>...</H1>

Attribute Specifications

   o ALIGN=[ left | center | right | justify ] (horizontal alignment)
   o common attributes

Contents
          Inline elements

Contained in
          APPLET, BLOCKQUOTE, BODY, BUTTON, CENTER, DEL, DD, DIV, FIELDSET,
          FORM, IFRAME, INS, LI, MAP, NOFRAMES, NOSCRIPT, OBJECT, TD, TH

The H1  element defines a level-one heading.  A document generally should have
exactly one H1  element to mark the most important heading.

The deprecated  ALIGN  attribute suggests the horizontal alignment for the
heading on visual browsers. Possible values are left, right, center, and
justify. Style sheets  provide greater flexibility in suggesting alignment.

Visual browsers typically render H1  in a large, bold font. Authors can suggest
a presentation for H1  through style sheets. The following  CSS  ruleset
suggests a presentation for all H1  elements:

h1 { color:  #c33;
  background:  transparent;
  font-weight:  bold;
  text-align:  center
}

Authors should not choose a heading level based on the font size commonly used
by visual browsers.  The heading level should be chosen based on the heading's
importance and placement in the document.  An H1  is typically used as the main
heading for a document.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.36. H2 - Level-two heading ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

H2 - Level-two Heading

Syntax
          <H2>...</H2>

Attribute Specifications

   o ALIGN=[ left | center | right | justify ] (horizontal alignment)
   o common attributes

Contents
          Inline elements

Contained in
          APPLET, BLOCKQUOTE, BODY, BUTTON, CENTER, DEL, DD, DIV, FIELDSET,
          FORM, IFRAME, INS, LI, MAP, NOFRAMES, NOSCRIPT, OBJECT, TD, TH

The H2  element defines a level-two heading.  This heading is more important
than an  H3  but less important than an  H1.

The deprecated  ALIGN  attribute suggests the horizontal alignment for the
heading on visual browsers. Possible values are left, right, center, and
justify. Style sheets  provide greater flexibility in suggesting alignment.

Visual browsers typically render H2  in a large, bold font. Authors can suggest
a presentation for H2  through style sheets. The following  CSS  ruleset
suggests a presentation for all H2  elements:

h2 {
color:  #00008b;
background:  transparent;
font-weight:  bold;
margin-left:  2%;
margin-right:  2%
}

Authors should not choose a heading level based on the font size commonly used
by visual browsers.  The heading level should be chosen based on the heading's
importance and placement in the document.  An H2  is typically used within a
section headed by an H1.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.37. H3 - Level-three heading ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

H3 - Level-three Heading

Syntax
          <H3>...</H3>

Attribute Specifications

   o ALIGN=[ left | center | right | justify ] (horizontal alignment)
   o common attributes

Contents
          Inline elements

Contained in
          APPLET, BLOCKQUOTE, BODY, BUTTON, CENTER, DEL, DD, DIV, FIELDSET,
          FORM, IFRAME, INS, LI, MAP, NOFRAMES, NOSCRIPT, OBJECT, TD, TH

The H3  element defines a level-three heading. This heading is more important
than an  H4  but less important than an  H2.

The deprecated  ALIGN  attribute suggests the horizontal alignment for the
heading on visual browsers. Possible values are left, right, center, and
justify. Style sheets  provide greater flexibility in suggesting alignment.

Visual browsers typically render H3  in a bold font.  Authors can suggest a
presentation for H3  through style sheets.  The following  CSS  ruleset
suggests a presentation for all H3  elements:

h3 {
  color:  #006400;
  background:  transparent;
  margin-left:  4%;
  margin-right:  4%;
  font-weight:  bold
}

Authors should not choose a heading level based on the font size commonly used
by visual browsers.  The heading level should be chosen based on the heading's
importance and placement in the document.  An H3  is typically used within a
section headed by an H2.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.38. H4 - Level-four heading ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

H4 - Level-four Heading

Syntax
          <H4>...</H4>

Attribute Specifications

   o ALIGN=[ left | center | right | justify ] (horizontal alignment)
   o common attributes

Contents
          Inline elements

Contained in
          APPLET, BLOCKQUOTE, BODY, BUTTON, CENTER, DEL, DD, DIV, FIELDSET,
          FORM, IFRAME, INS, LI, MAP, NOFRAMES, NOSCRIPT, OBJECT, TD, TH

The H4  element defines a level-four heading.  This heading is more important
than an  H5  but less important than an  H3.

The deprecated  ALIGN  attribute suggests the horizontal alignment for the
heading on visual browsers. Possible values are left, right, center, and
justify. Style sheets  provide greater flexibility in suggesting alignment.

Visual browsers typically render H4  in a bold font.  Authors can suggest a
presentation for H4  through style sheets.  The following  CSS  ruleset
suggests a presentation for all H4  elements:

h4 {
margin-left:  6%;
margin-right:  6%;
font-weight:  bold
}

Authors should not choose a heading level based on the font size commonly used
by visual browsers.  The heading level should be chosen based on the heading's
importance and placement in the document.  An H4  is typically used within a
section headed by an H3.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.39. H5 - Level-five heading ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

H5 - Level-five Heading

Syntax
          <H5>...</H5>

Attribute Specifications

   o ALIGN=[ left | center | right | justify ] (horizontal alignment)
   o common attributes

Contents
          Inline elements

Contained in
          APPLET, BLOCKQUOTE, BODY, BUTTON, CENTER, DEL, DD, DIV, FIELDSET,
          FORM, IFRAME, INS, LI, MAP, NOFRAMES, NOSCRIPT, OBJECT, TD, TH

The H5  element defines a level-five heading.  This heading is more important
than an  H6  but less important than an  H4.

The deprecated  ALIGN  attribute suggests the horizontal alignment for the
heading on visual browsers. Possible values are left, right, center, and
justify. Style sheets  provide greater flexibility in suggesting alignment.

Visual browsers typically render H5  in a small, bold font. Authors can suggest
a presentation for H5  through style sheets. The following  CSS  ruleset
suggests a presentation for all H5  elements:

h5 {
  margin-left:  6%;
  margin-right:  6%;
  font-size:  110%;
  font-weight:  bold
}

Authors should not choose a heading level based on the font size commonly used
by visual browsers.  The heading level should be chosen based on the heading's
importance and placement in the document.  An H5  is typically used within a
section headed by an H4.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.40. H6 - Level-six heading ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

H6 - Level-six Heading

Syntax
          <H6>...</H6>

Attribute Specifications

   o ALIGN=[ left | center | right | justify ] (horizontal alignment)
   o common attributes

Contents
          Inline elements

Contained in
          APPLET, BLOCKQUOTE, BODY, BUTTON, CENTER, DEL, DD, DIV, FIELDSET,
          FORM, IFRAME, INS, LI, MAP, NOFRAMES, NOSCRIPT, OBJECT, TD, TH

The H6  element defines a level-six heading.  This heading is less important
than an  H5.

The deprecated  ALIGN  attribute suggests the horizontal alignment for the
heading on visual browsers. Possible values are left, right, center, and
justify. Style sheets  provide greater flexibility in suggesting alignment.

Visual browsers typically render H6  in a small, bold font. Authors can suggest
a presentation for H6  through style sheets. The following  CSS  ruleset
suggests a presentation for all H6  elements:

h6 {
  margin-left:  6%;
  margin-right:  6%;
  font-size:  105%;
  font-weight:  bold
}

Authors should not choose a heading level based on the font size commonly used
by visual browsers.  The heading level should be chosen based on the heading's
importance and placement in the document.  An H6  is typically used within a
section headed by an H5.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.41. HEAD - Document head ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

HEAD - Document Head

Syntax
          <HEAD>...</HEAD>

Attribute Specifications

   o PROFILE= URI  (dictionary of meta info)
   o internationalization attributes

Contents
          Exactly one TITLE  element, optional BASE  and ISINDEX  elements, and
          zero or more SCRIPT, STYLE, META, LINK, or OBJECT  elements

Contained in
          HTML

The HEAD  element contains header information  about the document, such as its
title, keywords, description, and style sheet. HEAD  is required in all
documents, but its start and end tags are always optional.  The HEAD  element
is followed by the  BODY  in HTML 4.0 Strict  and Transitional  documents; in
HTML 4.0 Frameset  documents, the HEAD  is followed by a  FRAMESET  element.

Content in the HEAD  is generally not rendered, with the exception of the
required  TITLE  element.  If the </HEAD>  end tag is omitted, the first  BODY
or  FRAMESET  element infers the end of the HEAD.

The optional PROFILE  attribute of HEAD  gives the location of a metadata
profile.  A profile defines properties that may be used by  META  and  LINK
elements within the HEAD.  There is no prescribed format for profiles.

Work is currently underway on improving the use of metadata on the Web. See the
W3C's Metadata and Resource Description  area for the latest information.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.42. HR - Horizontal rule ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

HR - Horizontal Rule

Syntax
          <HR>

Attribute Specifications

   o ALIGN=[ left | center | right ] (horizontal alignment)
   o NOSHADE (solid line)
   o SIZE= Pixels  (line height)
   o WIDTH= Length  (line width)
   o core attributes
   o common events

Contents
          Empty

Contained in
          APPLET, BLOCKQUOTE, BODY, BUTTON, CENTER, DD, DEL, DIV, FIELDSET,
          FORM, IFRAME, INS, LI, MAP, NOFRAMES, NOSCRIPT, OBJECT, TD, TH

The HR  element defines a horizontal rule  for visual browsers.  While this
element is inherently presentational, it can be used structurally as a section
divider.  However, for greater flexibility the HR  element can be replaced with
the  border-bottom  or  border-top  properties of Cascading Style Sheets.  For
example, the following style rule would suggest a horizontal line above all
DIV  elements with CLASS=navbar:

div.navbar { border-top:  solid medium navy }

HR's deprecated  ALIGN  attribute suggests the horizontal alignment of the
line.  Possible values are left, right, and center.  The deprecated WIDTH
attribute specifies the width of the line as a percentage or a number of
pixels.  If a width is specified, percentages are generally preferred since
they adjust to varying window sizes.  The  width  property of Cascading Style
Sheets  provides greater flexibility in suggesting the width of horizontal
rules.

The boolean NOSHADE  attribute suggests that the rule be rendered as a solid
line rather than the groove style commonly used.  The SIZE  attribute suggests
the height of the line in pixels.  These attributes are both deprecated  in
favor of style sheets.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.43. HTML - HTML document ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

HTML - HTML Document

Syntax
          <HTML>...</HTML>

Attribute Specifications

   o VERSION= CDATA  (HTML  version)
   o internationalization attributes

Contents

   o In HTML 4.0 Strict  and Transitional: HEAD  followed by BODY
   o In HTML 4.0 Frameset: HEAD  followed by FRAMESET

Contained in
          Not applicable--HTML is a top-level element

The HTML  element contains the HTML document, made up of the  HEAD  followed by
the  BODY, except in Frameset  documents where the  FRAMESET  element replaces
the BODY.  The start and end tags of the HTML  element are both optional.

The LANG  attribute is typically set on the HTML element to specify the base
language of the document.  The language should be specified according to RFC
1766; examples include en  for English, en-US  for American English, and ja
for Japanese.

The deprecated  VERSION  attribute specifies the Document Type Definition (DTD)
that describes the document.  This attribute should not be used since the
DOCTYPE  declaration makes it redundant.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.43.1. DOCTYPE - Document Type Declaration ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

DOCTYPE - Document Type Declaration

Each HTML document must begin with a document type declaration that declares
which version of HTML the document adheres to. HTML 4.0 comes in three flavors,
each with a different DOCTYPE:

HTML 4.0 Strict

          HTML 4.0 Strict  is a trimmed down version of HTML 4.0 that
          emphasizes structure over presentation. Deprecated elements and
          attributes (including most presentational attributes), frames, and
          link targets are not allowed in HTML 4.0 Strict . By writing to HTML
          4.0 Strict authors can achieve accessible, structurally rich
          documents that easily adapt to style sheets and different browsing
          situations. However, since many browsers lack full support for style
          sheets, HTML 4.0 Strict documents may look bland on common visual
          browsers such as Netscape Navigator 3.x.

          The document type declaration for HTML 4.0 Strict is

                    <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"
                    "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/strict.dtd">

HTML 4.0 Transitional

          HTML 4.0 Transitional includes all elements and attributes of HTML
          4.0 Strict but adds presentational attributes, deprecated elements,
          and link targets. HTML 4.0 Transitional recognizes the relatively
          poor browser support for style sheets, allowing many HTML
          presentation features to be used as a transition towards HTML 4.0
          Strict.

          The document type declaration for HTML 4.0 Transitional  is

                    <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional //EN"
                    "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd">

HTML 4.0 Frameset

          HTML 4.0 Frameset is a variant of HTML 4.0 Transitional for documents
          that use frames. The FRAMESET element replaces the BODY in a Frameset
          document.

          The document type declaration for HTML 4.0 Frameset is

                    <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Frameset//EN"
                    "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/frameset.dtd">


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.44. I - Italic text ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

I - Italic Text

Syntax
          <I>...</I>

Attribute Specifications

   o common attributes

Contents
          Inline elements

Contained in
          Inline elements, block-level elements

The I element suggests that text be rendered as italic text. In most cases, use
of a phrase elemens such as EM, DFN, VAR, or CITE is more appropriate since
these elements express the meaning of the text more clearly.

The I element is a suitable choice for marking a structure for which no phrase
elemens exists. For example, foreign phrases and taxonomic names have no
structural element in HTML 4.0, but italic text is often an appropriate visual
rendering:

<H1><I LANG=fr>Chacun son go√t !</I></H1>
<P>Some people prefer dogs--
<I CLASS=species>Canis familiaris</I>
--while others are eternal lovers of cats--
<I CLASS=species>Felis cattus</I>.

Note the use of the CLASS and LANG attributes to add structural significance to
the I elements. This allows greater flexibility when applying style sheets  to
different kinds of italic text.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.45. IFRAME - Inline frame ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

IFRAME - Inline Frame

Syntax
          <IFRAME>...</IFRAME>

Attribute Specifications

   o SRC= URI  (URI  of frame content)
   o NAME= CDATA  (name of frame)
   o LONGDESC= URI  (link to long description)
   o WIDTH= Length  (frame width)
   o HEIGHT= Length  (frame height)
   o ALIGN=[ top | middle | bottom | left | right ] (frame alignment)
   o FRAMEBORDER=[ 1  | 0 ] (frame border)
   o MARGINWIDTH= Pixels  (margin width)
   o MARGINHEIGHT= Pixels  (margin height)
   o SCROLLING=[ yes | no | auto  ] (ability to scroll)
   o core attributes

Contents
          Inline elements, block-level elements

Contained in
          Inline elements, block-level elements

The IFRAME  element defines an inline frame  for the inclusion of external
objects including other HTML documents. IFRAME  provides a subset of the
functionality of  OBJECT; the only advantage to IFRAME  is that an inline frame
can act as a target  for other links.  OBJECT is more widely supported than
IFRAME, and, unlike IFRAME, OBJECT  is included in HTML 4.0 Strict.

IFRAME's SRC  attribute provides the location of the frame content--typically
an HTML document.  The optional NAME attribute specifies the name of the inline
frame, allowing links to target  the frame.

The content of the IFRAME  element is used as an alternative for browsers that
are not configured to show or do not support inline frames. The content may
consist of inline  or block-level  elements, though any block-level elements
must be allowed inside the containing element of IFRAME. For example, an IFRAME
within an  H1  cannot contain an  H2, but an IFRAME  within a DIV  can contain
any block-level elements.

The LONGDESC  attribute gives the URI  of a long description of the frame's
contents.  This is particularly useful for full descriptions of embedded
objects.  Note that LONGDESC describes  the frame content while the content of
the IFRAME  element acts as a replacement  when the external resource cannot be
inlined.

An example follows:

<IFRAME SRC="recipe.html" TITLE="The Famous Recipe">
<!-- Alternate
content for non-supporting browsers -->
<H2>The Famous Recipe</H2>
<H3>Ingredients</H3>
...
</IFRAME>

The WIDTH  and HEIGHT  attributes specify the dimensions of the inline frame in
pixels or as a percentage of the available space.  The FRAMEBORDER  attribute
specifies whether or not a border should be drawn.  The default value of 1
results in a border while a value of 0  suppresses the border. Style sheets
allow greater flexibility in suggesting the border presentation.

The ALIGN  attribute specifies the alignment of the inline frame.  The values
top, middle, and bottom specify the frame's position with respect to
surrounding content on its left and right.

ALIGN=middle  aligns the center of the frame with the current baseline.  To
center the frame horizontally on the page, place the frame in a centered block,
e.g.,

<P ALIGN=center>
<IFRAME SRC="foo.html" WIDTH=300 HEIGHT=100></IFRAME>
</P>

The other ALIGN  values, left  and right, specify a floating  frame; the frame
is placed at the left or right margin and content flows around it.  To place
content below the frame, use <BR CLEAR=left|right|all>  as appropriate.

The  vertical-align  and  float  properties of Cascading Style Sheets  provide
more flexible methods of aligning inline frames.

The MARGINWIDTH  and MARGINHEIGHT  attributes define the number of pixels to
use as the left/right margins and top/bottom margins, respectively, within the
inline frame.  The value must be greater than one pixel.

The SCROLLING  attribute specifies whether scrollbars are provided for the
inline frame.  The default value, auto, generates scrollbars only when
necessary.  The value yes  gives scrollbars at all times, and the value no
suppresses scrollbars--even when they are needed to see all the content.  The
value no  should never be used.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.46. IMG - Inline image ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

IMG - Inline Image

Syntax
          <IMG>

Attribute Specifications

   o SRC= URI  (location of image)
   o ALT= Text  (alternate text)
   o LONGDESC= URI  (link to long description)
   o WIDTH= Length  (image width)
   o HEIGHT= Length  (image height)
   o USEMAP= URI  (client-side image map)
   o ISMAP (server-side image map)
   o ALIGN=top|middle|bottom|left|right (image alignment)
   o BORDER= Length  (link border width)
   o HSPACE= Pixels  (horizontal gutter)
   o VSPACE= Pixels  (vertical gutter)
   o common attributes

Contents
          Empty

Contained in
          Inline elements, block-level elements  except PRE

The IMG  element specifies an inline image.  The required SRC  attribute
specifies the location of the image.  The image can be any format, though
browsers generally only support GIF and JPEG  images.  Support for the  PNG
image format is growing slowly.

The required ALT  attribute provides alternate text for those not loading
images.  Effective ALT  text should generally give the function  of the image
rather than a description  of the image.  For example, ALT="Welcome to XYZ
Corp."  would be more appropriate than ALT="XYZ Corp.  Logo"  for a company's
logo on its welcome page.  Good ALT  text is crucial to the document's
accessibility for the significant portion of users who do not load images; see
Use of ALT texts in IMGs  for a thorough discussion.

The LONGDESC  attribute gives the location of a long description of the image.
This attribute should be used to provide a long description of an image where
this would be useful.  For example, a painting, graph, or corporate logo could
be given a description so that blind and other text-only users can develop a
mental picture of the image.

The WIDTH  and HEIGHT  attributes are most useful when they specify the exact
dimensions of the image in pixels.  This allows image-loading browsers to
reserve the proper amount of space for the image and continue to render the
rest of the document, thus giving the appearance of a faster-loading page.

Unfortunately, many graphical browsers will use these dimensions when not
loading images, which can cause the ALT  text to be cut off if the image is
small or the ALT  text is large.  In such cases, authors may wish to leave off
the WIDTH  and HEIGHT  attributes, depending on the importance of the ALT  text
and the placement of the image on the page (an image towards the end of the
document without WIDTH  and HEIGHT  attributes will generally not noticeably
slow the rendering of the page).

Authors can also specify different dimensions for the WIDTH  and HEIGHT
attributes, in which case browsers should scale the image.  Percentages,
relative to the horizontal or vertical space available (not  relative to the
image's natural size) can also be specified, though these are not as widely
supported as pixel lengths.  Since browsers typically do a poor job of scaling
images, authors should avoid using WIDTH  and HEIGHT  for this purpose as much
as possible.

The ALIGN  attribute, deprecated  in HTML 4.0, specifies the alignment of the
image.  The values top, middle, and bottom  specify the image's position with
respect to surrounding content on its left and right.

ALIGN=middle  aligns the center of the image with the current baseline.  To
center the image horizontally on the page, place the image in a centered block,
e.g.,

<H1 ALIGN=center>
<IMG SRC="logo.gif" ALT="Welcome to XYZ Company">
</H1>

The other ALIGN  values, left  and right, specify a floating  image; the image
is placed at the left or right margin and content flows around it.  To place
content below the image, use <BR CLEAR=left|right|all>  as appropriate.

The  vertical-align  and  float  properties of Cascading Style Sheets  provide
more flexible methods of aligning images.

The BORDER  attribute, deprecated  in HTML 4.0, specifies the width of the
image's border.  Specifying BORDER=0  will eliminate the border around a linked
image in most browsers, though some allow the user to override this.  Authors
should only use BORDER=0  if the image would be clearly recognizable as a link,
or as a method of de-emphasizing a link.  For example:

<A HREF="reference/">
<IMG SRC="icon/reference.gif" ALT="" WIDTH=90 HEIGHT=90 BORDER=0>Web Authoring Reference
</A>

The deprecated  HSPACE  and VSPACE  attributes allow an author to suggest
horizontal gutters and vertical gutters, respectively, around the image.  The
value must be in pixels and applies to both sides of the image. Style sheets
provide more flexibility in specifying the space around images.

The USEMAP  attribute is used with client-side image maps to give the location
of the map definition.  While this value may be a full URI--allowing a single
map definition to be applied to multiple pages-- Netscape Navigator  will only
find map definitions in the same file, effectively limiting the USEMAP  value
to a fragment identifier such as "#map".

The ISMAP  attribute is used with server-side image maps. When the ISMAP
attribute is included with a linked image and the user clicks the image, the
image coordinates clicked are sent to the server, from which a location can be
returned.  The method of handling the coordinates is server-dependent, but the
NCSA server's method  is most common.

Server-side image maps are better supported than client-side image maps, but
almost all browsers today support both methods.  Client-side image maps are
generally preferred since they do not require an extra request to the server
(and so are faster), and since they allow a usable menu to be provided to
text-only users.  Using both methods in combination is a good approach, since
browsers supporting client-side image maps will use that method while older
browsers will use the server-side image map.  An example follows:

<A HREF="/cgi-bin/imagemap/sitemap.map">
<IMG SRC="sitemap.gif" ALT="Site Map" ISMAP USEMAP="#map" WIDTH=100 HEIGHT=100>
</A>

A  MAP  element named map  would have to be included in the same document.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.47. INPUT - Form input ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

INPUT - Form Input

Syntax
          <INPUT>

Attribute Specifications

   o TYPE=[ text  | password | checkbox | radio | submit | reset | file |
     hidden | image | button ] (type of input)
   o NAME= CDATA  (key in submitted form)
   o VALUE= CDATA  (value of input)
   o CHECKED (check radio button or checkbox)
   o SIZE= CDATA  (suggested number of characters for text input)
   o MAXLENGTH= Number  (maximum number of characters for text input)
   o SRC= URI  (source for image)
   o ALT= CDATA  (alternate text for image input)
   o USEMAP= URI  (client-side image map)
   o ALIGN=[ top | middle | bottom | left | right ] (alignment of image input)
   o DISABLED (disable element)
   o READONLY (prevent changes)
   o ACCEPT= ContentTypes  (media types for file upload)
   o ACCESSKEY= Character  (shortcut key)
   o TABINDEX= Number  (position in tabbing order)
   o ONFOCUS= Script  (element received focus)
   o ONBLUR= Script  (element lost focus)
   o ONSELECT= Script  (element text selected)
   o ONCHANGE= Script  (element value changed)
   o common attributes

Contents
          Empty

Contained in
          Block-level elements, inline elements  except BUTTON

The INPUT  element defines a form control  for the user to enter input.  While
INPUT  is most useful within a  FORM, HTML 4.0 allows INPUT  in any block-level
or inline  element other than  BUTTON.  However, Netscape Navigator  will not
display any INPUT  elements outside of a FORM.

When a form is submitted, the current value of each INPUT  element within the
FORM  is sent to the server as name/value pairs.  The INPUT  element's NAME
attribute provides the name used.  The value sent depends on the type of form
control and on the user's input.

The type of form control defined by INPUT  is given by the TYPE  attribute.
The default TYPE  is text, which provides a single-line text input field.  The
VALUE  attribute specifies the initial value for the text field. The SIZE  and
MAXLENGTH  attributes suggest the number of characters and maximum number of
characters, respectively, of the text field.

While the MAXLENGTH  attribute can be an effective guide to the user, authors
should not depend on the enforcement of a maximum number of characters by the
client.  A user could copy the HTML  document, remove the MAXLENGTH  attribute,
and submit the form.  Thus authors of form handlers should ensure that any
necessary input length checks are repeated on the server-side.

The password  input type is a variation on the text type.  The only difference
is that the input characters are masked, typically by a series of asterisks, to
protect sensitive information from onlookers.  Note, however, that the actual
value is transmitted to the server as clear text, so password  inputs do not
provide sufficient security for credit card numbers or other highly sensitive
information.

The following example uses text  and password  fields with the  LABEL  element
to bind text labels to the INPUT  elements:

<P>
<LABEL ACCESSKEY=U>
User name:
<INPUT TYPE=text NAME=username SIZE=8 MAXLENGTH=8>
</LABEL>
</P>
<P>
<LABEL ACCESSKEY=P>Password:
<INPUT TYPE=password NAME=pw SIZE=12 MAXLENGTH=12>
</LABEL>
</P>

The boolean READONLY  attribute, new in HTML 4.0 and poorly supported by
current browsers, prevents the user from editing the content of the text  or
password  input types.  Read-only elements are still submitted with the form.
The DISABLED  attribute, which applies to all input types but is also poorly
supported, disables the control.  Disabled elements are read-only elements with
the added restrictions that the values are not submitted with the form, the
elements cannot receive focus, and the elements are skipped when navigating the
document by tabbing.

The radio  and checkbox  input types provide switches that can be turned on and
off by the user.  The two types differ in that radio buttons are grouped (by
specifying the same NAME  attribute on each INPUT)  so that only one radio
button in a group can be selected at any time.  Checkboxes can be checked
without changing the state of other checkboxes with the same NAME.  The VALUE
attribute, required for radio buttons and checkboxes, gives the value of the
control when it is checked.  The boolean CHECKED  attribute specifies that the
control is initially checked.

Some browsers require one radio button in a group to be selected at all times.
To ensure that an appropriate default choice is made, authors may wish to
define one of the radio INPUT  elements as CHECKED.

In the following example, only one payment method may be selected by the user
since the radio buttons have the same NAME:

<P>Please indicate your method of payment:</P>
<P>
<LABEL ACCESSKEY=C>
<INPUT TYPE=radio NAME="payment_method" VALUE="credit card" CHECKED>
Credit card
</LABEL>
<BR>
<LABEL ACCESSKEY=D>
<INPUT TYPE=radio NAME="payment_method" VALUE="debit card">
Debit card
</LABEL>
<BR>
<LABEL ACCESSKEY=M>
<INPUT TYPE=radio NAME="payment_method" VALUE="money order">
Money order
</LABEL>
</P>

<P>
<LABEL ACCESSKEY=S>
<INPUT TYPE=checkbox NAME="send_receipt" VALUE="yes" CHECKED>
Send receipt by e-mail
</LABEL>
</P>

The file  input type creates a field through which users can upload files from
their local computer or network.  The VALUE attribute specifies the name of the
initial file, but it is typically ignored by browsers as a security precaution.
The ACCEPT  attribute gives a comma-separated list of media types accepted,
allowing the browser to filter out inappropriate files.  Current browsers
generally ignore the ACCEPT  attribute.

A form that includes a file  INPUT  must specify METHOD=post  and
ENCTYPE="multipart/form-data"  in the <FORM>  tag.  CGI  libraries such as
CGI.pm  allow simple handling of such forms.

Form-based file upload is unsupported by many currently deployed browsers.
Authors should provide alternative methods of input where possible.

The following example allows the user to upload an HTML  document for
validation:

<FORM METHOD=post
ACTION="/cgi-bin/validate.cgi"
ENCTYPE="multipart/form-data">
<P>Select an HTML document to upload
and validate.  If your browser does not
support form-based file upload, use one
of our <A HREF="methods.html">alternate
methods of validation</A>.</P>
<P><INPUT TYPE=file NAME="html_file"
ACCEPT="text/html"></P>
<P><INPUT TYPE=submit VALUE="Validate
it!"></P>
</FORM>

The hidden  input type allows authors to include form data without having it
rendered to the user.  This is particularly useful in form applications that
span several HTML  documents; user input can be carried from form to form by
hidden  INPUTs.  Some generalized CGI  scripts use hidden  INPUTs to define
variables for the script, as in the following example, which defines a
recipient and subject for the e-mailed contents of a form:

<INPUT TYPE=hidden NAME=recipient
VALUE="[e-mail]">
<INPUT TYPE=hidden NAME=subject
VALUE="Feedback on your HTML Reference">

Note that the fields are "hidden" in the sense that they are not rendered by
the browser.  Anyone can still view the HTML  document's source to find the
"hidden" fields.

The TYPE  value reset  defines a button by which the user can reset the form to
its initial values.  The optional VALUE  attribute of a reset button overrides
the browser's default text for the button.

The submit  input type defines a button for submitting the form.  As with
reset, the optional VALUE  attribute provides the text of the button.  The
presence of the NAME attribute will cause the browser to send a name/value pair
for the submit button if it is used to submit the form.  This allows authors to
provide multiple submit buttons and have the form handler take a different
action depending on the submit button used.

The image  input type specifies a graphical submit button. The SRC  attribute
must be included to specify the URI  of the image.  The ALT  attribute should
be used to give replacement text for those not loading images.  ALT  is a new
addition in HTML 4.0; many browsers rely on either the NAME  or VALUE
attribute as alternate text, so authors should use all three attributes for the
same purpose where possible.  The topic of graphical submit buttons for text
users is discussed in detail in the article  INPUT TYPE=IMAGE for text users?.

When the graphical submit button is clicked, the coordinates of the click are
sent with the form submission as name.x=x-value  and name.y=y-value  where name
is the value of the NAME  attribute, x-value  is the click's pixels from the
left of the image, and y-value  is the click's pixels from the top of the
image.  The USEMAP  attribute combined with TYPE=image  defines a client-side
image map that can be used with client-side scripting, but this method is
poorly supported.  The USEMAP  attribute gives the URI  of the defining  MAP.

The deprecated  ALIGN  attribute specifies the alignment of the graphical
submit button.  The values top, middle, and bottom  specify the button's
position with respect to surrounding content on its left and right.  The values
left  and right  specify a floating button; the image is placed at the left or
right margin and content flows around it.  To place content below the button,
use <BR CLEAR=left|right|all>  as appropriate.

The  vertical-align  and  float  properties of Cascading Style Sheets  provide
more flexible methods of aligning buttons.

The input type button  specifies a push button for use with client-side
scripting.  The VALUE  attribute gives the text label of the button.  The
ONCLICK  attribute is typically used to define the action taken when the button
is activated.  An example follows:

<INPUT TYPE=button VALUE="Hide non-strict attributes"
ID=toggler ONCLICK="toggle()">

In this example, the toggle()  function, which would be defined earlier in a
SCRIPT  element, will be executed when the button is clicked.  Since the button
is only useful with client-side scripting enabled, authors should usually
output the <INPUT TYPE=button>  tag using the scripting language to avoid
providing a non-functioning button to some users.  A more complete version of
the previous example would thus be as follows:

<SCRIPT TYPE="text/javascript">
<!--
  document.write("<INPUT TYPE=button VALUE=\"Hide non-strict attributes\""
                     + "ID=toggler ONCLICK=\"toggle()\">");
//  -->
</script>

The  BUTTON  element allows richer labels for submit, reset, and push buttons,
but a lack of browser support makes INPUT  a more reliable choice at this time.

The ACCESSKEY  and TABINDEX  attributes apply to all input types except hidden.
ACCESSKEY  specifies a single Unicode character as a shortcut key for giving
focus to the form control.  Authors can set the access key on the INPUT
element or the  LABEL  element associated with it. Entities  (e.g. é)
may be used as the ACCESSKEY  value.

The TABINDEX  attribute specifies a number between 0 and 32767 to indicate the
tabbing order of the element.  A form control with TABINDEX=0  or no TABINDEX
attribute will be visited after any elements with a positive TABINDEX.  Among
positive TABINDEX  values, the lower number receives focus first.  In the case
of a tie, the element appearing first in the HTML  document takes precedence.

The INPUT  element also takes a number of attributes to specify client-side
scripting actions for various events.  In addition to the core events  common
to most elements, INPUT  accepts the following event attributes:

o ONFOCUS, when the element receives focus;
o ONBLUR, when the element loses focus;
o ONSELECT, when text in an input of type text  or password  is selected;
o ONCHANGE, when the element loses focus and its value has changed since it
  received focus.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.48. INS - Inserted text ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

INS - Inserted Text

Syntax
          <INS>...</INS>

Attribute Specifications

   o CITE= URI  (reason for insertion)
   o DATETIME= Datetime  (date and time of insertion)
   o common attributes

Contents
          Inline elements, block-level elements

Contained in
          Inline elements, block-level elements

The INS  element contains content that has been inserted.  This element is
useful in marking changes from one version of a document to the next.  Through
style sheets, authors can suggest an appropriate rendering, such as rendering
the inserted content in italics, a different color, or a different voice.

INS  may be used as either a block-level element  or an inline element.  If
used as an inline element (e.g., within a  P), then INS  may not contain any
block-level elements.

The optional CITE  attribute of INS  gives a URI  with information on why the
content was inserted.  A brief explanation for the insertion can be given with
the TITLE  attribute, which may be rendered as a "tooltip" by some browsers.

The optional DATETIME  attribute specifies the date and time of the insertion.
The value is case-sensitive and of the form YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ssTZD. See the
values  section for a full explanation of this format.

An example follows:

<P>The CENTER element defines a block  whose
contents are centered horizontally on visual browsers.
<INS CITE="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/appendix/changes.html#h-A.1.2"
DATETIME="1997-12-19T00:00:00-05:00">
Note that CENTER is deprecated in HTML 4.0.
</INS></P>


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.49. ISINDEX - Input prompt ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

ISINDEX - Input Prompt

Syntax
          <ISINDEX>

Attribute Specifications

   o PROMPT= Text  (Prompt message)
   o core attributes
   o internationalization attributes

Contents
          Empty

Contained in
          APPLET, BLOCKQUOTE, BODY, CENTER, DD, DEL, DIV, FIELDSET, FORM, HEAD,
          IFRAME, INS, LI, MAP, NOFRAMES, NOSCRIPT, OBJECT, TD, TH

The ISINDEX  element defines a single-line text input.  The label of the input
field is specified using the element's PROMPT  attribute.  ISINDEX  is
deprecated  in HTML 4.0 in favor of the INPUT  element.

The ISINDEX  element is equivalent to a  FORM  with a single INPUT  of type
text, a METHOD  of get, and an ACTION  pointing to the URI  of the document
containing the ISINDEX  element.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.50. KBD - Text to be input ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

KBD - Text to be Input

Syntax
          <KBD>...</KBD>

Attribute Specifications

   o common attributes

Contents
          Inline elements

Contained in
          Inline elements, block-level elements

The KBD  element denotes text to be entered by the user.  Visual browsers
typically render KBD  as monospaced text, but authors can suggest a rendering
using style sheets.  Since KBD  is a structural element, it carries meaning,
making it preferable to font style elements such as  TT  when marking up text
to be entered by the user.

Example:

<P>If the question does not apply to you, enter
<KBD>N/A</KBD>.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.51. LABEL - Form field label ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

LABEL - Form Field Label

Syntax
          <LABEL>...</LABEL>

Attribute Specifications

   o FOR= IDREF  (associated form field)
   o ACCESSKEY= Character  (shortcut key)
   o ONFOCUS= Script  (element received focus)
   o ONBLUR= Script  (element lost focus)
   o common attributes

Contents
          Inline elements  except LABEL

Contained in
          Block-level elements, inline elements  except BUTTON

The LABEL  element associates a label with a form control.  By associating
labels with form controls, authors give important hints to users of speech
browsers while also allowing visual browsers to duplicate common GUI  features
(e.g., the ability to click on a text label to select a radio button or
checkbox).

Each LABEL  element is associated with exactly one form control.  The element's
content is the label of the form control and may include inline elements  such
as  IMG  and  STRONG.

The FOR  attribute explicitly specifies the control associated with the LABEL.
The value of the FOR  attribute must match the value of the associated form
control's  ID  attribute.  In the absence of the FOR  attribute, the LABEL
must contain the associated form control.  This method of implicit association
is convenient in many cases, but not an option when the form control and its
label are in different table cells, paragraphs, or divisions.  The following
example illustrates both explicit and implicit label associations:

<TABLE>
  <TR>
    <TD>
      <LABEL FOR=user ACCESSKEY=U>User</LABEL>
    </TD>
    <TD>
      <SELECT NAME=user ID=user>
        <OPTION>Jean</OPTION>
        <OPTION>Kim</OPTION>
        <OPTION>Brian</OPTION>
      </SELECT>
    </TD>
  </TR>
  <TR>
    <TD><LABEL FOR=passwd ACCESSKEY=P>Password</LABEL></TD>
    <TD><INPUT TYPE=password NAME=password ID=passwd></TD>
  </TR>
</TABLE>
<P>
<LABEL ACCESSKEY=S> <INPUT TYPE=checkbox NAME=save VALUE=yes> Save user
name and password in a cookie </LABEL>  </P> <P> <LABEL
ACCESSKEY=C> Comments to post:  <TEXTAREA NAME=comments ROWS=8
COLS=50></TEXTAREA> </LABEL>  </P>

The ACCESSKEY  attribute, used throughout the preceding example, specifies a
single Unicode character as a shortcut key for giving focus to the LABEL, which
passes the focus on to the associated form control. Entities  (e.g. é)
may be used as the ACCESSKEY  value.

The LABEL  element also takes a number of attributes to specify client-side
scripting actions for various events.  In addition to the core events  common
to most elements, LABEL  accepts the following event attributes:

o ONFOCUS, when the element receives focus;
o ONBLUR, when the element loses focus.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.52. LEGEND - Fieldset caption ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

LEGEND - Fieldset Caption

Syntax
          <LEGEND>...</LEGEND>

Attribute Specifications

   o ACCESSKEY= Character  (shortcut key)
   o ALIGN=[ top | bottom | left | right ] (alignment relative to fieldset)
   o common attributes

Contents
          Inline elements

Contained in
          FIELDSET

The LEGEND  element defines a caption  for form controls grouped by the
FIELDSET  element.  The LEGEND  element must be at the start of a FIELDSET,
before any other elements.

While the LEGEND  element is not widely supported by current browsers, it can
still be used safely if a block-level element  immediately follows the LEGEND.
Combined with careful use of  FIELDSET, this will cause non-supporting browsers
to render the caption as its own paragraph.  Elements such as  STRONG,  B, and
BIG  could also be used to help express the meaning of LEGEND  to
non-supporting browsers.

An example follows:

<FIELDSET>
  <LEGEND ACCESSKEY=C>Credit Card Information</LEGEND>
  <P>
    <LABEL ACCESSKEY=V>
      <INPUT TYPE=radio NAME=card VALUE=visa> Visa
    </LABEL>
    <LABEL ACCESSKEY=M>
      <INPUT TYPE=radio NAME=card VALUE=mc> MasterCard
    </LABEL>
    <BR>
    <LABEL ACCESSKEY=N>
      Number:  <INPUT TYPE=text NAME=number>
    </LABEL>
    <BR>
    <LABEL ACCESSKEY=E>
      Expiry:  <INPUT TYPE=text NAME=expiry>
    </LABEL>
  </P>
</FIELDSET>

LEGEND's ACCESSKEY  attribute, used throughout the preceding example, specifies
a single Unicode character as a shortcut key for giving focus to the LEGEND,
allowing the user to quickly jump to a group of form controls. Entities  (e.g.
é)  may be used as the ACCESSKEY  value.

The deprecated  ALIGN  attribute of LEGEND  suggests where the caption should
be positioned relative to the  FIELDSET  on visual browsers. Possible values
are top, bottom, left, and right.  While ALIGN  is deprecated, no alternative
currently exists in Cascading Style Sheets.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.53. LI - List item ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

LI - List Item

Syntax
          <LI>...</LI>

Attribute Specifications

   o TYPE=[ disc | square | circle | 1 | a | A | i | I ] (style of list item
     marker)
   o VALUE= Number  (number in sequence)
   o common attributes

Contents
          Inline elements, block-level elements  (except for LIs used within
          DIR  and MENU, which do not allow block-level elements)

Contained in
          OL, UL, DIR, MENU

The LI  element defines a list item.  The element must be contained within
DIR,  MENU,  OL  or  UL.

Unless used with the deprecated  MENU  or DIR elements, LI  may contain
block-level elements, including  H2,  TABLE,  UL, and  OL.  This allows OL  and
UL  to be nested, as in the following example:

<UL>
  <LI>
    <H2>HTML Document Type Definitions</H2>
    <UL>
      <LI><A HREF="html.dtd">HTML 2.0</A></LI>
      <LI><A HREF="HTML32.dtd">HTML 3.2</A></LI>
      <LI><A HREF="strict.dtd">HTML 4.0 Strict</A></LI>
    </UL>
  </LI>
  <LI>
    <H2>SGML Character Entity References</H2>
    <UL>
      <LI><A HREF="HTMLlat1.ent">Latin-1 Entities</A></LI>
      <LI><A HREF="HTMLsymbol.ent">Symbols and Greek Letters</A></LI>
      <LI><A HREF="HTMLspecial.ent">Other Special Characters</A></LI>
    </UL>
  </LI>
</UL>

When used with  MENU  and  DIR, LI  may not contain block-level elements, and
lists cannot be nested.

The deprecated  TYPE  attribute of LI  suggests the rendering of the list item
marker.  Possible values are as follows:

o Case-insensitive values for LI  within a  UL,  DIR, or  MENU:

   - disc  (a filled-in circle)
   - square  (a square outline)
   - circle  (a circle outline)

o Case-sensitive values for LI  within an  OL:

   - 1  (decimal numbers:  1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ...)
   - a  (lowercase alphabetic:  a, b, c, d, e, ...)
   - A  (uppercase alphabetic:  A, B, C, D, E, ...)
   - i  (lowercase Roman numerals:  i, ii, iii, iv, v, ...)
   - I  (uppercase Roman numerals:  I, II, III, IV, V, ...)

Style sheets  provide greater flexibility in suggesting list item styles.  The
list-style  property of CSS includes the added abilities to suppress list item
markers, use images as markers, and more.

LI's VALUE  attribute specifies the number of the list item when used with an
OL.  The number must be given as an integer, though the list item marker may be
rendered in another form (for example, as a Roman numeral).  Any LI  element
following in the same list will take its default sequence number based on the
first preceding VALUE  attribute.  VALUE  is deprecated  in HTML 4.0, but no
substitute currently exists in  CSS.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.54. LINK - Document relationship ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

LINK - Document Relationship

Syntax
          <LINK>

Attribute Specifications

   o REL= LinkTypes  (relationship to link)
   o REV= LinkTypes  (relationship from link)
   o HREF= URI  (hypertext reference)
   o TYPE= ContentType  (content-type of link)
   o TARGET= FrameTarget  (frame to render link in)
   o MEDIA= MediaDesc  (media appropriate for link)
   o HREFLANG= LanguageCode  (language of link)
   o CHARSET= Charset  (character encoding of link)
   o common attributes

Contents
          Empty

Contained in
          HEAD

The LINK  element defines document relationships. Any number of LINK  elements
may be contained in the  HEAD  of a document.  Many browsers lack support for
LINK, so authors should not depend on the browser making the links available to
the user.

The REL  and REV  attributes define the nature of the relationship between the
documents and the linked resource.  REL defines a link relationship from the
current document to the linked resource while REV  defines a relationship in
the opposite direction.  For example,

<LINK REL=Glossary HREF="foo.html">

indicates that foo.html  is a glossary for the current document while

<LINK REV=Subsection HREF="bar.html">

indicates that the current document is a subsection of bar.html.  The value of
the REL  and REV  attributes is a space-separated list of link types.

Commonly used relationships include the next or previous document in a
sequence, the starting page in a collection of documents, a document with
copyright information, and information about the author.  A document could
define these relationships as follows:

<LINK REL=Prev HREF="base.html" TITLE="BASE - Document Base URI">
<LINK REL=Next HREF="meta.html"
TITLE="META - Metadata">
<LINK REL=Start HREF=""
TITLE="HTML 4.0 Reference">
<LINK REL=Copyright HREF="/copyright.html"
TITLE="Copyright Notice">
<LINK REV=Made HREF="mailto:[e-mail]"
TITLE="HTML 4.0 Reference Feedback">

While the value of REL  and REV  is case-insensitive, the Lynx  browser renders
the relationship exactly as given by the author.  Authors should therefore be
consistent in their case, and may wish to capitalize the first letter while
using lowercase for the rest.

Authors can also use the LINK element to apply an external style sheet.
REL=StyleSheet specifies a persistent  or preferred  style while REL="Alternate
StyleSheet"  defines an alternate style.  A persistent  style is one that is
always applied when style sheets are enabled.  The absence of the TITLE
attribute indicates a persistent style.

A preferred  style is one that is automatically applied.  The combination of
REL=StyleSheet  and a TITLE  attribute specifies a preferred style.  Authors
cannot specify more than one preferred style.

An alternate  style is indicated by REL="Alternate StyleSheet".  The user could
choose to replace the preferred style sheet with an alternate one, though
current browsers generally lack the ability to choose alternate styles.

A single style may also be given through multiple style sheets:

<LINK REL=StyleSheet HREF="basics.css"
TITLE="Contemporary" TYPE="text/css">
<LINK REL=StyleSheet HREF="tables.css"
TITLE="Contemporary" TYPE="text/css">
<LINK REL=StyleSheet HREF="forms.css"
TITLE="Contemporary" TYPE="text/css">

In this example, three style sheets are combined into one "Contemporary" style
that is applied as a preferred style sheet.  To combine multiple style sheets
into a single style, each style sheet's LINK  must use the same TITLE.

LINK's MEDIA  attribute specifies the media for which the linked resource is
designed.  With REL=StyleSheet, this allows authors to restrict a style sheet
to certain output devices, such as printers or aural browsers.  The attribute's
value is a comma-separated list of media descriptors.  The following media
descriptors are defined in HTML 4.0 and are case-sensitive:

o screen  (the default), for non-paged computer screens;
o tty, for fixed-pitch character grid displays (such as the display used by
  Lynx);
o tv, for television-type devices with low resolution and limited
  scrollability;
o projection, for projectors;
o handheld, for handheld devices (characterized by a small, monochrome display
  and limited bandwidth);
o print, for output to a printer;
o braille, for braille tactile feedback devices;
o aural, for speech synthesizers;
o all, for all devices.

Netscape Navigator 4.x incorrectly ignores any style sheet linked with a MEDIA
value other than screen.  For example, MEDIA="screen, projection" will cause
the style sheet to be ignored by Navigator 4.x, even if the presentation device
is a computer screen.  Navigator 4.x  also ignores style sheets declared with
MEDIA=all.  Most other browsers ignore the MEDIA attribute.

The optional HREFLANG  and CHARSET  attributes of LINK  give the language and
character encoding, respectively, of the link.  The language should be
specified according to RFC  1766; examples include en  for English, en-US  for
American English, and ja  for Japanese.  Examples of character encodings
include ISO-8859-1, SHIFT_JIS, and UTF-8.

The Alternate  link relationship defines an alternate version of the document.
Translations of a page can be identified by using REL=Alternate  along with the
HREFLANG  attribute. Versions of the page tailored for specific media can be
provided by combining REL=Alternate  with the MEDIA  attribute.  Some examples
follow:

<LINK REL=Alternate
HREF="index.fr.html"
HREFLANG=fr
LANG=fr
TITLE="Version franчaise">
<LINK REL=Alternate
HREF="index.ja.html"
HREFLANG=ja
CHARSET="SHIFT_JIS"
TITLE="Japanese version">
<LINK REL=Alternate
HREF="/distribution/html40.pdf"
TYPE="application/pdf"
MEDIA=print
TITLE="PDF version">

Note that the  LANG  and  DIR  attributes apply to the text of the TITLE
attribute, not to the content of the link.

The TARGET  attribute is used with frames  to specify in which frame the link
should be rendered.  If no frame with such a name exists, the link is rendered
in a new window unless overridden by the user.  Special frame names begin with
an underscore:

o _blank  renders the link in a new, unnamed window
o _self  renders the link in the current frame (useful for overriding a  BASE
  TARGET)
o _parent  renders the link in the immediate  FRAMESET  parent
o _top  renders the link in the full, unframed window


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.55. MAP - Image map ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

MAP - Image Map

Syntax
          <MAP>...</MAP>

Attribute Specifications

   o NAME= CDATA  (name of map)
   o common attributes

Contents
          One or more block-level elements  or one or more AREA  elements

Contained in
          Inline elements, block-level elements

The MAP  element defines a client-side image map  for use with an  IMG  or
OBJECT.  MAP's required NAME  attribute is used as an anchor for the USEMAP
attribute of the IMG  or OBJECT.  While a MAP  element can define image maps
embedded in other files, browsers typically only support client-side image maps
with the MAP  in the same file as the image.

MAP  was originally defined to take one or more  AREA  elements that specified
the coordinates of a clickable region on the image.  An example follows:

<MAP NAME=mymap>
<AREA HREF="/reference/"  ALT="HTML and
CSS Reference" COORDS="5,5,95,195">
<AREA HREF="/design/"  ALT="Design
Guide" COORDS="105,5,195,195">
<AREA HREF="/tools/"  ALT="Tools"
COORDS="205,5,295,195">
</MAP>
<IMG SRC="sitemap.gif" ALT="Site map"
USEMAP="#mymap" WIDTH=300 HEIGHT=200>

HTML 4.0 extends the MAP  element to take one or more block-level elements  as
an alternative to using  AREA  elements.  Combined with the OBJECT  element,
this allows rich alternative content for those not loading images.  However,
due to poor and buggy browser support for  OBJECT, client-side image maps
through the  IMG  element are more reliable.

When MAP  is given within an OBJECT, its contents are not rendered on
image-loading browsers.  MAP  may also be used outside the OBJECT  element so
that its contents are rendered.

The following example gives two images, one an alternate if the first type of
image is not supported.  The images share a single image map definition, which
is included within the OBJECT  element.  The MAP element contains a menu of
links to be rendered on browsers not loading images.

<OBJECT DATA="sitemap.png"
USEMAP="#map" TYPE="image/png"
TITLE="Site map" WIDTH=300 HEIGHT=200>
<OBJECT DATA="sitemap.gif"
USEMAP="#map" TYPE="image/gif"
TITLE="Site map" WIDTH=300 HEIGHT=200>
<MAP NAME=map>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="/reference/"
COORDS="5,5,95,195">HTML and CSS Reference</A>
</LI>
<LI><A HREF="/design/"
COORDS="105,5,195,195">Design
Guide</A>
</LI>
<LI><A HREF="/tools/index.html"
COORDS="205,5,295,195">Tools</A>
</LI>
</UL>
</MAP>
</OBJECT>
</OBJECT>


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.56. MENU - Menu list ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

MENU - Menu List

Syntax
          <MENU>...</MENU>

Attribute Specifications

   o COMPACT (compact display)
   o common attributes

Contents
          One or more LI  elements that cannot contain block-level elements

Contained in
          APPLET, BLOCKQUOTE, BODY, BUTTON, CENTER, DD, DEL, DIV, FIELDSET,
          FORM, IFRAME, INS, LI, MAP, NOFRAMES, NOSCRIPT, OBJECT, TD, TH

The MENU  element defines a menu list.  The element contains one or more  LI
elements that define the actual items of the list.  The LI  elements must not
contain block-level elements, which prevents MENUs from being nested.

The COMPACT  attribute suggests that visual browsers render the list compactly,
perhaps with reduced spacing between items.  This attribute is not well
supported among browsers.

MENU  is deprecated  in HTML 4.0 in favor of  UL.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.57. META - Metadata ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

META - Metadata

Syntax
          <META>

Attribute Specifications

   o NAME= Name  (property name)
   o HTTP-EQUIV= Name  (HTTP  response header name)
   o CONTENT= CDATA  (associated data)
   o SCHEME= CDATA  (form of data)
   o internationalization attributes  (for the CONTENT)

Contents
          Empty

Contained in
          HEAD

The META  element provides metadata  such as a document's keywords,
description, and author.  Any number of META elements may be contained in the
HEAD  of a document.

META's NAME  attribute provides a property name while the CONTENT  attribute
gives the corresponding value.  The CONTENT  attribute value may contain text
and entities, but it may not contain HTML  tags.

The optional SCHEME  attribute gives the format of the property value.  For
example, a date property may require SCHEME="Month-Day-Year"  to disambiguate
the date from other formats such as SCHEME="Day-Month-Year".

There is no standard list of META  properties, so authors may define whatever
metadata they like.  The following example defines the author of the document:

<META NAME=author CONTENT="Liam Quinn">

Some search engines use keywords  and description properties, giving extra
weight to a document's keywords and providing its description with the link to
the document.  Example:

<META NAME="description"
CONTENT="A description of HTML 4.0's META element for metadata.">
<META NAME="keywords"
CONTENT="META, meta element, metadata, metainformation, meta
data, meta information, keywords, description,
refresh, HyperText Markup Language, HTML, HTML4,
HTML 4.0, Web Design Group, WDG, <meta>
tag, <META> tag">

To avoid being truncated by search engines, the description should be brief--no
more than 200 characters.  Keywords are separated by commas and may be
considered case sensitive by search engines.  If the same keywords are repeated
too often in the META  element, some search engines will not index the
document.  Search engines typically only process the first 1000 characters of
the keywords list.

Some search engines also support the robots  property for indicating whether a
document should be indexed and whether its links should be followed.  The
associated CONTENT  value is a comma-separated list of case-insensitive
directives:

o index  specifies that the page should be indexed while noindex  specifies
  that it should not be indexed;
o follow  specifies that the page's links should be followed while nofollow
  specifies that they should not be followed;
o all  is equivalent to index,follow  (the default value);
o none  is equivalent to noindex,nofollow.

For example, the following META  element tells search engines and other robots
not to index the page but to follow links on it:

<META NAME=robots CONTENT="noindex,follow">

Few search engines support the robots  property at this time. For greater
compliance by robots, authors should use the Robots Exclusion Protocol  if
possible.

The HTTP-EQUIV  attribute may be used in place of the NAME  attribute to
indicate that the property is an HTTP header.  Some servers will send the HTTP
header specified in the META  element, and browsers often recognize the header
even when it is not sent by the server.  Examples:

<META HTTP-EQUIV=Expires
CONTENT="Sun, 22 Mar 1998 16:18:35 GMT">

sets the expiry date of the document.

<META
HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Script-Type" CONTENT="text/javascript">

sets the client-side scripting language for inline scripts to JavaScript.

<META HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Style-Type" CONTENT="text/css">

sets the style language for inline styles to CSS.

<META HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Type"
CONTENT="text/html; charset=SHIFT_JIS">

sets the character encoding for the document to SHIFT_JIS (a Japanese
encoding).  Note that using META  for this purpose rather than a true HTTP
header causes some browsers to redraw the page after initially displaying it.

<META HTTP-EQUIV=Refresh CONTENT="10;
URL=http://www.htmlhelp.com/">

tells the browser to load http://www.htmlhelp.com/ 10 seconds after the current
document has finished loading.  Not all browsers support this, so authors
should provide an alternate means of moving to the new page where necessary.
The Refresh  header is sometimes used for "splash screens" or when a page has
moved, but the technique is not very effective since users may not even be
looking at the window that is to be refreshed and since it messes up the user's
history on many browsers.  Some search engines penalize pages that use a
Refresh  of a few seconds or less.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.58. NOFRAMES - Frames alternate content ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

NOFRAMES - Frames Alternate Content

Syntax
          <NOFRAMES>...<NOFRAMES>

Attribute Specifications

   o common attributes

Contents

   o In HTML 4.0 Transitional: inline elements, block-level elements
   o In HTML 4.0 Frameset:  one BODY  element that must not contain any
     NOFRAMES elements

Contained in
          APPLET, BLOCKQUOTE, BODY, BUTTON, CENTER, DD, DEL, DIV, FIELDSET,
          FORM, FRAMESET, IFRAME, INS, LI, MAP, NOSCRIPT, OBJECT, TD, TH

The NOFRAMES  element contains content that should only be rendered when frames
are not displayed.  NOFRAMES  is typically used in a Frameset  document to
provide alternate content for browsers that do not support frames or have
frames disabled.

When used within a FRAMESET, NOFRAMES  must contain a BODY  element.  There
must not be any NOFRAMES  elements contained within this BODY element.

A meaningful NOFRAMES  element should always be provided in a Frameset document
and should at the very least contain links to the main frame or frames.
NOFRAMES  should not contain a message telling the user to upgrade his or her
browser.  Some browsers support frames but allow the user to disable them.

Various methods of automatically creating non-frames content exist.  See Frames
design guidelines:  automatic no-frames content  for more details.

An example follows:

<FRAMESET ROWS="*,100">
  <FRAMESET COLS="40%,*">
    <FRAME NAME="Menu" SRC="nav.html" TITLE="Menu">
    <FRAME NAME="Content" SRC="main.html" TITLE="Content">
  </FRAMESET>
  <FRAME NAME="Ad" SRC="ad.html" TITLE="Advertisement">
  <NOFRAMES>
    <BODY>
      <H1>Table of Contents</H1>
      <UL>
        <LI>
          <A HREF="reference/html40/">HTML 4.0 Reference</A>
        </LI>
        <LI>
          <A HREF="reference/wilbur/">HTML 3.2 Reference</A>
        </LI>
        <LI>
          <A HREF="reference/css/">CSS Guide</A>
        </LI>
      </UL>
      <P>
        <IMG SRC="ad.gif" ALT="Ad:  Does your bank charge too much?">
      </P>
    </BODY>
  </NOFRAMES>
</FRAMESET>

In HTML 4.0 Transitional, the NOFRAMES  element is also permitted within most
block-level elements.  This allows authors to include content, such as
navigation aids, that should only be displayed if the document is not being
viewed within a frameset.  Such use helps to ensure that a frame could stand on
its own if bookmarked or accessed through a search engine while not burdening
the frames user with duplicate content. However, most browsers do not support
this use of NOFRAMES  and will always display the content.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.59. NOSCRIPT - Alternate script content ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

NOSCRIPT - Non-script Content

Syntax
          <NOSCRIPT>...</NOSCRIPT>

Attribute Specifications

   o common attributes

Contents
          Block-level elements, inline elements

Contained in
          APPLET, BLOCKQUOTE, BODY, BUTTON, CENTER, DD, DEL, DIV, FIELDSET,
          FORM, IFRAME, INS, LI, MAP, NOFRAMES, NOSCRIPT, OBJECT, TD, TH

The NOSCRIPT  element provides alternate content for a client-side script  that
was not executed.  A script will fail to execute if the browser does not
support the scripting language or if the user has disabled client-side
scripting.  NOSCRIPT  should follow the SCRIPT  element for which it provides
alternate content.

Note that most browsers will fail to render the contents of NOSCRIPT  if the
scripting language is not supported and the user has enabled client-side
scripting.  Most browsers will only render NOSCRIPT  when the user has disabled
client-side scripting.

Also note that Netscape Navigator 2.x  supports JavaScript 1.0 but still
renders all NOSCRIPT  content.

Since client-side scripts usually provide dynamic interactivity that cannot be
replaced by static content, the NOSCRIPT  element is generally not useful.
Authors should try to use client-side scripts as optional enhancements that are
not integral components of the Web page.  In the case of form validation, any
error checking done by the client-side script should be repeated by the CGI
script or Java servlet that handles the submission at the server.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.60. OBJECT - Object ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

OBJECT - Embedded Object

Syntax
          <OBJECT>...</OBJECT>

Attribute Specifications

   o DATA= URI  (object data)
   o CLASSID= URI  (location of implementation)
   o ARCHIVE= CDATA  (archive files)
   o CODEBASE= URI  (base URI  for CLASSID, DATA, ARCHIVE)
   o WIDTH= Length  (object width)
   o HEIGHT= Length  (object height)
   o NAME= CDATA  (name for form submission)
   o USEMAP= URI  (client-side image map)
   o TYPE= ContentType  (content-type of object)
   o CODETYPE= ContentType  (content-type of code)
   o STANDBY= Text  (message to show while loading)
   o TABINDEX= NUMBER  (position in tabbing order)
   o DECLARE (do not instantiate object)
   o ALIGN=[ top | middle | bottom | left | right ] (object alignment)
   o BORDER= Length  (link border width)
   o HSPACE= Pixels  (horizontal gutter)
   o VSPACE= Pixels  (vertical gutter)
   o common attributes

Contents
          PARAM  elements followed by block-level elements  and/or inline
          elements

Contained in
          HEAD, inline elements, block-level elements  except PRE

The OBJECT  element is used to include objects  such as images, videos, Java
applets, and VRML  worlds. OBJECT  is intended to replace the more specific
IMG  and  APPLET  elements, as well as the proprietary  EMBED  and  BGSOUND
elements, though a lack of browser support and severe bugs in supporting
browsers make the other elements a better choice for the time being.

OBJECT's DATA  attribute specifies the URI of the embedded object.  Relative
URIs are interpreted with respect to the CODEBASE  attribute if it is given.

The WIDTH  and HEIGHT  attributes define the dimensions of the object.  The
value may be given in pixels or as a percentage of the parent element's width
or height.  Most browsers require the WIDTH  and HEIGHT  attributes for all
objects embedded using OBJECT.

The CLASSID  may be used to specify an implementation for the object.  Java
applets, Python applets, and ActiveX controls all provide implementations for
the embedded object, and so are specified with the CLASSID  attribute, as in
the following example:

<OBJECT CLASSID="yahtzee.py"
CODETYPE="application/x-python" STANDBY="Ready to play
Yahtzee?"  TITLE="My Yahtzee Game">
<OBJECT CLASSID="java:Yahtzee.class"
CODETYPE="application/java" WIDTH=400 HEIGHT=250 STANDBY="Ready to play
Yahtzee?"  TITLE="My Yahtzee Game">
<OBJECT DATA="yahtzee.gif" TYPE="image/gif" TITLE="A
Yahtzee animation" WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=100>
Yahtzee is my <EM>favorite</EM> game!
</OBJECT>
</OBJECT>
</OBJECT>

This example also demonstrates the use of alternate content for browsers that
cannot display the embedded object.  In the example, a Yahtzee game written in
Python is used if the browser supports it.  A Java version is provided as an
alternate for browsers that do not support Python applets.  An image is given
for browsers that cannot show the Java or Python applets, and plain text is
used as a final alternate if images are not loaded.  Note that OBJECT  is
backwards compatible with pre-HTML 4.0 browsers since they will ignore the
<OBJECT>  tags and render the innermost alternate content (the text in the
example).

The preceding example also makes use of the TYPE  and CODETYPE  attributes to
allow browsers to avoid requesting a file that they cannot render.  The TYPE
attribute specifies the media type of the resource referenced by the DATA
attribute while the CODETYPE  attribute specifies the media type of the CLASSID
data.

The STANDBY  attribute is also utilized in the example.  This attribute
provides short text to display while the object is loading.

The ARCHIVE  attribute can specify a space-separated list of archived files
(either absolute URIs or URIs relative to the CODEBASE), allowing the browser
to download many files with a single connection and hence decreasing the total
download time.  The standard archive format for Java files is JAR.  JAR files
can be created with the jar  tool included with the Java Development Kit  1.1
and up.

The DECLARE  attribute makes the object a declaration that is not immediately
instantiated.  This allows the object to be instantiated from a link, button,
or object later in the same document.  The  ID  attribute must be used with
declared objects as an identifier for the instantiating element.  For example:

<OBJECT DECLARE ID=yahtzee CLASSID="java:Yahtzee.class"
CODETYPE="application/java" WIDTH=400 HEIGHT=250
TITLE="My Yahtzee Game">
<IMG SRC="yahtzee.gif" ALT="You get the dice!"
TITLE="Yahtzee animation">
</OBJECT>
...
<P>Ready to <A HREF="#yahtzee">play Yahtzee</A>?</P>

The OBJECT  element may contain  PARAM  elements--before any other content--to
provide run-time initialization data.  The following example embeds a video,
with an audio clip for alternate content, and includes parameters commonly
understood by audio/video plug-ins.  Note the placement of PARAM  elements
before  alternate content.

<OBJECT DATA="mlk.mov" TYPE="video/quicktime"
TITLE="Martin Luther King's "I Have a Dream"
speech" WIDTH=150 HEIGHT=150>
<PARAM NAME=pluginspage
VALUE="http://quicktime.apple.com/">
<PARAM NAME=autoplay VALUE=true>
<OBJECT DATA="mlk.wav" TYPE="audio/x-wav" TITLE="Martin
Luther King's "I Have a Dream" speech">
<PARAM NAME=autostart VALUE=true>
<PARAM NAME=hidden VALUE=true>
<A HREF="mlk.html">Full text of Martin Luther King's "I
Have a Dream" speech</A>
</OBJECT>
</OBJECT>

The USEMAP  attribute can be used with OBJECT to embed a clickable image where
different coordinates have different link destinations.  Image maps via the
IMG  element are better supported, but OBJECT-based image maps allow a full
textual alternative for browsers not loading images.  The USEMAP  attribute
points to a  MAP  element whose contents define the links of the various
coordinates.  The MAP  may be included within the OBJECT, in which case its
contents are not rendered on image-loading browsers, or it may be given outside
the OBJECT element so that its contents are rendered.

The following example gives two images, one an alternate if the first type of
image is not supported.  The images share a single image map definition, which
is included within the OBJECT  element.  The MAP element contains a menu of
links to be rendered on browsers not loading images.

<OBJECT DATA="sitemap.png" USEMAP="#map" TYPE="image/png"
TITLE="Site map" WIDTH=300 HEIGHT=200>
<OBJECT DATA="sitemap.gif" USEMAP="#map" TYPE="image/gif"
TITLE="Site map" WIDTH=300 HEIGHT=200>
<MAP NAME=map>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="/reference/"  COORDS="5,5,95,195">HTML and
CSS Reference</A></LI>
<LI><A HREF="/design/" COORDS="105,5,195,195">Design
Guide</A></LI>
<LI><A HREF="/tools/index.html"
COORDS="205,5,295,195">Tools</A></LI>
</UL>
</MAP>
</OBJECT>
</OBJECT>

The TABINDEX  attribute specifies a number between 0 and 32767 to indicate the
tabbing order of the element.  An object with TABINDEX=0  or no TABINDEX
attribute will be visited after any elements with a positive TABINDEX.  Among
positive TABINDEX  values, the lower number receives focus first.  In the case
of a tie, the element appearing first in the HTML  document takes precedence.

The ALIGN  attribute, deprecated  in HTML 4.0, specifies the alignment of the
object.  The values top, middle, and bottom  specify the object's position with
respect to surrounding content on its left and right.

ALIGN=middle  aligns the center of the object with the current baseline.  To
center the object horizontally on the page, place the object in a centered
block, e.g.,

<P ALIGN=center><OBJECT DATA="foo.mov"
TYPE="video/quicktime"></OBJECT></P>

The other ALIGN  values, left  and right, specify a floating  object; the
object is placed at the left or right margin and content flows around it.  To
place content below the object, use <BR CLEAR=left|right|all>  as appropriate.

The  vertical-align  and  float  properties of Cascading Style Sheets  provide
more flexible methods of aligning objects.

The BORDER  attribute, deprecated  in HTML 4.0, specifies the width of the
object's border.  Specifying BORDER=0  will eliminate the border around a
linked object in most browsers, though some allow the user to override this.
Authors should only use BORDER=0  if the object would be clearly recognizable
as a link, or as a method of de-emphasizing a link.  For example:

<A HREF="reference/"><OBJECT DATA="icon/reference.gif"
WIDTH=90 HEIGHT=90 BORDER=0></OBJECT>Web Authoring
Reference</A>

The deprecated  HSPACE  and VSPACE  attributes allow an author to suggest
horizontal gutters and vertical gutters, respectively, around the object.  The
value must be in pixels and applies to both sides of the object. Style sheets
provide more flexibility in specifying the space around objects.

The OBJECT  element is most useful as a  BODY  element and can be contained
within either inline  or block-level  elements.  The contents of OBJECT  should
be elements that can be contained within OBJECT's parent element.  For example,
an  A  element containing an OBJECT  should not have any block-level elements
as the contents of the OBJECT.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.61. OL - Ordered list ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

OL - Ordered List

Syntax
          <OL>...</OL>

Attribute Specifications

   o TYPE=[ 1 | a | A | i | I ] (numbering style)
   o START= Number  (starting number)
   o COMPACT (compact display)
   o common attributes

Contents
          One or more LI  elements

Contained in
          APPLET, BLOCKQUOTE, BODY, BUTTON, CENTER, DD, DEL, DIV, FIELDSET,
          FORM, IFRAME, INS, LI, MAP, NOFRAMES, NOSCRIPT, OBJECT, TD, TH

The OL  element defines an ordered list.  The element contains one or more  LI
elements that define the actual items of the list.

Unlike with an unordered list ( UL), the items of an ordered list have a
definite sequence.  Items in an ordered list are numbered by the browser.

The deprecated  TYPE  attribute of OL  suggests the numbering style on visual
browsers.  The case-sensitive values are as follows:

o 1  (decimal numbers:  1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ...)
o a  (lowercase alphabetic:  a, b, c, d, e, ...)
o A  (uppercase alphabetic:  A, B, C, D, E, ...)
o i  (lowercase Roman numerals:  i, ii, iii, iv, v, ...)
o I  (uppercase Roman numerals:  I, II, III, IV, V, ...)

The numbering style on an individual list item can be suggested using the TYPE
attribute of  LI.  The list-style-type  property of  CSS  provides greater
flexibility in suggesting numbering styles.

The deprecated  START  attribute suggests the starting number for the list and
defaults to 1.  The value of START  must be an integer, but the number may be
presented in a different form (for example, as a Roman numeral).  While this
attribute is deprecated, there is currently no substitute for it in Cascading
Style Sheets.

The deprecated  COMPACT  attribute suggests that visual browsers render the
list compactly, perhaps with reduced spacing between items.  This attribute is
not well supported among browsers.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.62. OPTGROUP - Option group ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

OPTGROUP - Option Group

Syntax
          <OPTGROUP>...</OPTGROUP>

Attribute Specifications

   o LABEL= Text  (group label)
   o DISABLED (disable group of choices)
   o common attributes

Contents
          One or more OPTION  elements

Contained in
          SELECT

The OPTGROUP  element defines a group of choices within a  SELECT  menu.
OPTGROUP must contain one or more  OPTION  elements to define the actual
choices.

The required LABEL  attribute specifies the group label presented to the user.
The LABEL  should describe the group of choices available through the
OPTGROUP's OPTIONs.  Each OPTION  generally uses a LABEL  attribute as well to
provide a shortened label that, together with the OPTGROUP's LABEL, gives a
complete description of the option.  An example follows:

<P>Which Web browser do you use most often?
  <SELECT NAME=browser>
    <OPTGROUP LABEL="Netscape Navigator">
      <OPTION LABEL="4.x or higher">
        Netscape Navigator 4.x or higher
      </OPTION>
      <OPTION LABEL="3.x">Netscape Navigator 3.x</OPTION>
      <OPTION LABEL="2.x">Netscape Navigator 2.x</OPTION>
      <OPTION LABEL="1.x">Netscape Navigator 1.x</OPTION>
    </OPTGROUP>
    <OPTGROUP LABEL="Microsoft Internet Explorer">
      <OPTION LABEL="4.x or higher">
        Microsoft Internet Explorer 4.x or higher </OPTION>
      <OPTION LABEL="3.x">Microsoft Internet Explorer 3.x</OPTION>
      <OPTION LABEL="2.x">Microsoft Internet Explorer 2.x</OPTION>
      <OPTION LABEL="1.x">Microsoft Internet Explorer 1.x</OPTION>
    </OPTGROUP>
    <OPTGROUP LABEL="Opera">
      <OPTION LABEL="3.x or higher">
        Opera 3.x or higher
      </OPTION>
      <OPTION LABEL="2.x">Opera 2.x</OPTION>
    </OPTGROUP>
      <OPTION>Other</OPTION>
  </SELECT>
</P>

OPTGROUP  is not well supported by current browsers, but its design allows
authors to use it today without sacrificing compatibility with non-supporting
browsers.  Supporting browsers will render the preceding example using the
LABEL  attribute of OPTION  to provide just the version number, along with the
OPTGROUP's LABEL, which gives the full name of the application.  This allows a
compact display with easy-to-use cascading menus.

Non-supporting browsers will ignore the OPTGROUP  elements and LABEL
attributes, providing the full name and version for each choice.  Thus authors
can fully use OPTGROUP  despite its lack of browser support.

Note that, in HTML 4.0, OPTGROUP  is limited to containing only OPTION
elements, thus preventing nested OPTGROUPs with multi-level cascades.  Future
versions of HTML  may add support for nested option groups.

The boolean DISABLED  attribute makes the option group unavailable.  The
options of a disabled option group cannot be selected by the user and are never
submitted with the form.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.63. OPTION - Menu option ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

OPTION - Menu Option

Syntax
          <OPTION>...</OPTION>

Attribute Specifications

   o VALUE= CDATA  (value of option)
   o SELECTED (choice initially selected)
   o DISABLED (disable choice)
   o LABEL= Text  (option label)
   o common attributes

Contents
          Plain text (including entities)

Contained in
          SELECT, OPTGROUP

The OPTION  element defines a menu choice  within a SELECT  menu.  The value of
the option, sent with a submitted form, is specified with the VALUE attribute.
In the absence of a VALUE  attribute, the value is the content of the OPTION
element.

The boolean SELECTED  attribute defines the OPTION  to be initially selected.
A SELECT  element can only have one OPTION  selected at any time unless the
MULTIPLE attribute is present on SELECT.

If the SELECT  element does not use the MULTIPLE  or SIZE  attributes, some
browsers will automatically (and incorrectly) select an option.  To ensure that
a suitable option is selected, authors may wish to use the SELECTED  attribute
on an OPTION.  If no option is a suitable default, consider using a dummy
option, as in the following example:

<SELECT NAME="marital_status">
<OPTION SELECTED VALUE="">Select...</OPTION>
<OPTION>Single</OPTION>
<OPTION>Married</OPTION>
<OPTION>Separated</OPTION>
<OPTION>Divorced</OPTION>
<OPTION>Widowed</OPTION>
</SELECT>

The boolean DISABLED  attribute, new in HTML 4.0 and poorly supported by
current browsers, makes the OPTION  element unavailable.  A disabled option
cannot be selected by the user and is never submitted with the form.

The LABEL  attribute specifies the option label presented to the user.  This
defaults to the content of the OPTION  element, but the LABEL  attribute allows
authors to more easily use  OPTGROUP  without sacrificing compatibility with
browsers that do not support option groups.  The following example illustrates
the technique:

<P>Which Web browser do you use most often?
  <SELECT NAME=browser>
    <OPTGROUP LABEL="Netscape Navigator">
      <OPTION LABEL="4.x or higher">
        Netscape Navigator 4.x or higher
      </OPTION>
      <OPTION LABEL="3.x">Netscape Navigator 3.x</OPTION>
      <OPTION LABEL="2.x">Netscape Navigator 2.x</OPTION>
      <OPTION LABEL="1.x">Netscape Navigator 1.x</OPTION>
    </OPTGROUP>
    <OPTGROUP LABEL="Microsoft Internet Explorer">
      <OPTION LABEL="4.x or higher">
        Microsoft Internet Explorer 4.x or higher
      </OPTION>
      <OPTION LABEL="3.x">Microsoft Internet Explorer 3.x</OPTION>
      <OPTION LABEL="2.x">Microsoft Internet Explorer 2.x</OPTION>
      <OPTION LABEL="1.x">Microsoft Internet Explorer 1.x</OPTION>
    </OPTGROUP>
    <OPTGROUP LABEL="Opera">
      <OPTION LABEL="3.x or higher">Opera 3.x or higher</OPTION>
      <OPTION LABEL="2.x">Opera 2.x</OPTION>
    </OPTGROUP>
    <OPTION>Other</OPTION>
  </SELECT>
</P>

OPTGROUP  and OPTION's LABEL  attribute were introduced together, so browsers
should support both features or neither of them.  Supporting browsers will
render the preceding example using the LABEL  attribute of OPTION  to provide
just the version number, along with the OPTGROUP's LABEL, which gives the full
name of the application.  This allows a compact display with cascading menus,
but many browsers do not yet support OPTGROUP.  These browsers will ignore the
OPTGROUP  elements and LABEL attributes, providing the full name and version
for each choice.  Thus authors can fully use OPTGROUP  despite its lack of
browser support.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.64. P - Paragraph ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

P - Paragraph

Syntax
          <P>...</P>

Attribute Specifications

   o ALIGN=[ left | center | right | justify ] (horizontal alignment)
   o common attributes

Contents
          Inline elements

Contained in
          ADDRESS, APPLET, BLOCKQUOTE, BODY, BUTTON, CENTER, DEL, DD, DIV,
          FIELDSET, FORM, IFRAME, INS, LI, MAP, NOFRAMES, NOSCRIPT, OBJECT, TD,
          TH

The P  element defines a paragraph.  The closing tag for P  is optional, but
its use prevents common browser bugs with style sheets.  Note that P cannot
contain block-level elements  such as  TABLE  and  ADDRESS.

The deprecated  ALIGN  attribute suggests the horizontal alignment for the
content of the paragraph on visual browsers.  Possible values are left, right,
center, and justify. Style sheets  provide greater flexibility in suggesting
paragraph alignment.

HTML  does not specify a presentation for the P element.  Visual browsers
commonly use block paragraphs with no first-line indent and separated by a
blank line, but some browsers allow the user to specify a different
presentation.  An author can suggest paragraph indentation and spacing using
style sheets.  The following  CSS  ruleset suggests a possible presentation for
paragraphs:

P { margin-top:  0; text-indent:  5% }


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.65. PARAM - Object parameter ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

PARAM - Object Parameter

Syntax
          <PARAM>

Attribute Specifications

   o NAME= CDATA  (property name)
   o VALUE= CDATA  (property value)
   o VALUETYPE=[ data  | ref | object ] (type of value)
   o TYPE= ContentType  (content-type of value resource)
   o ID= ID

Contents
          Empty

Contained in
          APPLET, OBJECT

The PARAM  element provides parameters for the  OBJECT  and  APPLET  elements.
An OBJECT  or APPLET  may contain any number of PARAM  elements prior to the
alternate content that is also contained within the OBJECT  or APPLET  element.

The required NAME  attribute of PARAM  gives the name of the parameter while
the VALUE  attribute gives the parameter's value.  The parameters recognized
are specific to the kind of object being embedded or to the plug-in that
renders the embedded object.  For example, a clock applet may accept parameters
to specify the style of the clock and the colors to use:

<OBJECT CLASSID="java:Clock.class"
CODETYPE="application/java" WIDTH=100 HEIGHT=100 TITLE="A
real live clock!" STANDBY="Do you know what time it is?">
<PARAM NAME=TYPE VALUE=ANALOG>
<PARAM NAME=BGCOLOR VALUE=WHITE>
<PARAM NAME=FGCOLOR VALUE=NAVY>
</OBJECT>

Note that the PARAM  elements used in the preceding example would not change if
the APPLET  element were used in place of OBJECT.

Objects such as videos, audio clips, and VRML  worlds are typically handled by
browser plug-ins.  Each plug-in recognizes certain parameters, which can make
choosing parameters difficult when the author does not know which plug-in the
user has.  However, unsupported parameters should be safely ignored.  The
following example uses parameters specific to the QuickTime  movie plug-in as
well as parameters specific to the LiveAudio  audio plug-in:

<OBJECT DATA="mlk.mov" TYPE="video/quicktime"
TITLE="Martin Luther King's "I Have a Dream"
speech" WIDTH=150 HEIGHT=150>
<PARAM NAME=pluginspage
VALUE="http://quicktime.apple.com/">
<PARAM NAME=autoplay VALUE=true>
<OBJECT DATA="mlk.wav" TYPE="audio/x-wav" TITLE="Martin
Luther King's "I Have a Dream" speech">
<PARAM NAME=autostart VALUE=true>
<PARAM NAME=hidden VALUE=true>
<A HREF="mlk.html">Full text of Martin Luther King's "I
Have a Dream" speech</A>
</OBJECT>
</OBJECT>

Note that only the parameters specified within the OBJECT  and prior to the
alternate content are passed onto the plug-in, so that the pluginspage  and
autoplay  parameters are used if the QuickTime movie is played while the
autostart  and hidden parameters are used if the audio clip is played.

The VALUETYPE  parameter of PARAM  designates the type of the VALUE  attribute.
The default value for VALUETYPE  is data, which indicates that the VALUE
attribute contains a string.

The ref  value for VALUETYPE  indicates that the VALUE  attribute contains a
URI  where run-time values are stored.  The Internet media type of the resource
is specified by the TYPE  attribute.  The following example uses values with
VALUETYPE=ref  to specify the location of images to animate and a sound to play
during the animation:

<OBJECT CLASSID="java:Animator.class"
CODETYPE="application/java" WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=300
TITLE="Wedding Photos">
<PARAM NAME=IMAGE1 VALUE="images/wedding/bride.jpg"
VALUETYPE=ref TYPE="image/jpeg">
<PARAM NAME=IMAGE2 VALUE="images/wedding/groom.jpg"
VALUETYPE=ref TYPE="image/jpeg">
<PARAM NAME=IMAGE3 VALUE="images/wedding/cake.jpg"
VALUETYPE=ref TYPE="image/jpeg">
<PARAM NAME=SOUND
VALUE="http://www.htmlhelp.com/sounds/weddingmarch.au"
VALUETYPE=ref TYPE="audio/basic">
</OBJECT>

The URI  specified by VALUE  is passed to the object without being resolved to
a full URL.  In the preceding example, the Java class would be responsible for
resolving and fetching the contents of partial URIs like
"images/wedding/cake.jpg".

VALUETYPE  also takes an object  value, for use when a VALUE  attribute
specifies an identifier of a separate  OBJECT  in the document.  The following
example features a hypothetical application for interactively walking through
the frames of an animated GIF.  The GIF  is loaded in a separate OBJECT  from
the application that uses it.

<OBJECT DECLARE ID=mygif DATA="animation.gif"
TYPE="image/gif">
</OBJECT>
<OBJECT CLASSID="framepicker">
<PARAM NAME=image VALUE="#mygif" VALUETYPE=object>
<IMG SRC="animation.gif" ALT="[Example of an animated
GIF]"> </OBJECT>


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.66. PRE - Preformatted text ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

PRE - Preformatted Text

Syntax
          <PRE>...</PRE>

Attribute Specifications

   o WIDTH= Number  (line width)
   o common attributes

Contents
          Inline elements  except IMG, OBJECT, APPLET, BIG, SMALL, SUB, SUP,
          FONT, BASEFONT

Contained in
          APPLET, BLOCKQUOTE, BODY, BUTTON, CENTER, DD, DEL, DIV, FIELDSET,
          FORM, IFRAME, INS, LI, MAP, NOFRAMES, NOSCRIPT, OBJECT, TD, TH

The PRE  element contains preformatted text. Visual browsers should render
preformatted text in a fixed-pitch font, should not collapse whitespace, and
should not wrap long lines.

PRE  is useful for formatting computer code or poetry where whitespace is
important, but since preformatted text is inherently visual, authors should
avoid dependence on it wherever possible.  When using PRE, authors should avoid
altering the element's fixed-pitch font or non-collapsing whitespace properties
by means of style sheets.

The following example features Java code in a PRE  element:

<PRE><CODE CLASS=Java>
class HelloWorld {
 public static void main(String[] args) {
  System.out.println("Hello World!");
 }
}
</CODE></PRE>

The code in the preceding example would be more difficult to read if it were
not preformatted, and so PRE  is used to provide the proper spacing.  Note that
the  CODE  element is also included to add structural information.

The deprecated  WIDTH  attribute of PRE  tells the browser the expected line
length of the preformatted block so that a suitable font size or margin can be
used.  Browsers ignore this attribute in practice.

The bidirectional algorithm  that determines the directionality of text still
applies within the PRE  element.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.67. Q - Short quotation ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

Q - Short Quotation

Syntax
          <Q>...</Q>

Attribute Specifications

   o CITE= URI  (source of quotation)
   o common attributes

Contents
          Inline elements

Contained in
          Inline elements, block-level elements

The Q  element is used for short, inline quotations.  For longer (block)
quotations, use the BLOCKQUOTE  element.

The Q  element's optional CITE  attribute provides a URI  of the source of the
quotation.  Some examples follow:

<P>In the words of Albert Einstein,
<Q>God does <EM>not</EM> play dice.</Q></P>

<P>According to Dave Raggett,
<Q CITE="http://www.w3.org/Press/HTML4-REC">
HTML 4.0 gives Web designers the ability to create dynamic visually
exciting pages that are accessible to all.
</Q></P>

Note that authors should not include their own quotation marks when using the Q
element.  However, this can be a problem since almost all current browsers lack
support for Q.  Authors may prefer to avoid Q  and insert their own quotation
marks.  Another alternative is to use  I  in combination with Q  so that the
quotation is distinguished from other text in most browsers.  The previous
example could also be given as follows:

<P>According to Dave Raggett,
<I><Q CITE="http://www.w3.org/Press/HTML4-REC">
HTML 4.0 gives Web designers the ability to create dynamic visually
exciting pages that are accessible to all.
</Q></I></P>

Browsers supporting Q  should properly handle nested quotations.  They should
also use quotation marks suitable to the language of the quotation, based on
the  LANG  attribute of Q  or the language of its parent.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.68. S - Strike-through text ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

S - Strike-through Text

Syntax
          <S>...</S>

Attribute Specifications

   o common attributes

Contents
          Inline elements

Contained in
          Inline elements, block-level elements

The S element, deprecated in HTML 4.0, suggests that text be rendered with a
strike-through style. In many cases, use of a phrase elemens such as DEL is
more appropriate since such elements express the meaning of the text more
clearly. However, since support for DEL among browsers is weak, S could be
useful in combination with DEL, as in the following example:

The latest version of HTML recommended by the W3C is HTML
<DEL DATETIME="1997-12-19T00:00:00-05:00"><S>3.2</S></DEL>
<INS DATETIME="1997-12-19T00:00:00-05:00">4.0</INS>.

Note that STRIKE is better supported than S (based on Netscape 2.x and 1.22
supporting STRIKE but not S), and so STRIKE should be used in place of S. There
does not appear to be any advantage to using both STRIKE and S; all browsers
that support S also seem to support STRIKE.

If DEL is not a suitable structure, style sheets should be used to complement
or replace instances of S. CSS1 provides the text-decoration property for
strike-through text.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.69. SAMP - Sample output ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

SAMP - Sample Output

Syntax
          <SAMP>...</SAMP>

Attribute Specifications

   o common attributes

Contents
          Inline elements

Contained in
          Inline elements, block-level elements

The SAMP  element denotes sample output, such as from a program or script.
Visual browsers typically render SAMP  as monospaced text, but authors can
suggest a rendering using style sheets.  Since SAMP  is a structural element,
it carries meaning, making it preferable to font style elements such as  TT
when marking up sample output.

Example:

<P>When an undefined element is used in an HTML document, a validator
will give an error like the following:</P>

<P><SAMP>C:\SP\BIN\NSGMLSU.EXE:test.html:4:7:E:
element "FOOBAR" undefined</SAMP></P>


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.70. SCRIPT - Client-side script ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

SCRIPT - Client-side Script

Syntax
          <SCRIPT>...</SCRIPT>

Attribute Specifications

   o TYPE= ContentType  (content-type of scripting language)
   o LANGUAGE= CDATA  (scripting language name)
   o SRC= URI  (external script location)
   o CHARSET= Charset  (character encoding of external script)
   o DEFER (script execution may wait)

Contents
          An embedded script

Contained in
          HEAD, inline elements, block-level elements

The SCRIPT  element includes a client-side script  in the document.
Client-side scripts allow greater interactivity in a document by responding to
user events.  For example, a script could be used to check the user's form
input prior to submission to provide immediate notice of any errors by the
user.

Note that not all browsers support client-side scripting, and supporting
browsers allow the user to disable scripting, so authors should avoid
dependence on client-side scripting wherever possible.  The  NOSCRIPT  element
can be used to provide content for browsers that do not support client-side
scripting or have it disabled.  In the case of form validation, any error
checking done by the client-side script should be repeated by the CGI  script
or Java servlet that handles the submission at the server.

Also note that different browsers support different variants of scripting
languages with different bugs.  Authors are encouraged to check their scripts
on as many browsers as possible.  Browsers that support client-side scripting
include Netscape Navigator  2.0 and up, Microsoft Internet Explorer  3.0 and
up, and Opera  3.0 and up.

The required TYPE  attribute of SCRIPT  specifies the media type of the
scripting language, e.g., text/javascript.  However, most browsers only support
the deprecated  LANGUAGE  attribute, which specifies the language name.
Examples of supported LANGUAGE  values include JavaScript, JavaScript1.1, and
VBScript.  The values are not case sensitive.

Browsers will ignore scripts with LANGUAGE  values that they do not support.
For example, Netscape Navigator 3.0 will execute scripts with
LANGUAGE="JavaScript"  or LANGUAGE="JavaScript1.1"  but will ignore scripts
with LANGUAGE="JavaScript1.2"  or LANGUAGE="VBScript".

In the absence of the LANGUAGE  attribute, browsers typically assume that the
language is JavaScript 1.0.  As there is no established convention for
indicating the version of JavaScript via the TYPE attribute, we recommend that
authors continue to use LANGUAGE  to specify the language and version where it
differs from JavaScript 1.0.

An embedded script  is given as the content of the SCRIPT  element.  The SRC
attribute allows authors to reuse code by specifying an external script.  The
optional CHARSET  attribute gives the character encoding of the external script
(typically ISO-8859-1).  If the browser is unable to fetch the external script
it will execute any embedded script; otherwise it will ignore the embedded
script.  An example follows:

<SCRIPT TYPE="text/javascript" SRC="foo.js" CHARSET="ISO-8859-1">
<!--
  //  embedded script, only executed if foo.js is unavailable
//  -->
</SCRIPT>

Netscape Navigator requires that external scripts be served with a Content-Type
of application/x-javascript.

The DEFER  attribute indicates that the browser may wait to parse the script
until the rest of the document has been rendered.  Scripts that use DEFER  must
not generate any document content, and should not be required to respond to
user events (e.g., form submission) that may occur while the document is
loading.  The DEFER attribute can be useful for delaying scripts that pre-load
images or harass the user with scrolling messages in the status bar, though
current browsers do not generally support this attribute.

The SCRIPT  element may occur any number of times in the document HEAD  or
BODY.  Typically the SCRIPT  element is used in the HEAD  unless it generates
BODY  content.

Pre- HTML 3.2  browsers, unaware of the SCRIPT  element, will treat the content
of SCRIPT  as normal HTML.  To make these browsers ignore the SCRIPT's content,
scripting languages generally allow SGML  comments to be used around an
embedded script.  For example:

<SCRIPT TYPE="text/javascript">
<!-- comment to end of line
  document.write("foo");
//  comment to end of line -->
</SCRIPT>

Note that "-->"  is contained within a JavaScript single-line comment (started
with two slashes).

Technically, the first occurrence of "</"  followed by any letter is considered
the end tag for the SCRIPT  element.  While browsers are forgiving in this,
authors should avoid using strings such as "</P>" in their embedded scripts.
JavaScript allows authors to use a backslash to avoid ending the SCRIPT
element prematurely, e.g., document.write("<\/P>").


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.71. SELECT - Option selector ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

SELECT - Option Selector

Syntax
          <SELECT>...</SELECT>

Attribute Specifications

   o NAME= CDATA  (key in submitted form)
   o MULTIPLE (allow multiple selections)
   o SIZE= Number  (number of visible options)
   o DISABLED (disable element)
   o TABINDEX= Number  (position in tabbing order)
   o ONFOCUS= Script  (element received focus)
   o ONBLUR= Script  (element lost focus)
   o ONCHANGE= Script  (element value changed)
   o common attributes

Contents
          One or more OPTGROUP  or OPTION  elements

Contained in
          Block-level elements, inline elements  except BUTTON

The SELECT  element defines a form control for the selection of options.  While
SELECT  is most useful within a  FORM, HTML 4.0 allows SELECT  in any
block-level  or inline  element other than  BUTTON.  However, Netscape
Navigator  will not display any SELECT  elements outside of a FORM.

The SELECT  element contains one or more  OPTGROUP  or  OPTION  elements to
provide a menu of choices for the user.  Each choice is contained within an
OPTION element.  Choices can be grouped logically through the OPTGROUP element.
SELECT's NAME  attribute provides the key sent to the server with the value of
the selected option.

By default, the user can only select one option.  The boolean MULTIPLE
attribute allows the user to select multiple options, which are submitted as
separate name/value pairs.  The following example uses the MULTIPLE  attribute
to allow the selection of one or more options:

<P>Select one or more sections to search:
<SELECT NAME=sections MULTIPLE>
<OPTION>Web Authoring Reference</OPTION>
<OPTION>FAQ Archives</OPTION>
<OPTION>Design Elements</OPTION>
<OPTION>Tools</OPTION>
<OPTION>Feature Article</OPTION>
</SELECT>
</P>

The boolean DISABLED  attribute, new in HTML 4.0 and poorly supported by
current browsers, makes the SELECT  element unavailable.  The user is unable to
edit the disabled selection, no value is submitted with the form, the SELECT
element cannot receive focus, and the element is skipped when navigating the
document by tabbing.

The TABINDEX  attribute specifies a number between 0 and 32767 to indicate the
tabbing order of the element.  A SELECT  element with TABINDEX=0  or no
TABINDEX  attribute will be visited after any elements with a positive
TABINDEX.  Among positive TABINDEX  values, the lower number receives focus
first.  In the case of a tie, the element appearing first in the HTML  document
takes precedence.

The SIZE  attribute of SELECT  hints that visual browsers should display the
element as a list box with the specified number of options visible at any time.
A scroll bar would allow access to any non-visible options.  The SIZE
attribute is especially useful in SELECT  elements with numerous OPTIONs and
multiple selections allowed.  In such a situation, some visual browsers will
render the entire list in one large box without scrolling; a suitable SIZE
attribute helps such browsers give a more appropriate presentation.

The SELECT  element also takes a number of attributes to specify client-side
scripting actions for various events.  In addition to the core events  common
to most elements, SELECT  accepts the following event attributes:

o ONFOCUS, when the element receives focus;
o ONBLUR, when the element loses focus;
o ONCHANGE, when the element loses focus and its value has changed since it
  received focus.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.72. SMALL - Small text ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

SMALL - Small Font

Syntax
          <SMALL>...</SMALL>

Attribute Specifications

   o common attributes

Contents
          Inline elements

Contained in
          Inline elements, block-level elements except PRE

The SMALL element suggests that text be rendered in a smaller font. Since HTML
4.0 has no element to indicate de-emphasis, SMALL is often useful for this
purpose. For example:

<P><SMALL>Copyright ╨╣ 1998 Liam Quinn.
All rights reserved.</SMALL></P>

Most browsers support nested SMALL elements, but this practice should be
avoided. Since different users have different font sizes and eyesight,
significant changes in font size can leave text too small to read even though
it may look fine to the author.

Using style sheets  in place of SMALL provides greater flexibility in changing
the presentation. The previous example could also be marked up as follows:

<P CLASS=copyright>Copyright ╨╣ 1998 Liam Quinn.
All rights reserved.</P>

This could then be linked to the following style sheet:

.copyright {
  font-size: smaller;
  text-align: center
 }
@media aural {
 .copyright { volume: soft }
}


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.73. SPAN - Generic inline container ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

SPAN - Generic Inline Container

Syntax
          <SPAN>...</SPAN>

Attribute Specifications

   o common attributes

Contents
          Inline elements

Contained in
          Inline elements, block-level elements

The SPAN  element is a generic inline container. SPAN  carries no structural
meaning itself, but it can be used to provide extra structure through its
LANG,  DIR,  CLASS, and  ID  attributes. Style sheets  are often used to
suggest a presentation for a given class or ID.

SPAN  should only be used where no other HTML inline element  provides a
suitable meaning.  If a presentation such as bold or italic text would be
suitable on visual browsers, authors may prefer to use an appropriate font
style element.  For example:

<P><SPAN LANG=fr>La Rщvolution Tranquille</SPAN>
shook Quebec in the early 1960's.

<P><I LANG=fr>La Rщvolution Tranquille</I>
shook Quebec in the early 1960's.

These examples are identical in meaning, but the second example uses the I
element to suggest italic text.

DIV  is a block-level equivalent of SPAN  for containing block-level elements
such as  P  and  TABLE.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.74. STRIKE - Strike-through text ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

STRIKE - Strike-through Text

Syntax
          <STRIKE>...</STRIKE>

Attribute Specifications

   o common attributes

Contents
          Inline elements

Contained in
          Inline elements, block-level elements

The STRIKE element, deprecated in HTML 4.0, suggests that text be rendered with
a strike-through style. In many cases, use of a phrase elemens such as DEL is
more appropriate since such elements express the meaning of the text more
clearly. However, since support for DEL among browsers is weak, STRIKE is
useful in combination with DEL, as in the following example:

The latest version of HTML recommended by the W3C is HTML
<DEL DATETIME="1997-12-19T00:00:00-05:00"><STRIKE>3.2</STRIKE></DEL>
<INS DATETIME="1997-12-19T00:00:00-05:00">4.0</INS>.

If DEL  is not a suitable structure, style sheets should be used to complement
or replace instances of STRIKE. CSS1 provides the text-decoration property for
strike-through text.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.75. STRONG - Strong emphasis ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

STRONG - Strong Emphasis

Syntax
          <STRONG>...</STRONG>

Attribute Specifications

   o common attributes

Contents
          Inline elements

Contained in
          Inline elements, block-level elements

The STRONG  element gives strong emphasis  to its contents.  Visual browsers
typically render STRONG  as bold text, but authors can suggest a rendering
using style sheets.  Since STRONG  is a structural element, it carries meaning,
making it preferable to font style elements such as  B  when strong emphasis is
the intended meaning.

For weaker emphasis, use the  EM  element.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.76. STYLE - Embedded style sheet ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

STYLE - Embedded Style Sheet

Syntax
          <STYLE>...</STYLE>

Attribute Specifications

   o TYPE= ContentType  (content-type of style language)
   o MEDIA= MediaDesc  (media to apply style to)
   o TITLE= Text  (title of style sheet)
   o internationalization attributes  (for the TITLE)

Contents
          An embedded style sheet

Contained in
          HEAD

The STYLE  element embeds a style sheet  in the document.  Any number of STYLE
elements may be contained in the HEAD  of a document.

The required TYPE  attribute of STYLE  is used to specify the Internet media
type of the style language.  For Cascading Style Sheets, the TYPE attribute
value should be text/css.

The optional TITLE  attribute gives a title for the style sheet.  Without a
TITLE  attribute, the style sheet is always applied when style sheets are
enabled.  With a TITLE  attribute, the style sheet is automatically applied but
the user may choose to disable the style sheet while keeping or enabling other
style sheets.  Style sheets with the same title are considered to be the same
style sheet.

Most current browsers ignore the TITLE  attribute on style sheets and do not
allow the user to selectively enable or disable individual style sheets.

The MEDIA  attribute specifies the media on which the style sheet should be
applied.  This allows authors to restrict a style sheet to certain output
devices, such as printers or aural browsers.  The attribute's value is a
comma-separated list of media descriptors.  The following media descriptors are
defined in HTML 4.0 and are case-sensitive:

o screen  (the default), for non-paged computer screens;
o tty, for fixed-pitch character grid displays (such as the display used by
  Lynx);
o tv, for television-type devices with low resolution and limited
  scrollability;
o projection, for projectors;
o handheld, for handheld devices (characterized by a small, monochrome display
  and limited bandwidth);
o print, for output to a printer;
o braille, for braille tactile feedback devices;
o aural, for speech synthesizers;
o all, for all devices.

Netscape Navigator 4.x incorrectly ignores any STYLE  element with a MEDIA
value other than screen.  For example, MEDIA="screen, projection"  will cause
the style sheet to be ignored by Navigator 4.x, even if the presentation device
is a computer screen. Navigator 4.x  also ignores style sheets declared with
MEDIA=all.  Most other browsers ignore the MEDIA attribute.

An example of an embedded style sheet follows:

<STYLE TYPE="text/css" MEDIA=screen>

<!--
  BODY { background:  url(foo.gif) red; color:  black }
  P EM { background:  yellow; color:  black }
  .note { margin-left:  5em; margin-right:  5em }
-->

</STYLE>

Pre- HTML 3.2  browsers, unaware of the STYLE  element, would normally show its
contents as if they were part of the  BODY, thus making the style sheet visible
to the user.  To prevent this, style languages like  CSS  allow the style sheet
to be contained within an SGML  comment (<!-- comment -->), as in the preceding
example.

An embedded style sheet should be used when a single document has a unique
style.  If the same style sheet is used in multiple documents, then an external
style sheet  would be more appropriate.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.77. SUB - Subscript ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

SUB - Subscript

Syntax
          <SUB>...</SUB>

Attribute Specifications

   o common attributes

Contents
          Inline elements

Contained in
          Inline elements, block-level elements

The SUB  element is used for subscripts.  Since SUB  is inherently
presentational, it should not be relied upon to express a given meaning.
However, it can be useful for chemical formulas and mathematical indices, where
the subscript presentation is helpful but not required.  For example:

Chemical formulas include H<SUB>2</SUB>O (water) and
C<SUB>21</SUB>H<SUB>27</sub>NO (methadone).

Let <VAR>x</VAR> = <VAR>x<SUB>1</SUB></VAR> +
<VAR>x<SUB>2</SUB></VAR> + ...  +
<VAR>x<SUB>n</SUB></VAR>.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.78. SUP - Superscript ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

SUP - Superscript

Syntax
          <SUP>...</SUP>

Attribute Specifications

   o common attributes

Contents
          Inline elements

Contained in
          Inline elements, block-level elements

The SUP  element is used for superscripts.  Since SUP  is inherently
presentational, it should not be relied upon to express a given meaning.
However, it can be useful for mathematical exponents where the context implies
the meaning of the exponent, as well as other cases where superscript
presentation is helpful but not required.  For example:

The rent is due on the 1<SUP>st</SUP> of each month.

An example of a quadratic polynomial is <STRONG>3<VAR>x</VAR>
<SUP CLASS=exponent>2</SUP> + 5<VAR>x</VAR> - 7</STRONG>.

The following two examples are ambiguous when presented on a browser incapable
of superscript text:

2<SUP CLASS=exponent>4</SUP> = 16

sin<SUP CLASS=exponent>2</SUP><VAR>x</VAR> + cos
<SUP CLASS=exponent>2</SUP><VAR>x</VAR> = 1

There is no simple solution for this problem.  One could use notation such as
2^4  to represent "two raised to the exponent four."  If it gains browser
support,  MathML  should provide a more suitable solution in the future.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.79. TABLE - Table ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

TABLE - Table

Syntax
          <TABLE>...</TABLE>

Attribute Specifications

   o SUMMARY= Text  (purpose/structure of table)
   o WIDTH= Length  (table width)
   o BORDER= Pixels  (border width)
   o FRAME=[ void | above | below | hsides | lhs | rhs | vsides | box | border
     ] (outer border)
   o RULES=[ none | groups | rows | cols | all ] (inner borders)
   o CELLSPACING= Length  (spacing between cells)
   o CELLPADDING= Length  (spacing within cells)
   o ALIGN=[ left | center | right ] (table alignment)
   o BGCOLOR= Color  (table background color)
   o common attributes

Contents
          An optional CAPTION, followed by zero or more COL  and COLGROUP
          elements, followed by an optional THEAD  element, an optional TFOOT
          element, and then one or more TBODY  elements

Contained in
          APPLET, BLOCKQUOTE, BODY, BUTTON, CENTER, DD, DEL, DIV, FIELDSET,
          FORM, IFRAME, INS, LI, MAP, NOFRAMES, NOSCRIPT, OBJECT, TD, TH

The TABLE  element defines a table  for multi-dimensional data arranged in rows
and columns.  TABLE  is commonly used as a layout device, but authors should
avoid this practice as much as possible.  Tables can cause problems for users
of narrow windows, large fonts, or non-visual browsers, and these problems are
often accentuated when tables are used solely for layout purposes.  As well,
current visual browsers will not display anything until the complete table has
been downloaded, which can have very noticeable effects when an entire document
is laid out within a TABLE.  Authors should try to use style sheets  in place
of TABLE  for layout, though bugs in current browser implementations of style
sheets can make this difficult.

The TABLE  may contain a number of optional elements to provide a rich
structure to the table.  The optional  CAPTION  element gives a caption for the
table and is followed by optional  COL  and  COLGROUP  elements that specify
column widths and groupings.  The  THEAD,  TFOOT, and  TBODY  elements then
follow with groups of rows.  The optional THEAD  and TFOOT  elements contain
header and footer rows, respectively, while TBODY  elements supply the table's
main row groups.  A row group contains  TR  elements for individual rows, and
each TR  contains  TH  or  TD  elements for header cells or data cells,
respectively.

At least one TBODY  element is required within a TABLE, but TBODY's start and
end tags are both optional if there is only one TBODY  and no THEAD  or TFOOT.
A simple table could thus be expressed as follows:

<TABLE>
 <TR>
  <TH>Abbreviation</TH>
  <TH>Long Form</TH>
 </TR>
 <TR>
  <TD>AFAIK</TD>
  <TD>As Far As I Know</TD>
 </TR>
 <TR>
  <TD>IMHO</TD>
  <TD>In My Humble Opinion</TD>
 </TR>
 <TR>
  <TD>OTOH</TD>
  <TD>On The Other Hand</TD>
 </TR>
</TABLE>

The same table could be expressed with a richer structure by grouping rows and
adding a caption, as in the next example.  The extra structural information
allows an author to more easily suggest the presentation of the table using
style sheets  or TABLE's presentational attributes.

<TABLE>
 <CAPTION>Common Usenet Abbreviations</CAPTION>
 <THEAD>
  <TR>
   <TH>Abbreviation</TH>
   <TH>Long Form</TH>
  </TR>
 </THEAD>
 <TBODY>
  <TR>
   <TD>AFAIK</TD>
   <TD>As Far As I Know</TD>
  </TR>
  <TR>
   <TD>IMHO</TD>
   <TD>In My Humble Opinion</TD>
  </TR>
  <TR>
   <TD>OTOH</TD>
   <TD>On The Other Hand</TD>
  </TR>
 </TBODY>
</TABLE>

The TABLE  element takes an optional SUMMARY  attribute to describe the purpose
and/or structure of the table.  The overview provided by the SUMMARY  attribute
is particularly helpful to users of non-visual browsers.  With simple tables, a
good  CAPTION  is usually a sufficient summary, but complex tables may benefit
from a more detailed overview via the SUMMARY  attribute.  The following
example uses SUMMARY  to describe a table.  Note that the summary could also be
included in a paragraph before the table, which is helpful since few browsers
support SUMMARY.

<TABLE SUMMARY="This table gives the character entity reference,
                  decimal character reference, and hexadecimal character
                  reference for symbols and Greek letters.">
 <COLGROUP>
 <COLGROUP SPAN=3>
 <THEAD>
  <TR>
   <TH SCOPE=col>Character</TH>
   <TH SCOPE=col>Entity</TH>
   <TH SCOPE=col>Decimal</TH>
   <TH SCOPE=col>Hex</TH>
  </TR>
 </THEAD>
 <TBODY>
  <TR>
   <TD SCOPE=row>Latin small f with hook</TD>
   <TD>&fnof;</TD>
   <TD>&#402;</TD>
   <TD>&#x192;</TD>
  </TR>
  ...
 </TBODY>
</TABLE>

The TABLE  element also takes a number of optional attributes to provide
presentational hints in visual browsers.  Equivalents of these attributes in
Cascading Style Sheets  are under development  and not widely supported by
browsers.

o

  The WIDTH  attribute specifies the width of the table as a number of pixels
  or as a percentage of the available horizontal space. Widths in pixels should
  be avoided, especially widths above 500 pixels, since this causes unnecessary
  horizontal scrolling for some users.
o

  The BORDER  attribute specifies the width in pixels of the border around a
  table.
o

  The FRAME  attribute, poorly supported by browsers, specifies which sides of
  the table's outer border are visible.  Possible values are void  for no
  border, above  for a top border only, below  for a bottom border only, hsides
  for left and right borders only, vsides  for top and bottom borders only, lhs
  for a left border only, rhs  for a right border only, and either box  or
  border  for a border on all sides. The default value is void  unless the
  BORDER  attribute gives a positive width, in which case FRAME=border  is the
  default.  <TABLE BORDER>  is a valid, well-supported shorthand for <TABLE
  FRAME=border>.
o

  The RULES  attribute, poorly supported by browsers, specifies the borders
  between table cells.  Possible values are none  for no inner borders, groups
  for borders between row groups and column groups only, rows  for borders
  between rows only, cols for borders between columns only, and all  for
  borders between all cells.  None  is the default value if BORDER=0  is used
  or if no BORDER  attribute is given.  All  is the default value for any other
  use of BORDER.
o

  The CELLSPACING  attribute defines the amount of space between table cells,
  and the CELLPADDING  attribute defines the amount of space within table cells
  (i.e., between the border and cell contents).  The value may be given as a
  number of pixels or as a percentage, though most browsers do not support
  percentages, treating CELLPADDING="20%"  as if it were CELLPADDING="20".  A
  percentage value is relative to the vertical space available for vertical
  padding or spacing, and the amount is split evenly between the top and
  bottom.  Horizontal padding and spacing behave similarly.  The padding or
  spacing is always applied to all four sides.

  The  padding  properties of Cascading Style Sheets  allow an author to
  suggest different padding for different sides, but are not as well supported
  as the CELLPADDING  attribute.
o

  The deprecated  ALIGN  attribute suggests the horizontal alignment of the
  table on visual browsers.  Possible values are left, right, and center.
  Browsers generally present left- or right-aligned tables as floating tables,
  with the content following the TABLE  flowing around it. To prevent content
  from flowing around the table, use <BR CLEAR=all> after the end of the TABLE.

  Since many browsers do not support ALIGN=center  with TABLE, authors may wish
  to place the TABLE  within a  CENTER  element.

  Style sheets  provide more flexibility in suggesting table alignment but with
  less browser support than the ALIGN  attribute.
o

  The deprecated  BGCOLOR  attribute suggests a background color for the table.
  The combination of this attribute with < FONT  COLOR=...> can leave invisible
  or unreadable text on Netscape Navigator 2.x, which does not support BGCOLOR
  on table elements. BGCOLOR  is dangerous even on supporting browsers, since
  most fail to override it when overriding other author-specified colors. Style
  sheets  provide a safer, more flexible method of specifying a table's
  background color.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.80. TBODY - Table body ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

TBODY - Table Body

Syntax
          <TBODY>...</TBODY>

Attribute Specifications

   o ALIGN=[ left | center | right | justify | char ] (horizontal alignment of
     cells in group)
   o CHAR= Character  (alignment character for cells)
   o CHAROFF= Length  (alignment character offset)
   o VALIGN=[ top | middle | bottom | baseline ] (vertical alignment of cells
     in group)
   o common attributes

Contents
          One or more TR  elements

Contained in
          TABLE

The TBODY  element defines a group of data rows  in a table.  A  TABLE  must
have one or more TBODY  elements, which must follow the optional  TFOOT.  The
TBODY  end tag is always optional.  The start tag is optional when the table
contains only one TBODY  and no  THEAD  or  TFOOT.  This allows the simple
table structure of HTML 3.2  to still be valid:

<TABLE>
 <TR>
  <TH>Abbreviation</TH>
  <TH>Long Form</TH>
 </TR>
 <TR>
  <TD>AFAIK</TD>
  <TD>As Far As I Know</TD>
 </TR>
</TABLE>

By explicitly grouping rows with THEAD, TFOOT, and TBODY, authors give browsers
the ability to present a long table with a scrolling body and static header and
footer rows.  Using TBODY also provides the ability to easily suggest different
presentations for different row groups through style sheets.  While few
browsers currently support TBODY, it can be used with no harm on non-supporting
browsers.

The following example gives a table of SI  units of measure. TBODY  elements
are used to group rows based on whether the unit is classed as a "base" unit,
"derived" unit, or "supplementary" unit.

<TABLE SUMMARY="This table lists SI (International System) units of
                 measure, giving the name of the unit, its symbol, and
                 the quantity that it measures.">
 <CAPTION>SI Units</CAPTION>
 <THEAD>
  <TR>
   <TH SCOPE=col>Name</TH>
   <TH SCOPE=col>Symbol</TH>
   <TH SCOPE=col>Quantity</TH>
  </TR>
 </THEAD>
 <TBODY CLASS=base>
  <TR>
   <TD SCOPE=row>meter</TD>
   <TD>m</TD>
   <TD>length</TD> </TR>
  <TR>
   <TD SCOPE=row>kilogram</TD>
   <TD>kg</TD>
   <TD>mass</TD>
  </TR>
  ...
 </TBODY>
 <TBODY CLASS=derived>
  <TR>
   <TD SCOPE=row>hertz</TD>
   <TD>Hz</TD>
   <TD>frequency</TD>
  </TR>
  <TR>
   <TD SCOPE=row>pascal</TD>
   <TD>Pa</TD>
   <TD>pressure</TD>
  </TR>
  ...
 </TBODY>
 <TBODY CLASS=supplementary>
  <TR>
   <TD SCOPE=row>radian</TD>
   <TD>rad</TD>
   <TD>plane angle</TD>
  </TR>
  ...
 </TBODY>
</TABLE>

In addition to the attributes common to most elements, TBODY  takes
presentational attributes for specifying the alignment of cell data.  Since few
browsers support TBODY, authors may wish to specify these attributes on the  TR
or  TD  elements instead.

The ALIGN  attribute specifies the horizontal alignment for each cell in the
row group.  Possible values are left, center, right, justify, and char.
ALIGN=char  aligns a cell's contents on the character given in the CHAR
attribute.  The default value for the CHAR  attribute is the decimal point of
the current language--a period in English.  The CHAROFF  attribute specifies
the offset to the first occurrence of the alignment character.  The attribute's
value is a number in pixels or a percentage of the cell's width; CHAROFF="50%"
centers the alignment character horizontally in a cell.

The VALIGN  attribute specifies the vertical position of a cell's contents.
Possible values are:

o top, which positions data at the top of the cell;
o middle, the default value, which centers the cell data vertically;
o bottom, which positions data at the bottom of the cell;
o baseline, which specifies that the first line of each cell in the row with
  ALIGN=baseline  should occur on a common baseline.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.81. TD - Table data cell ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

TD - Table Data Cell

Syntax
          <TD>...</TD>

Attribute Specifications

   o ROWSPAN= Number  (rows spanned by the cell)
   o COLSPAN= Number  (columns spanned by the cell)
   o HEADERS= IDREFS  (list of header cells for current cell)
   o ABBR= Text  (abbreviation for header cell)
   o SCOPE=[ row | col | rowgroup | colgroup ] (cells covered by header cell)
   o AXIS= CDATA  (category of header cell)
   o ALIGN=[ left | center | right | justify | char ] (horizontal alignment)
   o CHAR= Character  (alignment character)
   o CHAROFF= Length  (alignment character offset)
   o VALIGN=[ top | middle | bottom | baseline ] (vertical alignment)
   o WIDTH= Pixels  (cell width)
   o HEIGHT= Pixels  (cell height)
   o NOWRAP (suppress word wrap)
   o BGCOLOR= Color  (cell background color)
   o common attributes

Contents
          Inline elements, block-level elements

Contained in
          TR

The TD  element defines a data cell  in a table. TD  elements are contained
within a  TR  element (a table row), which may also contain  TH  elements for
header cells.  When a cell's contents act as both header information and table
data, TD should be used.

The ROWSPAN  and COLSPAN  attributes of TD specify the number of rows and the
number of columns, respectively, that are spanned by the cell.  The default
value is 1.  The special value 0  indicates that the cell spans all rows or
columns to the end of the table.  The value 0  is ignored by most browsers, so
authors may wish to calculate the exact number of rows or columns spanned and
use that value.

The HEADERS  attribute specifies the header cells that apply to the TD.  The
value is a space-separated list of the header cells' ID  attribute values.  The
HEADERS  attribute allows non-visual browsers to render the header information
for a given cell.

The ABBR, SCOPE, and AXIS  attributes should only be used if the cell provides
header information.  Like HEADERS, these attributes are new in HTML 4.0 and not
well supported, though they should be particularly helpful to non-visual
browsers in the future.

ABBR  gives an abbreviated version of the cell's content. This allows visual
browsers to use the short form if space is limited, and non-visual browsers can
give a cell's header information in an abbreviated form before rendering each
cell.

The SCOPE  attribute specifies the cells for which the TD  element provides
header information.  SCOPE  is a simpler alternative to using HEADERS  if the
arrangement of header cells is not complex.  Possible values are as follows:

o row, when the TD  provides header information for the rest of the row;
o col, when the TD  provides header information for the rest of the column;
o rowgroup, when the TD  gives header information for the rest of the row group
  (i.e., the remaining cells of the  THEAD,  TFOOT, or  TBODY);
o colgroup, when the TD  gives header information for the rest of the column
  group (i.e., the remaining cells of the  COLGROUP).

The AXIS  attribute provides a method of categorizing cells. The attribute's
value is a comma-separated list of category names.  See the HTML 4.0
Recommendation's section on categorizing cells  for an application of AXIS.

In addition to the attributes common to most elements, TD  takes a number of
presentational attributes. Style sheets  provide a more flexible way to suggest
a presentation for table cells, but TD's presentational attributes are more
widely supported by current browsers.

The ALIGN  attribute specifies the horizontal alignment for the cell.  Possible
values are left, center, right, justify, and char. ALIGN=char, poorly supported
among browsers, aligns a cell's contents on the character given in the CHAR
attribute.  The default value for the CHAR  attribute is the decimal point of
the current language--a period in English.  The CHAROFF  attribute specifies
the offset to the first occurrence of the alignment character.  The attribute's
value is a number in pixels or a percentage of the cell's width; CHAROFF="50%"
centers the alignment character horizontally in a cell.

The VALIGN  attribute specifies the vertical position of a cell's contents.
Possible values are:

o top, which positions data at the top of the cell;
o middle, the default value, which centers the cell data vertically;
o bottom, which positions data at the bottom of the cell;
o baseline, which specifies that the first line of each cell in the row with
  ALIGN=baseline  should occur on a common baseline.

The WIDTH, HEIGHT, NOWRAP, and BGCOLOR  attributes are all deprecated  in favor
of style sheets.  WIDTH  and HEIGHT  suggest the cell's width and height in
pixels.  The boolean NOWRAP  attribute tells visual browsers to disable word
wrap for the cell, which can result in unnecessary horizontal scrolling
depending on the user's window width and font size.

The BGCOLOR  attribute suggests a background color for the cell.  The
combination of this attribute with < FONT  COLOR=...> can leave invisible or
unreadable text on Netscape Navigator 2.x, which does not support BGCOLOR  on
table elements. BGCOLOR  is dangerous even on supporting browsers, since most
fail to override it when overriding other author-specified colors. Style sheets
provide a safer, more flexible method of specifying a table's background color.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.82. TEXTAREA - Multi-line text input ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

TEXTAREA - Multi-line Text Input

Syntax
          <TEXTAREA>...</TEXTAREA>

Attribute Specifications

   o NAME= CDATA  (key in submitted form)
   o ROWS= Number  (number of rows)
   o COLS= Number  (number of columns)
   o DISABLED (disable element)
   o READONLY (prevent changes)
   o ACCESSKEY= Character  (shortcut key)
   o TABINDEX= Number  (position in tabbing order)
   o ONFOCUS= Script  (element received focus)
   o ONBLUR= Script  (element lost focus)
   o ONSELECT= Script  (element text selected)
   o ONCHANGE= Script  (element value changed)
   o common attributes

Contents
          Plain text (including entities)

Contained in
          Block-level elements, inline elements  except BUTTON

The TEXTAREA  element defines a form control for the user to enter multi-line
text input.  While TEXTAREA  is most useful within a  FORM, HTML 4.0 allows
TEXTAREA  in any block-level  or inline  element other than  BUTTON.  However,
Netscape Navigator  will not display any TEXTAREA  elements outside of a FORM.

The initial value of the TEXTAREA  is provided as the content of the element
and must not contain any HTML  tags.  When a form is submitted, the current
value of any TEXTAREA  element within the FORM  is sent to the server as a
name/value pair.  The TEXTAREA  element's NAME attribute provides the name
used.

The required ROWS  and COLS  attributes specify the number of visible rows and
columns, respectively, in a visual browser. These attributes provide a guide
for the user rather than a restriction; browsers allow an unlimited amount of
text input in theory, though in practice many browsers limit the contents of a
TEXTAREA  to 32 or 64 kilobytes.  Author restrictions on the amount of data
entered should be enforced by the CGI  script or Java servlet handling the
form.

The boolean READONLY  attribute, new in HTML 4.0 and poorly supported by
current browsers, prevents the user from editing the content of the TEXTAREA.
Read-only elements are still submitted with the form.  The DISABLED  attribute,
also poorly supported, disables the TEXTAREA.  Disabled elements are read-only
elements with the added restrictions that the values are not submitted with the
form, the elements cannot receive focus, and the elements are skipped when
navigating the document by tabbing.

The ACCESSKEY  attribute specifies a single Unicode character as a shortcut key
for giving focus to the TEXTAREA.  Authors can set the access key on the
TEXTAREA  element or the  LABEL  element associated with it. Entities  (e.g.
é)  may be used as the ACCESSKEY  value.

The TABINDEX  attribute specifies a number between 0 and 32767 to indicate the
tabbing order of the element.  A TEXTAREA  with TABINDEX=0  or no TABINDEX
attribute will be visited after any elements with a positive TABINDEX.  Among
positive TABINDEX  values, the lower number receives focus first.  In the case
of a tie, the element appearing first in the HTML  document takes precedence.

The TEXTAREA  element also takes a number of attributes to specify client-side
scripting actions for various events.  In addition to the core events  common
to most elements, TEXTAREA  accepts the following event attributes:

o ONFOCUS, when the element receives focus;
o ONBLUR, when the element loses focus;
o ONSELECT, when text in the element is selected;
o ONCHANGE, when the element loses focus and its value has changed since it
  received focus.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.83. TFOOT - Table foot ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

TFOOT - Table Foot

Syntax
          <TFOOT>...</TFOOT>

Attribute Specifications

   o ALIGN=[ left | center | right | justify | char ] (horizontal alignment of
     cells in group)
   o CHAR= Character  (alignment character for cells)
   o CHAROFF= Length  (alignment character offset)
   o VALIGN=[ top | middle | bottom | baseline ] (vertical alignment of cells
     in group)
   o common attributes

Contents
          One or more TR  elements

Contained in
          TABLE

The TFOOT  element defines a group of footer rows  in a table.  A  TABLE  may
have one TFOOT, which must follow the optional  THEAD  and precede the required
TBODY.

By explicitly grouping footer rows with TFOOT, authors give browsers the
ability to include the footer rows on each page of a printed, multi-page table,
as well as the ability to present a long table with a scrolling body and static
footer rows.  However, few browsers currently support TFOOT, and the
requirement that it be placed before the TBODY  may make it unsuitable for
non-supporting browsers.  If the presentation of footer rows prior to body rows
is not acceptable, authors should avoid using TFOOT  until browser support is
greater.

A table footer may provide a summary row or footnotes that apply to the entire
table or portions of it.  The following example uses TFOOT to contain footnotes
for a table:

<TABLE SUMMARY="This table lists program available at the university
                 based on the discipline and type of degree.">
 <CAPTION>Programs Available</CAPTION>
 <COLGROUP CLASS="program-discipline">
 <COLGROUP CLASS="program-type" SPAN=5>
  <THEAD>
   <TR>
    <TH SCOPE=col>Program</TH>
    <TH SCOPE=col>Honors Co-op</TH>
    <TH SCOPE=col>Honors Regular</TH>
    <TH SCOPE=col>General Regular</TH>
    <TH SCOPE=col>*Preprofessional or Professional</TH>
   </TR>
  </THEAD>
  <TFOOT CLASS=footnote>
   <TR>
    <TD COLSPAN=5>
      Many disciplines are also available as Minors and Joint
      Honors programs.
    </TD>
   </TR>
   <TR>
   <TD COLSPAN=5>
     * Preprofessional programs normally fulfull the academic
     requirements for registration in the related professions.
   </TD>
  </TR>
 </TFOOT>
 <TBODY>
  <TR>
   <TD SCOPE=row>Computer Science</TD>
   <TD>yes</TD>
   <TD>yes</TD>
   <TD>no</TD>
   <TD>no</TD>
  </TR>
  ...
 </TBODY>
</TABLE>

In addition to the attributes common to most elements, TFOOT  takes
presentational attributes for specifying the alignment of cell data.  Since few
browsers support TFOOT, authors may wish to specify these attributes on the  TR
or  TD  elements instead.

The ALIGN  attribute specifies the horizontal alignment for each cell in the
row group.  Possible values are left, center, right, justify, and char.
ALIGN=char  aligns a cell's contents on the character given in the CHAR
attribute.  The default value for the CHAR  attribute is the decimal point of
the current language--a period in English.  The CHAROFF  attribute specifies
the offset to the first occurrence of the alignment character.  The attribute's
value is a number in pixels or a percentage of the cell's width; CHAROFF="50%"
centers the alignment character horizontally in a cell.

The VALIGN  attribute specifies the vertical position of a cell's contents.
Possible values are:

o top, which positions data at the top of the cell;
o middle, the default value, which centers the cell data vertically;
o bottom, which positions data at the bottom of the cell;
o baseline, which specifies that the first line of each cell in the row with
  ALIGN=baseline  should occur on a common baseline.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.84. TH - Table header cell ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

TH - Table Header Cell

Syntax
          <TH>...</TH>

Attribute Specifications

   o ROWSPAN= Number  (rows spanned by the cell)
   o COLSPAN= Number  (columns spanned by the cell)
   o HEADERS= IDREFS  (list of header cells for current cell)
   o ABBR= Text  (abbreviation for header cell)
   o SCOPE=[ row | col | rowgroup | colgroup ] (cells covered by header cell)
   o AXIS= CDATA  (category of header cell)
   o ALIGN=[ left | center | right | justify | char ] (horizontal alignment)
   o CHAR= Character  (alignment character)
   o CHAROFF= Length  (alignment character offset)
   o VALIGN=[ top | middle | bottom | baseline ] (vertical alignment)
   o WIDTH= Pixels  (cell width)
   o HEIGHT= Pixels  (cell height)
   o NOWRAP (suppress word wrap)
   o BGCOLOR= Color  (cell background color)
   o common attributes

Contents
          Inline elements, block-level elements

Contained in
          TR

The TH  element defines a header cell  in a table. TH  elements are contained
within a  TR  element (a table row), which may also contain  TD  elements for
data cells.  When a cell's contents act as both header information and table
data, TD should be used.

The ROWSPAN  and COLSPAN  attributes of TH specify the number of rows and the
number of columns, respectively, that are spanned by the cell.  The default
value is 1.  The special value 0  indicates that the cell spans all rows or
columns to the end of the table.  The value 0  is ignored by most browsers, so
authors may wish to calculate the exact number of rows or columns spanned and
use that value.

The HEADERS  attribute specifies the header cells that apply to the TH.  The
value is a space-separated list of the header cells' ID  attribute values.  The
HEADERS  attribute allows non-visual browsers to render the header information
for a given cell.

The ABBR  attribute gives an abbreviated version of the cell's content.  This
allows visual browsers to use the short form if space is limited, and
non-visual browsers can give a cell's header information in an abbreviated form
before rendering each cell.

The SCOPE  attribute specifies the cells for which the TH  element provides
header information.  SCOPE  is a simpler alternative to using HEADERS  if the
arrangement of header cells is not complex.  Possible values are as follows:

o row, when the TH  provides header information for the rest of the row;
o col, when the TH  provides header information for the rest of the column;
o rowgroup, when the TH  gives header information for the rest of the row group
  (i.e., the remaining cells of the  THEAD,  TFOOT, or  TBODY);
o colgroup, when the TH  gives header information for the rest of the column
  group (i.e., the remaining cells of the  COLGROUP).

The AXIS  attribute provides a method of categorizing cells. The attribute's
value is a comma-separated list of category names.  See the HTML 4.0
Recommendation's section on categorizing cells  for an application of AXIS.

In addition to the attributes common to most elements, TH  takes a number of
presentational attributes. Style sheets  provide a more flexible way to suggest
a presentation for table cells, but TH's presentational attributes are more
widely supported by current browsers.

The ALIGN  attribute specifies the horizontal alignment for the cell.  Possible
values are left, center, right, justify, and char. ALIGN=char, poorly supported
among browsers, aligns a cell's contents on the character given in the CHAR
attribute.  The default value for the CHAR  attribute is the decimal point of
the current language--a period in English.  The CHAROFF  attribute specifies
the offset to the first occurrence of the alignment character.  The attribute's
value is a number in pixels or a percentage of the cell's width; CHAROFF="50%"
centers the alignment character horizontally in a cell.

The VALIGN  attribute specifies the vertical position of a cell's contents.
Possible values are:

o top, which positions data at the top of the cell;
o middle, the default value, which centers the cell data vertically;
o bottom, which positions data at the bottom of the cell;
o baseline, which specifies that the first line of each cell in the row with
  ALIGN=baseline  should occur on a common baseline.

The WIDTH, HEIGHT, NOWRAP, and BGCOLOR  attributes are all deprecated  in favor
of style sheets.  WIDTH  and HEIGHT  suggest the cell's width and height in
pixels.  The boolean NOWRAP  attribute tells visual browsers to disable word
wrap for the cell, which can result in unnecessary horizontal scrolling
depending on the user's window width and font size.

The BGCOLOR  attribute suggests a background color for the cell.  The
combination of this attribute with < FONT  COLOR=...> can leave invisible or
unreadable text on Netscape Navigator 2.x, which does not support BGCOLOR  on
table elements. BGCOLOR  is dangerous even on supporting browsers, since most
fail to override it when overriding other author-specified colors. Style sheets
provide a safer, more flexible method of specifying a table's background color.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.85. THEAD - Table head ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

THEAD - Table Head

Syntax
          <THEAD>...</THEAD>

Attribute Specifications

   o ALIGN=[ left | center | right | justify | char ] (horizontal alignment of
     cells in group)
   o CHAR= Character  (alignment character for cells)
   o CHAROFF= Length  (alignment character offset)
   o VALIGN=[ top | middle | bottom | baseline ] (vertical alignment of cells
     in group)
   o common attributes

Contents
          One or more TR  elements

Contained in
          TABLE

The THEAD  element defines a group of header rows  in a table.  A  TABLE  may
have one THEAD, which must follow any  CAPTION,  COL, or  COLGROUP  elements,
and precede the optional  TFOOT  and required  TBODY  elements.

By explicitly grouping header rows with THEAD, authors give browsers the
ability to include the header rows on each page of a printed, multi-page table,
as well as the ability to present a long table with a scrolling body and static
header rows.  While few browsers currently support THEAD, it can be used with
no harm on non-supporting browsers.

The following example uses THEAD  to group the two header rows of a table:

<TABLE SUMMARY="This table gives the character entity reference,
                decimal character reference, and hexadecimal character
                reference for 8-bit Latin-1 characters, as well as the
                rendering of each in your browser.">
  <COLGROUP>
  <COLGROUP SPAN=3>
  <COLGROUP SPAN=3>
   <THEAD>
    <TR>
     <TH SCOPE=col ROWSPAN=2>Character</TH>
     <TH SCOPE=col ROWSPAN=2>Entity</TH>
     <TH SCOPE=col ROWSPAN=2>Decimal</TH>
     <TH SCOPE=col ROWSPAN=2>Hex</TH>
     <TH SCOPE=colgroup COLSPAN=3>Rendering in Your Browser</TH>
    </TR>
    <TR> <TH SCOPE=col>Entity</TH>
     <TH SCOPE=col>Decimal</TH>
     <TH SCOPE=col>Hex</TH> </TR>
   </THEAD>
   <TBODY>
    <TR>
     <TD SCOPE=row>non-breaking space</TD>
     <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
     <TD>&#160;</TD>
     <TD>&#xA0;</TD>
     <TD> </TD>
     <TD> </TD>
     <TD> </TD>
    </TR>
    ...
   </TBODY>
</TABLE>

In addition to the attributes common to most elements, THEAD  takes
presentational attributes for specifying the alignment of cell data.  Since few
browsers support THEAD, authors may wish to specify these attributes on the
TR,  TH, or  TD  elements instead.

The ALIGN  attribute specifies the horizontal alignment for each cell in the
row group.  Possible values are left, center, right, justify, and char.
ALIGN=char  aligns a cell's contents on the character given in the CHAR
attribute.  The default value for the CHAR  attribute is the decimal point of
the current language--a period in English.  The CHAROFF  attribute specifies
the offset to the first occurrence of the alignment character.  The attribute's
value is a number in pixels or a percentage of the cell's width; CHAROFF="50%"
centers the alignment character horizontally in a cell.

The VALIGN  attribute specifies the vertical position of a cell's contents.
Possible values are:

o top, which positions data at the top of the cell;
o middle, the default value, which centers the cell data vertically;
o bottom, which positions data at the bottom of the cell;
o baseline, which specifies that the first line of each cell in the row with
  ALIGN=baseline  should occur on a common baseline.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.86. TITLE - Document title ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

TITLE - Document Title

Syntax
          <TITLE>...</TITLE>

Attribute Specifications

   o internationalization attributes

Contents
          Plain text (including entities)

Contained in
          HEAD

The TITLE  element gives the document's title. Each document must have exactly
one TITLE  within the  HEAD.  TITLE  contains plain text and entities; it may
not contain other markup.

A good TITLE  should be short and specific to the document's content so that it
can be used as a title for a user's bookmark, a title for the display window on
visual browsers, and a link from a search engine.  A suggested limit for the
number of characters in a TITLE  is 60.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.87. TR - Table row ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

TR - Table Row

Syntax
          <TR>...</TR>

Attribute Specifications

   o ALIGN=[ left | center | right | justify | char ] (horizontal alignment of
     cells in group)
   o CHAR= Character  (alignment character for cells)
   o CHAROFF= Length  (alignment character offset)
   o VALIGN=[ top | middle | bottom | baseline ] (vertical alignment of cells
     in group)
   o BGCOLOR= Color  (row background color)
   o common attributes

Contents
          One or more TH  or TD  elements

Contained in
          THEAD, TFOOT, TBODY

The TR  element defines a table row.  TR elements must be contained within a
row group  defined by  THEAD,  TFOOT, or  TBODY.  Since the start and end tags
of TBODY  are optional when the table has one TBODY  and no THEAD  or TFOOT,
the simple table structure of HTML 3.2  is still valid:

<TABLE>
 <TR>
  <TH>Abbreviation</TH>
  <TH>Long Form</TH>
 </TR>
 <TR>
  <TD>AFAIK</TD>
  <TD>As Far As I Know</TD>
 </TR>
</TABLE>

TR  contains  TH  or  TD  elements, which in turn contain the actual data of
the table.  In addition to the attributes common to most elements, TR  takes
presentational attributes for specifying the alignment of cells within the row
and the row's background color.

The ALIGN  attribute specifies the horizontal alignment for each cell in the
row.  Possible values are left, center, right, justify, and char. ALIGN=char
aligns a cell's contents on the character given in the CHAR  attribute.  The
default value for the CHAR attribute is the decimal point of the current
language--a period in English. The CHAROFF  attribute specifies the offset to
the first occurrence of the alignment character.  The attribute's value is a
number in pixels or a percentage of the cell's width; CHAROFF="50%"  centers
the alignment character horizontally in a cell.

The VALIGN  attribute specifies the vertical position of a cell's contents.
Possible values are:

o top, which positions data at the top of the cell;
o middle, the default value, which centers the cell data vertically;
o bottom, which positions data at the bottom of the cell;
o baseline, which specifies that the first line of each cell in the row with
  ALIGN=baseline  should occur on a common baseline.

The deprecated  BGCOLOR  attribute suggests a background color for the row.
The combination of this attribute with < FONT  COLOR=...> can leave invisible
or unreadable text on Netscape Navigator 2.x, which does not support BGCOLOR
on table elements. BGCOLOR  is dangerous even on supporting browsers, since
most fail to override it when overriding other author-specified colors. Style
sheets  provide a safer, more flexible method of specifying a row's background
color.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.88. TT - Teletype text ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

TT - Teletype Text

Syntax
          <TT>...</TT>

Attribute Specifications

   o common attributes

Contents
          Inline elements

Contained in
          Inline elements, block-level elements

The TT element suggests that text be rendered as teletype or monospaced text.
In most cases, use of a phrase elemens such as CODE, SAMP, or KBD is more
appropriate since these elements express the meaning of the text more clearly.

Style sheets should be used to complement or replace instances of TT. For
example, replacing

<H1><TT>My heading</TT></H1>

with

<H1>My heading</H1>

and

H1 { font-family: monospace }

in a style sheet allows the author to change the presentation of all H1
elements in an entire site by changing just one line in the style sheet.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.89. U - Underlined text ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

U - Underlined Text

Syntax
          <U>...</U>

Attribute Specifications

   o common attributes

Contents
          Inline elements

Contained in
          Inline elements, block-level elements

The U element, deprecated in HTML 4.0, suggests that text be rendered as
underlined text. In most cases, use of a phrase elemens such as CITE or STRONG
is more appropriate since such elements express the meaning of the text more
clearly.

Style sheets should be used to complement or replace instances of U. For
example, replacing

<H1><U>My heading</U></H1>

with

<H1>My heading</H1>

and

H1 { text-decoration: underline }

in a style sheet allows the author to change the presentation of all H1
elements in an entire site by changing just one line in the style sheet.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.90. UL - Unordered list ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

UL - Unordered List

Syntax
          <UL>...</UL>

Attribute Specifications

   o TYPE=[ disc | square | circle ] (bullet style)
   o COMPACT (compact display)
   o common attributes

Contents
          One or more LI  elements

Contained in
          APPLET, BLOCKQUOTE, BODY, BUTTON, CENTER, DD, DEL, DIV, FIELDSET,
          FORM, IFRAME, INS, LI, MAP, NOFRAMES, NOSCRIPT, OBJECT, TD, TH

The UL  element defines an unordered list.  The element contains one or more
LI  elements that define the actual items of the list.

Unlike with an ordered list ( OL), the items of an unordered list have no
sequence.  In theory, users should be able to change the order of items in an
unordered list (e.g., alphabetizing them).

Visual browsers typically render UL  with a bullet preceding each list item,
but authors can suggest various presentations using style sheets. The
list-style  property of Cascading Style Sheets  allows authors to suppress
bullets, use images as list item markers, and more.

The deprecated  TYPE  attribute of UL  suggests the bullet style on visual
browsers.  Possible values are as follows:

o disc  (a filled-in circle)
o square  (a square outline)
o circle  (a circle outline)

The bullet style on an individual list item can be suggested using the TYPE
attribute of  LI.  The list-style-type  property of  CSS  provides greater
flexibility in suggesting bullet styles.

The deprecated  COMPACT  attribute suggests that visual browsers render the
list compactly, perhaps with reduced spacing between items.  This attribute is
not well supported among browsers.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.5.91. VAR - Variable ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

VAR - Variable

Syntax
          <VAR>...</VAR>

Attribute Specifications

   o common attributes

Contents
          Inline elements

Contained in
          Inline elements, block-level elements

The VAR  element is used to markup variables or program arguments.  Visual
browsers typically render VAR  as italic text, but authors can suggest a
rendering using style sheets.  Since VAR  is a structural element, it carries
meaning, making it preferable to font style elements such as  I  when marking
up variables.

Example:

<P>Versions of HTML are typically numbered in an
<VAR>x</VAR>.<VAR>x</VAR> format.</P>


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.6. Entities ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

Entities

Character entity references, or entities for short, provide a method of
entering characters that cannot be expressed in the document's character
encoding or that cannot easily be entered on a keyboard. Entities are
case-sensitive and take the form &name;. Examples of entities include ©
for the copyright symbol and Α for the Greek capital letter alpha.

In addition to entities, authors can use numeric character references. While
entities are limited to a subset of Unicode characters, numeric character
references can specify any character. Numeric character references may be given
in decimal or hexadecimal, though browser support is stronger for decimal
references. Decimal references are of the form &#number; while hexadecimal
references take the case-insensitive form &#xnumber;. Examples of numeric
character references include © or © for the copyright symbol, Α
or Α for the Greek capital letter alpha, and ا or ا for the
Arabic letter ALEF.

Note that hexadecimal character references will cause errors with current
validators since these references are defined in a recent revision to the SGML
standard that is not yet supported by validators.

The following documents feature tables of the character entity references in
HTML 4.0, along with the numeric character reference in decimal and
hexadecimal. A rendering of each character reference is provided so that users
may check their browsers' compliance.

o Latin-1 Entities
o Symbols and Greek Letters
o Other Special Characters


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.6.1. Latin-1 Entities ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

Latin-1 Entities



¡     ¡   ¡

¢      ¢   ¢

£     £   £

¤    ¤   ¤

¥       ¥   ¥

¦    ¦   ¦

§      §   §

¨       ¨   ¨

©      ©   ©

ª      ª   ª

«     «   «

¬       ¬   ¬

­       ­   ­

®       ®   ®

¯      ¯   ¯

°       °   °

±    ±   ±

²      ²   ²

³      ³   ³

´     ´   ´

µ     µ   µ

¶      ¶   ¶

·    ·   ·

¸     ¸   ¸

¹      ¹   ¹

º      º   º

»     »   »

¼    ¼   ¼

½    ½   ½

¾    ¾   ¾

¿    ¿   ¿

À    À   À

Á    Á   Á

        Â

à    à   Ã

Ä      Ä   Ä

Å     Å   Å

Æ     Æ   Æ

Ç    Ç   Ç

È    È   È

É    É   É

Ê     Ê   Ê

Ë      Ë   Ë

Ì    Ì   Ì

Í    Í   Í

Î     Î   Î

Ï      Ï   Ï

Ð       Ð   Ð

Ñ    Ñ   Ñ

Ò    Ò   Ò

Ó    Ó   Ó

Ô     Ô   Ô

Õ    Õ   Õ

Ö      Ö   Ö

×     ×   ×

Ø    Ø   Ø

Ù    Ù   Ù

Ú    Ú   Ú

Û     Û   Û

Ü      Ü   Ü

Ý    Ý   Ý

Þ     Þ   Þ

ß     ß   ß

à    à   à

á    á   á

â     â   â

ã    ã   ã

ä      ä   ä

å     å   å

æ     æ   æ

ç    ç   ç

è    è   è

é    é   é

ê     ê   ê

ë      ë   ë

ì    ì   ì

í    í   í

î     î   î

ï      ï   ï

ð       ð   ð

ñ    ñ   ñ

ò    ò   ò

ó    ó   ó

ô     ô   ô

õ    õ   õ

ö      ö   ö

÷    ÷   ÷

ø    ø   ø

ù    ù   ù

ú    ú   ú

û     û   û

ü      ü   ü

ý    ý   ý

þ     þ   þ

ÿ      ÿ   ÿ


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.6.2. Symbols and Greek Letters ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

Symbols and Greek Letters

ƒ      ƒ   ƒ

Α     Α   Α

Β      Β   Β

Γ     Γ   Γ

Δ     Δ   Δ

Ε   Ε   Ε

Ζ      Ζ   Ζ

Η       Η   Η

Θ     Θ   Θ

Ι      Ι   Ι

Κ     Κ   Κ

Λ    Λ   Λ

Μ        Μ   Μ

Ν        Ν   Ν

Ξ        Ξ   Ξ

Ο   Ο   Ο

Π        Π   Π

Ρ       Ρ   Ρ

Σ     Σ   Σ

Τ       Τ   Τ

Υ   Υ   Υ

Φ       Φ   Φ

Χ       Χ   Χ

Ψ       Ψ   Ψ

Ω     Ω   Ω

α     α   α

β      β   β

γ     γ   γ

δ     δ   δ

ε   ε   ε

ζ      ζ   ζ

η       η   η

θ     θ   θ

ι      ι   ι

κ     κ   κ

λ    λ   λ

μ        μ   μ

ν        ν   ν

ξ        ξ   ξ

ο   ο   ο

π        π   π

ρ       ρ   ρ

ς    ς   ς

σ     σ   σ

τ       τ   τ

υ   υ   υ

φ       φ   φ

χ       χ   χ

ψ       ψ   ψ

ω     ω   ω

ϑ  ϑ   ϑ

ϒ     ϒ   ϒ

ϖ       ϖ   ϖ

•      •  •

…    …  …

′     ′  ′

″     ″  ″

‾     ‾  ‾

⁄     ⁄  ⁄

ℑ     ℑ  ℑ

℘    ℘  ℘

ℜ      ℜ  ℜ

™     ™  ™

ℵ   ℵ  ℵ

←      ←  ←

↑      ↑  ↑

→      →  →

↓      ↓  ↓

↔      ↔  ↔

↵     ↵  ↵

⇐      ⇐  ⇐

⇑      ⇑  ⇑

⇒      ⇒  ⇒

⇓      ⇓  ⇓

⇔      ⇔  ⇔

∀    ∀  ∀

∂      ∂  ∂

∃     ∃  ∃

∅     ∅  ∅

∇     ∇  ∇

∈      ∈  ∈

∉     ∉  ∉

∋        ∋  ∋

∏      ∏  ∏

∑       ∑  ∑

−     −  −

∗    ∗  ∗

√     √  √

∝      ∝  ∝

∞     ∞  ∞

∠       ∠  ∠

∧       ∧  ∧

∨        ∨  ∨

∩       ∩  ∩

∪       ∪  ∪

∫       ∫  ∫

∴    ∴  ∴

∼       ∼  ∼

≅      ≅  ≅

≈     ≈  ≈

≠        ≠  ≠

≡     ≡  ≡

≤        ≤  ≤

≥        ≥  ≥

⊂       ⊂  ⊂

⊃       ⊃  ⊃

⊄      ⊄  ⊄

⊆      ⊆  ⊆

⊇      ⊇  ⊇

⊕     ⊕  ⊕

⊗    ⊗  ⊗

⊥      ⊥  ⊥

⋅      ⋅  ⋅

⌈     ⌈  ⌈

⌉     ⌉  ⌉

⌊    ⌊  ⌊

⌋    ⌋  ⌋

⟨      〈  〈

⟩      〉  〉

◊       ◊  ◊

♠    ♠  ♠

♣     ♣  ♣

♥    ♥  ♥

♦     ♦  ♦


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1.6.3. Other Special Characters ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

Other Special Characters

"      "    "

&       &    &

<        <    <

>        >    >

Œ     Œ   Œ

œ     œ   œ

Š    Š   Š

š    š   š

Ÿ      Ÿ   Ÿ

ˆ      ˆ   ˆ

˜     ˜   ˜







‌      ‌  ‌

‍       ‍  ‍

‎       ‎  ‎

‏       ‏  ‏

–     –  –

—     —  —

‘     ‘  ‘

’     ’  ’

‚     ‚  ‚

“     “  “

”     ”  ”

„     „  „

†    †  †

‡    ‡  ‡

‰    ‰  ‰

‹    ‹  ‹

›    ›  ›

€      €  €


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ <hidden>  ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

CDATA

Attribute values of type CDATA are made up of a sequence of characters that may
include entities. Line feeds are ignored while each carriage return and tab is
replaced with a space. Browsers may ignore leading and trailing whitespace
within the attribute value.

CDATA attribute values are typically case-sensitive, though this is not the
case with all attributes that take CDATA values.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ <hidden>  ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

ID and NAME

Attribute values of type ID and NAME must begin with a letter in the range A-Z
or a-z and may be followed by letters (A-Za-z), digits (0-9), hyphens ("-"),
underscores ("_"), colons (":"), and periods ("."). These values are case-sensitive.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ <hidden>  ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

IDREF and IDREFS

IDREF and IDREFS values refer to values of other elements' ID attributes. An
IDREF value is a single ID while an IDREFS value is a space-separated list of
IDs. IDREF and IDREFS are case-sensitive.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ <hidden>  ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

Number

Number attribute values are numbers made of at least one digit in the range 0-9.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ <hidden>  ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

Text

Text attribute values are CDATA values intended to be human readable strings.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ <hidden>  ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

URI

URI attribute values are Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs), as defined in the
URI Internet-Draft, a work-in-progress that is expected to replace RFC 1738 and
RFC 1808.

URI attribute values may include full URIs such as http://www.htmlhelp.com/. as
well as relative URIs such as foo.html and ../foo/.

While parts of a URI may be case-insensitive, in general URI values are case-sensitive.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ <hidden>  ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

Color

Color attribute values give a color definition. The value can be any
hexadecimal number, specified according to the sRGB color space, or one of
sixteen color names. Hexadecimal numbers must be prefixed by a "#" character.

The case-insensitive color names and their sRGB values are as follows:

Color Name     sRGB Value

Black          #000000

Silver         #C0C0C0

Gray           #808080

White          #FFFFFF

Maroon         #800000

Red            #FF0000

Purple         #800080

Fuchsia        #FF00FF

Green          #008000

Lime           #00FF00

Olive          #808000

Yellow         #FFFF00

Navy           #000080

Blue           #0000FF

Teal           #008080

Aqua           #00FFFF

Note that the hexadecimal form is better supported than the color names for the
color attributes of BODY.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ <hidden>  ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

Pixels

These attribute values are integers that represent a number of pixels.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ <hidden>  ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

Length

Length attribute values may be either an integer--interpreted as a number of
pixels--or a percentage of the horizontal or vertical space. The value 50%
means half the available space while 50 means 50 pixels.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ <hidden>  ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

MultiLength and MultiLengths

MultiLength attribute values may be an integer in pixels, a percentage of the
horizontal or vertical space, or a relative length expressed as i* where i is
an integer. In allotting space, a browser first allots pixel and percentage
lengths, then divides the remaining space among all elements with a relative
length. An element with a length of 3* will be allotted three times the space
of an element with length 1*. The value * is equivalent to 1* and is often used
to mean "fill the remaining space."

A MultiLengths value is a comma-separated list of MultiLength values.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ <hidden>  ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

ContentType and ContentTypes

These attribute values are content types (also known as media types or MIME
types) of a linked or embedded resource. Values of type ContentType give a
single content type while values of type ContentTypes give a comma-separated
list of content types. Content types are case-insensitive.

Commonly used content types include text/html, image/jpeg, model/vrml,
video/quicktime, application/java, text/css, and text/javascript. Many common
content types are registered at the IANA.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ <hidden>  ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

LanguageCode

Attribute values of type LanguageCode specify a language code according to RFC
1766. Examples of language codes include en for English, en-US for American
English, and ja for Japanese. Whitespace is not allowed in the language code,
which is case-insensitive.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ <hidden>  ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

Charset and Charsets

These attribute values specify character encodings of linked resources. Values
of type Charset give a single character encoding while values of type Charsets
give a space- and/or comma-separated list of character encodings. Character
encodings are case-insensitive.

Examples of character encodings include ISO-8859-1, SHIFT_JIS, and UTF-8. A
list of registered character encodings is available at the IANA.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ <hidden>  ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

Character

Character attribute values take a single Unicode character. The character may
be specified with an entity.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ <hidden>  ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

Datetime

Datetime attribute values give a date and time in the format
YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ssTZD where YYYY is a four-digit year, MM is a two-digit month
(01 through 12), DD is a two-digit day (01 through 31), hh is a two-digit
hour(00 through 23), mm is a two-digit minute (00 through 59), ss is a
two-digit second (00 through 59), and TZD is the time zone designator. Note
that the T separating the date from the time must appear literally and is
case-sensitive.

The time zone designator may be one of the following:

o Z (case-sensitive), which indicates Universal Coordinated Time (UTC,
  basically the same as GMT);
o +hh:mm, the time ahead of UTC in hours and minutes;
o -hh:mm, the time behind UTC in hours and minutes.

If any of the two-digit components of the Datetime value are unknown, 00 should
be used.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ <hidden>  ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

LinkTypes

Attribute values of type LinkTypes give a space-separated list of link types. A
link type is case-insensitive and may not contain whitespace. Each link type
may be used any number of times in a given document.

While link types are case-insensitive, the Lynx browser will render LINK
elements with the same case as is given in the REL or REV attribute. Authors
should therefore be consistent in their case, and may wish to capitalize the
first letter while using lowercase for the rest.

The following link types are defined in HTML 4.0, though authors may use other
link types. The Made link type, widely used as <LINK REV=Made
HREF="mailto:[e-mail]"> to provide a contact link for the document
author, is notably missing from the list of link types defined in HTML 4.0.

o Alternate specifies an alternate version of the document. When used with the
  LINK element's HREFLANG attribute, this value implies a translation of the
  document. When used with LINK's MEDIA attribute, a media-specific version
  (e.g., for printing) is implied.
o StyleSheet specifies an external style sheet for the document. This link type
  can be combined with the Alternate link type to define an alternate style
  sheet for the user to choose.
o Start specifies the first document in a collection.
o Next specifies the next document in a suggested sequence of reading. Browsers
  such as WebTV will preload documents identified as "next" to improve the
  perceived load time.
o Prev specifies the previous document in a suggested sequence of reading.
o Contents specifies a table of contents for the document.
o Index gives an index for the document.
o Glossary gives a glossary of terms used in the document.
o Copyright specifies a document with copyright information.
o Chapter specifies the chapter of a collection of documents.
o Section specifies the section of a collection of documents.
o Subsection specifies a subsection of a collection of documents.
o Appendix gives an appendix for the collection of documents.
o Help specifies a help document.
o Bookmark refers to a key related document. The TITLE attribute provides a
  label for the bookmark.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ <hidden>  ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

MediaDesc

Attribute values of type MediaDesc are media descriptors--a comma-separated
list of media for which the linked resource is tailored. Media descriptors are
case-sensitive.

The following media descriptors are defined in HTML 4.0:

o screen (the default), for non-paged computer screens;
o tty, for fixed-pitch character grid displays (such as the display used by
  Lynx);
o tv, for television-type devices with low resolution and limited
  scrollability;
o projection, for projectors;
o handheld, for handheld devices (characterized by a small, monochrome display
  and limited bandwidth);
o print, for output to a printer;
o braille, for braille tactile feedback devices;
o aural, for speech synthesizers;
o all, for all devices.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ <hidden>  ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

Script

Script attribute values are client-side scripts, typically a function call or a
few short statements. The value may contain entities (e.g., ").


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ <hidden>  ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

StyleSheet

Attribute values of type StyleSheet are style sheet data. The value may contain entities.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ <hidden>  ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

FrameTarget

Attribute values of type FrameTarget must begin with a letter in the range A-Z
or a-z, with the exception of the following special values that begin with an
underscore:

o _blank renders the link in a new, unnamed window
o _self renders the link in the current frame (useful for overriding a BASE
  TARGET)
o _parent renders the link in the immediate FRAMESET parent
o _top renders the link in the full, unframed window


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ <hidden>  ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

ID

The ID attribute uniquely identifies an element within a document. No two
elements can have the same ID value in a single document. The attribute's value
must begin with a letter in the range A-Z or a-z and may be followed by letters
(A-Za-z), digits (0-9), hyphens ("-"), underscores ("_"), colons (":"), and
periods (".").

The following example uses the ID attribute to identify each of the first two
paragraphs of a document:

<P ID=firstp>My first paragraph.</P>
<P ID=secondp>My second paragaph.</P>

The paragraphs in the example could have style rules associated with them
through their ID attributes. The following Cascading Style Sheet defines unique
colors for the two paragraphs:

P#firstp {
  color: navy;
  background: transparent
}
P#secondp {
  color: black;
  background: transparent
}

The paragraphs in the initial example could also be used as a target anchor for
links:

<P>See <A HREF="#firstp">the opening paragraph</A>
for more information.</P>

Note that most browsers do not support the ID attribute for link anchors. For
current browsers, authors should use <A NAME>...</A> within the element instead
of ID.

Since ID and NAME share the same name space, authors cannot use the same value
for an ID attribute and a NAME attribute in the same document. Also note that
while NAME may contain entities, the ID attribute value may not.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ <hidden>  ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

CLASS

The CLASS attribute specifies the element to be a member of one or more
classes. Classes allow authors to define specific kinds of a given element. For
example, an author could use <CODE CLASS=Java> when giving Java code and <CODE
CLASS=Perl> when giving Perl code.

Unlike with the ID attribute, any number of elements can share the same class.
An element may also belong to multiple classes; the CLASS attribute value is a
space-separated list of class names.

Note that most current browsers do not support multiple classes. Such browsers
typically ignore a CLASS attribute that specifies multiple classes.

The CLASS attribute is particularly useful when combined with style sheets .
For example, consider the following navigation bar:

<DIV CLASS=navbar>
<P><A HREF="/">Home</A> | <A HREF="./">Index</A> | <A
HREF="/search.html">Search</A></P>
<P><A HREF="/"><IMG SRC="logo.gif" ALT="" TITLE="WDG
Logo"></A></P>
</DIV>

This example's use of the CLASS attribute allows style rules to easily be
added. The following Cascading Style Sheet suggests a presentation for the
preceding example:

.navbar {
  margin-top: 2em;
  padding-top: 1em;
  border-top: solid thin navy
}
.navbar IMG { float: right }
@media print {
  .navbar { display: none }
}


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ <hidden>  ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

STYLE

The STYLE attribute allows authors to specify style rules inline for a single
occurrence of an element. An example follows:

<P>A popular font for on-screen reading is
<SPAN STYLE="font-family: Verdana">Verdana</SPAN>.</P>

When the STYLE attribute is used, a default style sheet language must be
specified for the document by setting the Content-Style-Type HTTP header to the
media type of the style sheet language. The previous example could use the
following META element in the document's HEAD:

<META HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Style-Type" CONTENT="text/css">

In most cases, use of the CLASS or ID attributes is a better choice than using
STYLE since ID and CLASS can be selectively applied to different media and
since they provide a separation of content and presentation that often
simplifies maintenance.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ <hidden>  ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

TITLE

The TITLE attribute provides a title for an element and is commonly implemented
as a "tooltip" on visual browsers, though many browsers lack support for TITLE.
The attribute is most useful with A, LINK, IMG, and OBJECT elements, where it
provides a title for the linked or embedded resource. Some examples follow:

o

    <A HREF="mailto:[e-mail]"
    TITLE="Feedback on HTML 4.0 Reference">
    [e-mail]</A>

o

    <A HREF="http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/ftp/pub/software/WWW/cgi_docs.html"
    TITLE="CGI.pm - a Perl5 CGI Library">CGI.pm</A>

  o <LINK REL=Alternate HREF="index.fr.html" HREFLANG=fr LANG=fr
    TITLE="Version franЗaise">

o

    <OBJECT CLASSID="java:Yahtzee.class"
    CODETYPE="application/java" WIDTH=400 HEIGHT=250
    STANDBY="Ready to play Yahtzee?" TITLE="My Yahtzee Game">
    <IMG SRC="yahtzee.gif" ALT="" TITLE="A Yahtzee animation">
    Yahtzee is my <EM>favorite</EM> game!
    </OBJECT>

TITLE is also helpful with the ABBR and ACRONYM elements to provide the long
form of the abbreviation. Examples:

o He weighs 180 <ABBR TITLE=pounds>lbs.</ABBR>
o <ABBR TITLE="Parti QuВbВcois" LANG=fr-CA>PQ</ABBR>
o <ACRONYM TITLE="North Atlantic Treaty Organization">NATO</ACRONYM>


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ <hidden>  ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

LANG

The LANG attribute specifies the language of an element's attribute values and
its content, including all contained elements that do not specify their own
LANG attribute. While the LANG attribute is not widely supported, its use may
help search engines index a document by its language while allowing speech
synthesizers to use language-dependent pronunciation rules. As well, visual
browsers can use the language's proper quotation marks when rendering the Q
element.

The attribute value is case-insensitive, and should be specified according to
RFC 1766; examples include en for English, en-US for American English, and ja
for Japanese. Whitespace is not allowed in the language code.

Use of the LANG attribute also allows authors to easily change the style of
text depending on the language. For example, a bilingual document may have one
language in italics if rendered visually or a different voice if rendered
aurally. The HTML of such a document might be as follows:

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"
   "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/strict.dtd">
<TITLE>Welcome - Bienvenue</TITLE>
<H1>
  <SPAN LANG=en>Welcome</SPAN> -
  <SPAN LANG=fr>Bienvenue</SPAN>
</H1>
<P LANG=en>This paragraph is in English.</P>
<P LANG=fr>Ce paragraphe est en franЗais.</P>
...

A document's primary language may be set using the LANG attribute on the HTML
element, or, alternatively, by using the Content-Language HTTP header.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ <hidden>  ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

DIR

The DIR attribute specifies the directionality of text--left-to-right (DIR=ltr,
the default) or right-to-left (DIR=rtl). Characters in Unicode are assigned a
directionality, left-to-right or right-to-left, to allow the text to be
rendered properly. For example, while English characters are presented
left-to-right, Hebrew characters are presented right-to-left.

Unicode defines a bidirectional algorithm that must be applied whenever a
document contains right-to-left characters. While this algorithm usually gives
the proper presentation, some situations leave directionally neutral text and
require the DIR attribute to specify the base directionality.

Text is often directionally neutral when there are multiple embeddings of
content with a different directionality. For example, an English sentence that
contains a Hebrew phrase that contains an English quotation would require the
DIR attribute to define the directionality of the Hebrew phrase. The Hebrew
phrase, including the English quotation, should be contained within a SPAN
element with DIR=rtl.


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ <hidden>  ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

http://www..w3.org/TR/RED-html40/


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ <hidden>  ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

http://charts.unicode.org/Unicode.charts/normal/Unicode.html


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ <hidden>  ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

http://www.unicode.org/


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ <hidden>  ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

http://www.htmlhelp.com/reference/wilbur/


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ <hidden>  ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

http://www.htmlhelp.com/design/frames/whatswrong.html


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ <hidden>  ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

http://www.htmlhelp.com/design/frames/


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ <hidden>  ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

http://www.netscaape.com/


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ <hidden>  ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

http://www.ics.uci.edu/pub/ietf/uri/draft-fielding-uri-syntax-02.txt


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ <hidden>  ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

http://ds.internic.net/rfc/rfc1738.txt


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ <hidden>  ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

http://ds.internic.net/rfc/rfc1808.txt


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ <hidden>  ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/iana/aggignments/media-types/


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ <hidden>  ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

http://ds.internic.net/rfc/rfc1766.txt


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ <hidden>  ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/iana/assignments/character-sets


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ <hidden>  ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

http://lynx.browser.org/


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ <hidden>  ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

http://validator.w3.org/


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ <hidden>  ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

http://ds.internic.net/rfc/rfc1867.txt


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ <hidden>  ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

http://www.w3.org/TR/PR-CSS2/


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ <hidden>  ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

http://www.w3.org/TR/PR-CSS2/aural.html#propdef-speak


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ <hidden>  ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

http://java.sun.com/product/jdk/1.1/docs/guide/jar/index


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ <hidden>  ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

http://java.sun.com/product/jdk/


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ <hidden>  ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

http://www.htmlhelp.com/


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ <hidden>  ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

http://www.stack.nl/%7Egalactus/html/url.html


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ <hidden>  ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

http://www.mscr.olemiss.ecu/%7Emudws/font.html


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ <hidden>  ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

http://www.netscape.com/navigator/


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ <hidden>  ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

http://www.cgi-resources.com/Programs_and_Scripts/


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ <hidden>  ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

http://www.cgi-resources.com/Programs_and_Scripts/Remotely_Hosted/Form_Processing/


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ <hidden>  ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

http://www.htmlhelp.com/tools/cg-eye/


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ <hidden>  ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/ftp/pub/software/WWW/cgi_docs.html


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ <hidden>  ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

http://www.htmlhelp.com/design/frames/faq/noborder.html


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ <hidden>  ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

http://www..w3.org/


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ <hidden>  ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

http://wwww3.org/Metadata/


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ <hidden>  ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

http://www.cdrom.com/pub/png/


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ <hidden>  ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

http://www.htmlhelp.com/feature/art3.htm


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ <hidden>  ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

http://hoohoo/ncsa/uiuc/edu/docs/tutorials/imagemapping.html


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ <hidden>  ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

http://www.htmlhelp.com/feature/art3c.htm


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ <hidden>  ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

http://info.webcrawler.com/mak/projects/robots/exclusion/html#robotstxt


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ <hidden>  ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

http://www.htmlhelp.com/design/frames/guidelines/auto-noframes.html


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ <hidden>  ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

http://home.netscape.com/assist/net-sites/new_html3_prop.html#Embed


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ <hidden>  ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

http://www.microsoft.com/msdn/sdk/inetsdk/help/dhtml/references/html/bgsound/htm


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ <hidden>  ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

http://www.apple.com/quicktime/


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ <hidden>  ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

http://www.netscape.com/comprod/products/navigator/version_3.0/multimedia/audio/index.html


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ <hidden>  ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

http://www.microsoft.com/ie/


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ <hidden>  ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

http://www.operasoftware.com/


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ <hidden>  ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

http://www.w3.org/TR/PR-math/


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ <hidden>  ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

http://www.w3.org/TR/PR-CSS2/tables.html


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ <hidden>  ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ

http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/


ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ <hidden>  ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ