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- Mounting the root filesystem via NFS (nfsroot)
- ==============================================
-
- Written 1996 by Gero Kuhlmann <gero@gkminix.han.de>
-
-
-
- If you want to use a diskless system, as an X-terminal or printer
- server for example, you have to put your root filesystem onto a
- non-disk device. This can either be a ramdisk (see initrd.txt in
- this directory for further information) or a filesystem mounted
- via NFS. The following text describes on how to use NFS for the
- root filesystem. For the rest of this text 'client' means the
- diskless system, and 'server' means the NFS server.
-
-
-
-
- 1.) Enabling nfsroot capabilities
- -----------------------------
-
- In order to use nfsroot you have to select support for NFS during
- kernel configuration. Note that NFS cannot be loaded as a module
- in this case. The configuration script will then ask you whether
- you want to use nfsroot, and if yes what kind of auto configuration
- system you want to use. Selecting both BOOTP and RARP is safe.
-
-
-
-
- 2.) Kernel command line
- -------------------
-
- When the kernel has been loaded by a boot loader (either by loadlin,
- LILO or a network boot program) it has to be told what root fs device
- to use, and where to find the server and the name of the directory
- on the server to mount as root. This can be established by a couple
- of kernel command line parameters:
-
-
- root=/dev/nfs
-
- This is necessary to enable the pseudo-NFS-device. Note that it's not a
- real device but just a synonym to tell the kernel to use NFS instead of
- a real device.
-
-
- nfsroot=[<server-ip>:]<root-dir>[,<nfs-options>]
-
- If the nfsroot parameter is NOT give on the command line, the default
- "/tftpboot/%s" will be used.
-
- <server-ip> Specifies the IP address of the NFS server. If this field
- is not given, the default address as determined by the
- nfsaddrs variable (see below) is used. One use of this
- parameter is for example to allow using different servers
- for RARP and NFS. Usually you can leave this blank.
-
- <root-dir> Name of the directory on the server to mount as root. If
- there is a "%s" token in the string, the token will be
- replaced by the ASCII-representation of the client's IP
- address.
-
- <nfs-options> Standard NFS options. All options are separated by commas.
- If the options field is not given, the following defaults
- will be used:
- port = as given by server portmap daemon
- rsize = 1024
- wsize = 1024
- timeo = 7
- retrans = 3
- acregmin = 3
- acregmax = 60
- acdirmin = 30
- acdirmax = 60
- flags = hard, nointr, noposix, cto, ac
-
-
- nfsaddrs=<client-ip>:<server-ip>:<gw-ip>:<netmask>:<hostname>:<device>:<autoconf>
-
- If this parameter is missing on the kernel command line, all fields are
- assumed to be empty, and the below mentioned defaults apply. In general
- this means that the kernel tries to configure everything using both
- RARP and BOOTP (depending on what has been enabled during kernel confi-
- guration, and if both what protocol answer got in first).
-
- <client-ip> IP address of the client. If empty, the address will either
- be determined by RARP or BOOTP. What protocol is used de-
- pends on what has been enabled during kernel configuration
- and on the <autoconf> parameter. If this parameter is not
- empty, neither RARP nor BOOTP will be used.
-
- <server-ip> IP address of the NFS server. If RARP is used to determine
- the client address and this parameter is NOT empty only
- replies from the specified server are accepted. To use
- different RARP and NFS server, specify your RARP server
- here (or leave it blank), and specify your NFS server in
- the nfsroot parameter (see above). If this entry is blank
- the address of the server is used which answered the RARP
- or BOOTP request.
-
- <gw-ip> IP address of a gateway if the server in on a different
- subnet. If this entry is empty no gateway is used and the
- server is assumed to be on the local network, unless a
- value has been received by BOOTP.
-
- <netmask> Netmask for local network interface. If this is empty,
- the netmask is derived from the client IP address, un-
- less a value has been received by BOOTP.
-
- <hostname> Name of the client. If empty, the client IP address is
- used in ASCII-notation, or the value received by BOOTP.
-
- <device> Name of network device to use. If this is empty, all
- devices are used for RARP requests, and the first one
- found for BOOTP. For NFS the device is used on which
- either RARP or BOOTP replies have been received. If
- you only have one device you can safely leave this blank.
-
- <autoconf> Method to use for autoconfiguration. If this is either
- 'rarp' or 'bootp' the specified protocol is being used.
- If the value is 'both' or empty, both protocols are used
- so far as they have been enabled during kernel configura-
- tion. 'none' means no autoconfiguration. In this case you
- have to specify all necessary values in the fields before.
-
- The <autoconf> parameter can appear alone as the value to the nfsaddrs
- parameter (without all the ':' characters before) in which case auto-
- configuration is used. However, the 'none' value is not available in
- that case.
-
-
-
-
- 3.) Kernel loader
- -------------
-
- To get the kernel into memory different approaches can be used. They
- depend on what facilities are available:
-
-
- 3.1) Writing the kernel onto a floppy using dd:
- As always you can just write the kernel onto a floppy using dd,
- but then it's not possible to use kernel command lines at all.
- To substitute the 'root=' parameter, create a dummy device on any
- linux system with major number 0 and minor number 255 using mknod:
-
- mknod /dev/boot255 c 0 255
-
- Then copy the kernel zImage file onto a floppy using dd:
-
- dd if=/usr/src/linux/arch/i386/boot/zImage of=/dev/fd0
-
- And finally use rdev to set the root device:
-
- rdev /dev/fd0 /dev/boot255
-
- You can then remove the dummy device /dev/boot255 again. There
- is no real device available for it.
- The other two kernel command line parameters cannot be substi-
- tuted with rdev. Therefore, using this method the kernel will
- by default use RARP and/or BOOTP, and if it gets an answer via
- RARP will mount the directory /tftpboot/<client-ip>/ as its
- root. If it got a BOOTP answer the directory name in that answer
- is used.
-
-
- 3.2) Using LILO
- When using LILO you can specify all necessary command line
- parameters with the 'append=' command in the LILO configuration
- file. However, to use the 'root=' command you also need to
- set up a dummy device as described in 3.1 above. For how to use
- LILO and its 'append=' command please refer to the LILO
- documentation.
-
- 3.3) Using loadlin
- When you want to boot Linux from a DOS command prompt without
- having a local hard disk to mount as root, you can use loadlin.
- I was told that it works, but haven't used it myself yet. In
- general you should be able to create a kernel command line simi-
- lar to how LILO is doing it. Please refer to the loadlin docu-
- mentation for further information.
-
- 3.4) Using a bootrom
- This is probably the most elegant way of booting a diskless
- client. With a bootrom the kernel gets loaded using the TFTP
- protocol. As far as I know no commercial bootroms already
- support booting Linux over the network, but there are two
- free implementations of a bootrom available on sunsite.unc.edu
- and its mirrors. They are called 'netboot-nfs' and 'etherboot'.
- Both contain everything you need to boot a diskless Linux client.
-
-
-
-
- 4.) Credits
- -------
-
- The nfsroot code in the kernel has been written by me, Gero Kuhlmann
- <gero@gkminix.han.de>, with the BOOTP code and a couple of bug fixes
- contributed by Martin Mares <mj@k332.feld.cvut.cz>. In order to write
- the initial version of nfsroot I would like to thank Jens-Uwe Mager
- <jum@anubis.han.de> for his help.
-
-